Effectiveness of Hours of Service

8/16/2019 Effectiveness of Hours of Service

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The Effectiveness of Hours of Service in Transportation Safety

Contents


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Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 3

Background.................................................................................................................................. 5

Documentation and Enforcement................................................................................................. 6

Previous Studies........................................................................................................................... 7

Missing Data................................................................................................................................ 8

onc!usion.................................................................................................................................. "#

$arts......................................................................................................................................... "%

Bi&!iogra'$(............................................................................................................................... "3


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Introduction

)ogistics is t$e &ack&one of an( econom(* $o+ever* +it$ t$e si,e of t$e -nited States

and distances invo!ved a mu!titude of trans'ortation s(stems $ave &een devised to kee' t$e

econom( moving. $e most 'ro!ific mode is trucking* not on!( as t$e so!e source of a '!anned

move &ut usua!!( t$e fina! mode of a mu!ti moda! trans'ort. rucking causes it/s o+n set of

$eadac$es to sort t$roug$ most!( &ecause of t$e mi0ture &et+een commercia! and 'ersona!

traffic. In ot$er modes of trans'ort* suc$ as rai! and +ater* t$e commercia! traffic is se'arated

from 'ersona! use and t$e trans'ort is most!( automated &( com'uters and monitored &( a cre+.

In trucking one 'erson is at t$e $e!m* usua!!( +it$out com'an(* and is in direct contro! of t$e

ve$ic!e at a!! times +it$ constant in'ut and ad1ustments re2uired.

$ese circumstances 'ut additiona! strain and stress on t$e driver often +it$out t$em

rea!i,ing t$e to!!. dding to t$e com'!e0it( is t$e traffic invo!ved* t$ere is on!( one train on a

track &ut mu!ti'!e unski!!ed ve$ic!es around a 'rofessiona! truck driver a!! +it$ different

'riorities and destinations. s a resu!t of t$ese stresses and interming!ing of traffic t$e dangers

drivers are 'ut in and a!so dangers t$e drivers 'ut t$e t$e 'u&!ic in is a $ot!( de&ated issue* an

issue t$at $as &ecome $ig$!( regu!ated +it$ 4ours of Service 4S regu!ations contro!!ed &(

t$e edera! Motor arrier Safet( dministration MS.

$e 4S conce't is not ne+* it started in "938 +$en t$e no+ defunct Interstate

ommerce ommission I came u' +it$ some+$at ar&itrar( 4S regu!ations &ecause

mont$s !ater t$ere +as a meeting in +$ic$ t$e I remarked*:t$ere +as no statistica! or ot$er

information +$ic$ +ou!d ena&!e ;t$em< to sa( definite!( $o+ !ong a driver can safe!( +ork.:

$is meeting !ed to c$anges t$at +ere im'!emented t$e fo!!o+ing (ear in "939. !! of t$e t$ese

regu!ations 'ast and 'resent $ave categories +$ere t$e driver can s'end t$eir time= off dut(


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$ours* on dut( $ours* and t$e num&er of $ours t$at can &e s'ent driving +$i!e on dut(. !! of

t$ese are encom'assed in t$e dut( c(c!e* or t$e time frame +$ere ever(t$ing restarts.

Purpose

$e 'ur'ose of 4S is to !imit drivers time &e$ind t$e +$ee!* t$e time a!!o+ed to +ork

overa!!* and a!so a!!o+ ade2uate time for rest. >egu!ations are covered s'ecifica!!( under ode of

edera! >egu!ations> ?9 +it$ @395 covering 4ours of Service* e0'!aining in detai! +$at

constitutes eac$ 'art for t$e dut( c(c!e and $o+ to rest t$e c(c!e. $ese regu!ations are a direct

resu!t of tr(ing to kee' drivers and t$e 'u&!ic safe. f t$e nineteen reasons t$e MS/s !ists as

factors in truck cras$es fifteen are associated +it$ drivers* fatigue ranks 7 t$ overa!! and 5t$ among

driver 'ro&!ems. 4S attem'ts to a!!o+ t$e most 'roduction from drivers +$i!e a!so ensuring

t$eir safet(.

$e 'ressure to drive !onger $ours comes not on!( from freig$t com'anies +anting to

move more 'roduct faster &ut from drivers t$emse!ves +anting to make more mone(* since man(

drivers are 'aid &( t$e !oaded mi!e. %#"# stud( &( regoAMurrar( found t$e average driver

makes ??." cents 'er mi!e PM +it$ as !o+ as %8 PM for rookie drivers. t an industr(

acce'ted 65MP4* t$is e2uates to an e0tra %8.67Ada( or 8*973.7"A(ear +it$ a 6 da( +ork +eek.

$e rookie 'a( +ou!d e2uate to "8.%#Ada( or 5*696.6A(ear in t$e same circumstances. !! of

t$is adds u' to 'otentia! disasters +$en com'anies or t$e drivers t$emse!ves &egin to 'us$ t$e

enve!o'e.

In t$e effort to com&at incidents from &ot$ sides of t$e driver seat t$e MS uses t$e

4S to make sure t$at drivers are a!ert and safe on t$e road+a(s. side from genera! fatigue


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drivers must com&at nature in t$e from of circadian r$(t$m variations and t$e MS is +e!!

a+are of t$is and noted is effects in t$e cto&er "978 MackieAMi!!er re'ort to t$e -.S. D. $e

re'ort notes t$at drivers +ere !ess a+are +it$ !o+er $eart rates from Midnig$t unti! #6## and t$e

fact is sti!! 'reva!ent +it$ %"C of fata! accidents occurring &et+een t$ose $ours in %#"?

according to t$e Insurance Institute for 4ig$+a( Safet( and 3?C occurring t$roug$out a!! nig$t

time $ours +$en 'assenger ve$ic!es are !east !ike!( to &e on t$e road.

Background

fter t$e "939 u'date to t$e 4S regu!ations t$e I revam'ed t$e ru!es again in "96%

+$en t$e( reduced t$e dut( c(c!e from %? $ours do+n to "8 $ours. $is c$ange a!!o+ed a

'ecu!iar "6 $our driving da( under certain circumstances. $e re2uirement for driving and dut(

time to $ave an 8 $our off dut( 'eriod +it$ on!( an "8 $our c(c!e meant t$at driving sc$edu!es

cou!d interfere +it$ a drivers circadian r$(t$m !eaving room for conf!icts &et+een trans'ortation

and driver safet(.

Des'ite a!! of t$e evidence 'ointing to t$e contrar( of t$e "8 $our dut( c(c!e and mu!ti'!e

studies* suc$ as "978 MackieAMi!!er* t$e D commissioned mu!ti'!e studies t$roug$out t$e

"97#s and "98#s &ut even +it$ mu!ti'!e !o&&(ing efforts to $ave t$e ru!es c$anged not$ing +as

actua!!( enacted unti! t$e ne0t centur(. In "995 t$e I +as a&o!is$ed and most regu!ations +ere

'assed to t$e D and t$e idea t$at safet( ru!es needed to &e revisited +as &roug$t to t$e

forefront of congress.

ongress out!ined in @?#8 a of t$e I ermination ct of "995 t$at $e edera!

4ig$+a( dministration s$a!! issue an advance notice of 'ro'osed ru!emaking dea!ing +it$ a

variet( of fatiguere!ated issues 'ertaining to commercia! motor ve$ic!e safet(.F s 'art of t$e


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Motor arrier Safet( Im'rovement ct of "999 t$e MS +as form under t$e D and +as

res'onsi&!e for man( of t$e regu!ations 'revious!( $and!ed &( t$e I.

$e main task of t$e ne+!( formed agenc( +as reform of t$e motor carrier !a+s effecting

commercia! trans'ort* 4ours of Service inc!uded. $e MS 'osted notice in t$e edera!

>egister a&out t$e 'ro'osed ru!e making invo!ving commercia! trans'ort inc!uding 4S* dai!(

and +eek!( c(c!es* and rest 'eriods. fter an o'en 'eriod* fina! ru!es +ere re!eased in %##3

+$ic$ on!( effected 'ro'ert(carr(ing drivers. $e ru!es increased driving $ours 'er da( from "#

to ""* t$e ondut( $ours +ere reduced from "5 $ours to "? $ours* and t$e offdut( 'eriod time

+as increased from 8 $ours to "#. $ese c$anges effective!( c$anged t$e dut( c(c!e from "8

$our da(s to a more standard %? $our +ork da(. $e ro!!ing +eek!( !imits +ere sti!! retained &ut

t$e MS instituted a 3?$our restart in +$ic$ a 'erson cou!d start from ,ero if t$e( $ad 3?

consecutive offdut( $ours.

In %#"3 t$e MS made a fina! ru!e again +$ic$ c$anged t$e 4ours of Service

re2uirements. $e 3?$our restart cou!d on!( &e used once a +eek no+ and $ad to inc!ude t+o

'eriods from "am5am. Drivers cou!dn/t &e on dut( !onger t$an eig$t $ours +it$ out taking a

t$irt( minute &reak* after +$ic$ t$e( cou!d fu!fi!! t$eir remaining $ours of ondut( time. $e ru!e

a!so c!arified ondut( times and certain e0em'tions. $e ru!ing for t$e "am G 5am re2uirement in

t$e 3?$our restart +as sus'ended as 'art of t$e %#"5 fisca! s'ending &udget as +e!! as t+o

studies funded &( t$e D +ere to &e 'erformed.

Documentation and Enforcement

Drivers are re2uired to document t$eir 4S +it$ dai!( !og &ooks t$at inc!ude t$eir $ome

termina!* t$eir !ocation +$en t$e status c$anges* time and mi!eage re'orts* +it$ a!! times &ased


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on t$e drivers $ome termina!. $ere are no+ e!ectronic !og &ooks +$ic$ automatica!!( !og t$e

$ours of driving* times* and distances for drivers +it$ t$e intent to stream!ine t$e 'rocess as +e!!

as reduce !og&ook fraud. Drivers must 'roduce !og &ooks for D officia!s u'on re2uest eit$er

+it$ 'a'er !ogs or vie+a&!e e!ectronic !ogs. Drivers a!so $ave co'ies of 'a'er !ogs or e!ectronic

!ogs sent to t$eir em'!o(ers.

side from !ogs driver a!so $ave ot$er 'a'er +ork suc$ as B)s* 'retri' ins'ections or

+eig$t tickets on $and to ensure t$e( are o'erating +it$in t$e !a+s and a!so 'roviding ever(t$ing

necessar( for t$e customers 'roduct &eing carried. !! of t$is 'a'er adds +ork for drivers and

administration 'ersonne! &ut is a necessit( of t$e &usiness +it$ e!ectronic 'a'er+ork taking over

suc$ as t$e e!ectronic !ogs* HPS* and e!ectronic signatures.

$e D $as no enforcement arm for a!! of it/s ru!es* t$is is !eft u' to t$e States to

enforce t$e interstate commerce. 4o+ever egregious vio!ations are often 'rosecuted at t$e

federa! !eve! &e(ond a sim'!e fine* one nota&!e case t$at invo!ved 4ours of Service +as

'u&!is$ed in 4 3899 in +$ic$ e0ecutives +ere fined and sentenced to federa! 'rison for

t$eir ro!es in D vio!ations. State and !oca! officia!s a!so $ave t$e a&i!it( to sto' commercia!

ve$ic!es in order to 'erform safet( c$ecks* inc!uding !ogs. $ecks are often done 'eriodica!!( at

state &orders and +eig$ stations in +$ic$ a!! commercia! ve$ic!es are su&1ect to ins'ections of

ve$ic!es and records.

Previous Studies

In an effort to com'romise +it$ trucking com'anies and organi,ations !ike t$e ruck

Safet( oa!ition and Parents gainst ired ruckers P t$e federa! government $as

commissioned mu!ti'!e studies t$roug$out t$e (ears. Studies range from t$e effectiveness of


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current !a+s* medica! conditions faced &( driving occu'ation* or t$e causa!it( of motor ve$ic!e

accidents. Private organi,ations or sc$oo!s $ave a!so su''orted t$eir o+n studies* even studies

students t$emse!ves make suc$ as -niversit( of Je&raska at )inco!n/s %#"3 stud( on Driver

atigue Enforcement ec$ni2ues and $eir Effect on ras$es.F $e 'oint of a!! of t$ese studies

to to gain kno+!edge in order to su''ort a 'articu!ar agenda or confirmAden( a $('ot$esis in t$e

trans'ortation industr( and &ecause t$e driver is usua!!( t$e on!( !ink to t$e road man( studies

revo!ve around t$em and t$e a&i!it( to kee' t$em focused on t$e task at $and.

$e MS/s )arge ruck ras$ ausation Stud(F )S is one of t$e more recent

studies on t$e causes of truck driving accidents. In t$e re'ort to congress t$e MS noted t$at

'assenger ve$ic!es* +$o are not regu!ated* !isted fatigue as a factor in cras$es t+ice as often as

ommercia! Motor Ke$ic!es MKs. $en it comes to driving t$ere are mu!ti'!e t('es of

fatigue to consider= industria!* cumu!ative and circadian r$(t$m a!! $ave different im'acts on a

driver and are addressed in different +a(s.

Industria! fatigue is re!ated to +orking for !ong 'eriods of time +it$out ade2uate rest and

t$e 'ro&!em e0acer&ates itse!f +$en +$en t$e drivers forego 'ro'er s!ee'. umu!ative fatigue

comes from com'!acenc( and t$e re'etitive nature of driving. $e driver +i!! eventua!!( !ose

focus and a!ertness to surround situations. )ast!( t$e circadian r$(t$m is !ost +$en drivers +ork

at nig$t and s!ee' during t$e da(* it &reaks t$e &od(/s natura! c(c!e. $is issue is addressed in t$e

traditiona! +ork'!ace as S$ift ork Disorder and it/s side effects +e!! documented in ot$er !a&or

studies and +as noted in t$e Ms fina! ru!e im'act ana!(sis in %#"".

Missing Data

ke( note t$at kee's a''earing is an inconc!usive amount of data +$ere fatigue is t$e


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cause of a cras$* fatigue is constant!( !isted as a factor in a +reck &ut not a!+a(s t$e cause. In a

sing!e ve$ic!e accident it is eas( '!ace &!ame on t$e driver &ecause &arring environmenta! causes*

+$ic$ account for a&out 3C of )) cras$es sing!e or mu!ti ve$ic!e* t$e driver is at fau!t &ut sti!!

fatigue is not a!+a(s t$e cause &ut can &e !isted as a factor. S'eeding is a!so !isted as a factor and

in con1unction +it$ fatigue causes cras$es* &ut t$ere is ver( !itt!e data to !ook &ack +it$

a&so!ution sa(ing* if t$e driver +asn/t fatigued t$e( +ou!d not $ave cras$ed. r if t$e driver

+asn/t s'eeding t$e( +ou!d not $ave cras$ed* it/s +it$in t$e rea!m of 'ossi&i!ities t$at a driver

not s'eeding cou!d $ave sim'!( fa!!en as!ee' at t$e +$ee! t+ent( minutes !ater do+n t$e road.

$e missing data 'oints are difficu!t to esta&!is$ causa!it( of cras$es versus factors +it$in

a cras$. $e !o&&( efforts of organi,ations !ike P 'etition ongress citing factors as t$e

cause and t$erefore 'us$ for stricter 4S guide!ines. $e %#"" MS ina! >u!e states '!ain!(

t$e tota! num&er of cras$es* t$oug$ dec!ining* is sti!! unacce'ta&!( $ig$. Moreover* t$e source

of t$e dec!ine in cras$es is unc!ear.F7."

S'ecifica!!( re!ating to fatigue as a factor in cras$es fatigue is more or !ess rated at "3C

de'ending on t$e stud( and time 'eriod of data suc$ as t$e )S. $e )arge ruck ras$

ausation Stud( a!so !istsLrave!ing oo ast or onditions %%.9C*Inade2uate Survei!!ance "3.%C*-nder ork>e!ated Pressure 9.%C*Inattention rate of 8.5C*E0terna! Distraction actors 8.#C

!! of t$ese factors can a!so in some +a( &e !inked &ack to t$e t$ree t('es of fatigue= industria!*

cumu!ative* and circadian r$(t$m. ircadian r$(t$m in 'articu!ar is attri&uted +it$ &eing !ess

a!ert +it$ s!o+er 'erformance in reasoning e0terna! distraction and nonstimu!ating tasks

inattention and survei!!ance. $en* Jonstimu!ating tasks suc$ as driving +$ic$ is re'etitive


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and !inked to cumu!ative fatigue '!a(s its o+n ro!e. $e 'rocess can &e a''!ied to &eing under

+orkre!ated 'ressure +it$ contri&utes to industria! fatigue.

In arrie Mo$!man/s Masters $esis s$e contacted a!! 5# states regu!ator( agencies as

'art of $er researc$ and asked a series of 2uestions most nota&!( 4o+ is fatigue determined to

&e an issue in a motor ve$ic!e cras$.... rkansas officia!s res'onded t$ere is no +a(F to do so

effective!(.... ive agencies stated driver admissionF is t$e on!( +a( t$e( can determine fatigue

to &e t$e cause.F n to' of t$at man( states $ad !itt!e to no training for officia!s on $o+ to s'ot or

com&at fatigued drivers* eit$er on t$e road or during an ins'ection or traffic sto'. !t$oug$ not a

com'!ete researc$ stud( it !a(s ground +ork to s$o+ t$at fatigue is not fu!!( understood and it is

difficu!t to track and cata!og somet$ing (ou don/t understand com'!ete!(.

Conclusion

it$ t$e trucking industr( &eing t$e &ack&one of t$e -.S econom( t$e safet( of t$e

drivers and t$e 'assenger ve$ic!es t$e( interact +it$ is 'aramount not on!( to organi,ations !ike

P &ut to t$e drivers fami!ies and com'anies t$e( +ork for. $e need to regu!ate t$e

trans'ortation of interstate commerce +as seen since t$e &eginning and ru!es in t$e form of 4S

enacted in "938. t$e fundamenta! 'ro&!ems stem from t$e fact t$at drivers are $uman ergo t$e(

make mistakes and must interact +it$ mac$ine and environment.

4ours of Service s'ecifica!!( are meant to address t$e fatigue of drivers and 'rovide a

safe road for a!! ve$ic!es. fundamenta! f!a+ of 4S is t$at t$at t$e regu!ations are federa!*

t$roug$ t$e D and MS* &ut are enforced in!arge &( state agencies. t t$e state !eve!

ever(t$ing is different and t$e training one state agenc( undergoes can &e "8# degrees from t$e

state ne0t door. it$out federa! training or guide!ines to s'ot and com&at fatigue +$ic$ is &ased


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on federa! ru!es it &ecomes a difficu!t task to track and understand.

Most studies conc!ude t$at fatigue is rea!* and a 'ro&!em t$at needs to &e addressed. $at

is not c!ear in a!! studies is if 4ours of Service is an effective means to reduce cras$es and

fata!ities. 4ours of Service researc$ focuses main!( on industria! fatigue* or t$e $ours +orked in

a da(* and 4S $as addressed t$is +it$ drive time and dut( !imits. ircadian fatigue +as address

+it$ t$e 3?$our restarts re2uiring t+o 'eriods &et+een #"## and #5##* &ut t$at 'eriod

re2uirement $as since &een sus'ended. $ere +ere not an( significant studies found t$at !iked a!!

t$ree t('es of fatigue and $o+ t$e( interacted so it is inconc!usive $o+ 4ours of Service effect

t$e fatigue 'icture as a +$o!e.

It can &e conc!uded t$at since t$e D found 'assenger cars t+ice as !ike!( to to $ave

fatigue !isted as a factor in cras$es t$at 4S does in fact im'rove safet(. 4o+ever* it does not

state if t$ose 'assengers +ere driving a!! da( suc$ as a road tri' or $ad 1ust +orked a "6 $our

s$ift &efore going $ome. >esearc$ does s$o+ t$at after driving 'ast 8 $ours t$e !ike!( $ood of

cras$ing goes u' significant!( &( a factor of ".8* $o+ever on!( t$e 9#t$ 'ercenti!e of truckers

drive t$eir a!!otted "" $ours.

4ours of Service at t$e !east can &e s$o+n t$e( do not $urt t$e safet( of drivers &ut t$ere

are ot$er factors t$at rank $ig$er t$at can not &e attri&uted to an( t('e of fatigue. vert$e

counter drug use accounts for "7C of cras$ed* (et organi,ations do not focus on t$ose factors. In

most an( cras$* 'assenger or MK* s'eed re'resents near!( a 2uarter of t$e factors in cras$es* (et

congress +as s!o+ to im'!ement e!ectronic monitoring and s'eed* or s'eed for conditions is not

monitored in t$e sense t$at drivers are fined. Nes* 4S regu!ations are im'ortant &ut it is not t$e

on!( reason for cras$es and ma( not $ave t$e &ig effect on safet( t$at is constant!( re'orted.


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Charts


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Biliography:)arge rucks.:ata!it( acts. e&. %#"6. e&. #" Ma( %#"6.

O$tt'LAA+++.ii$s.orgAii$sAto'icsAtA!argetrucksAfata!it(factsA!argetrucks.

Mackie* >o&er( >.* and Qames . Mi!!er. EES 4->S SE>KIE >EH-)>IN

http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/large-trucks/fatalityfacts/large-truckshttp://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/large-trucks/fatalityfacts/large-trucks


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S4ED-)ES* JD >H )DIJH J >-R JD B-S D>IKE>

IH-E. >e'. no. D 4S 5#""?%. JIS Jo. PB%9#957. cto&er "978

4tt'sLAAinde'endent.academia.edu. e&.

Mo$!man* arrie* :Driver atigue Enforcement ec$ni2ues and $eir Effect on ras$es: %#"3.

ivi! Engineering $eses* Dissertations* and Student >esearc$. Pa'er 6".

-.S. D. De'artment of rans'ortation edera! Motor arrier Safet( dministration >egister.

edera! >egister ed. Ko!. 65. as$ington* D..L dministration* %###. Print. Ser. %558?.

-.S. D. MS>>#7#"7 $e )arge ruck ras$ ausation Stud( na!(sis Brief. "9

Dec. %#"?. e&.

-.S. D. :raffic Safet( acts. D 4S 8"" 5%3 :4tt'LAA+++nrd.n$tsa.dot.govA. ug. %#"".

e&.

-nited States. ong. 4ouse. ommittee on rans'ortation and Infrastructure. I ermination

ct of "995. "#?t$ ong. 4> 4> %539. e&.

-nited States. Interstate ommerce ommission. Interstate ommerce ommission >e'ortsL

Motor arrier ases. Ko!. 6.= Page 56" -.S. Hovernment Printing ffice* "938. Print.

rego* odd* and Dan Murra(. n na!(sis of t$e 'erationa! osts of rucking. >e'. Qan. %#"#.

e&.

Effectiveness of Hours of Service

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