Effective Policy in Energy Management Dr Ibrahim K. Rajab

Dept. of Mech. & Manuf. Eng. Jubail Industrial college

TELE: 00966-13- 3402000 ext. 2248 Mobile: 00966-502287486 FAX: 00966-13- 3409904 rajab.ike.googlepages.com

www.jic.edu.sa

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Effective Policy in Energy Management

Effective Policy in Energy Management is based on effective planning and operation of power generation and consumption. Objective is saving energy, reducing cost, and protecting environment. Environment protection is not only an ethical duty but it is also a major challenge. Energy Management System includes power generation and consumption.

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Variable and flexible integrated power generation systems through detailed professional studies and analysis of world energy allow the success of the policy and the energy management system. Monitoring, controlling, and data recording and analysing lead to continuous improvement in policy and system.

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World Energy Global energy consumption increased by just 1% in 2016, following growth of 0.9% in 2015 and 1% in 2014. This compares with the 10-year average of 1.8% a year. 15.5 % of the 7.1 billion world population without electricity. Emissions of CO2 increased by only 0.1% in 2016. During 2014-16, average emissions growth has been the lowest over any three-year period since 1981-83.

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World power generation (1 Tera = 106 Mega =1012 )

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KSA 330.5 (1.33% of world share)

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Saudi Arabia energy production

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Oil remained the world’s leading fuel accounting for 1/3 of global energy consumption. Oil gained global market share for the second year in a row, following 15 years of declines from 1999 to 2014. Global oil consumption growth averaged 1.6 million barrels per day (Mb/d), or 1.6% above its 10-year average (1.2%) for the second successive year. China (400,000 b/d) and India (330,000 b/d) provided the largest increments. Global oil production in contrast, rose by only 0.4 Mb/d, the slowest growth since 2013.

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Production in the Middle East rose by 1.7 Mb/d, driven by growth in Iran (700,000 b/d) Iraq (400,000 b/d) and Saudi Arabia (400,000 b/d). Production outside the Middle East fell by 1.3 Mb/d, with the largest declines in the US (-400,000 b/d), China (-310,000 b/d) and Nigeria (-280,000 b/d). Refinery throughput growth slowed from 1.8 Mb/d in 2015 to 0.6 Mb/d last year. Refining capacity grew by only 440,000 b/d, versus 10-year average growth of 1 Mb/d, causing refinery utilization to rise.

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World natural gas consumption grew by 63 billion cubic metres (bcm) or 1.5% slower than the 10-year average of 2.3%. Global natural gas production increased by only 21 bcm, or 0.3%. Declining production in North America (-21 bcm) partially offset strong growth from Australia (19 bcm) and Iran (13 bcm). Coal’s share of energy consumption fell to 28.1%, the lowest share since 2004.

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World coal production fell by 6.2%, or 231 mtoe, the largest decline on record. China’s production fell by 7.9% or 140 mtoe, also a record decline. US production fell by 19% or 85 mtoe (Million Ton Oil Equivalent). Renewable power (excluding hydro) grew by 14.1% in 2016, the largest increment on record (53 mtoe). Wind provided more than half of renewables growth, while solar energy contributed almost a third despite accounting for only 18% of the total.

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Global nuclear power generation increased by 1.3% in 2016, or 9.3 mtoe. China accounted for all of the net growth, expanding by 24.5%. China’s increment (9.6 mtoe) was the largest of any country since 2004. Hydroelectric power generation rose by 2.8% in 2016, (27.1 mtoe). China (10.9 mtoe) and the US (3.5 mtoe) provided the largest increments. Venezuela experienced the largest decline (-3.2 mtoe).

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Power Generation Steam and Gas power generation needs to be upgraded to combined cycle where efficiency could be increased from 43% to 60%. Implementing Heat Recovery Systems: Economiser, Air Preheater, Feed Heaters,….etc. Using Gas Fuel reduces emissions. Nuclear Energy Plans to construct 17 GWe of nuclear capacity by 2040 to provide 15% of the power then. Two pilot plants are recommended: At Jubail and Yanbou.

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Solar Energy The average annual rate of solar radiation is around 250 W/m2 (high potential). Plan to install about 54 GW of renewable power capacity by 2032 and almost 76% of these capacity would be met by solar power. Wind Energy High potential. Plan to install 9 GW by 2032. Geothermal Energy High potential. Plan is highly recommended.

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Geothermal systems in Saudi Arabia

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Planning of Power Generation Systems The main steps in power system planning may be summarized as follows: 1. Study of the electric load forecast 2 to 20 years, based on

the most reliable information. 2. Evaluation of the energy resources available for electricity generation and the foreseeable trends in technical, economical, and environmental developments. 3. Evaluation of economic and technical characteristics of existing system, and potential expansion. Characteristics include capital investment cost, fuel cost, operation and maintenance costs, efficiencies, construction times, etc.

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4. Determination of technical and cost characteristics of the required plants. 5. Determination of economic and technical parameters affecting decisions such as discount rate, level or reliability required, demand changes,…etc. 6. Choice of a procedure to determine the optimal expansion strategy within the imposed constraints. 7. Determination of data must take into account the present and future economic and technical environment. 8. Qualitative and quantitative review of the results to estimate viability and reliability of the proposed system.

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Operation of Power Generation Systems The main steps in power system operation may be summarized as follows: 1. Current and future power demand is met adequately and

securely with minimum cost and environment protection.

2. Continuous improvement of control system (software and hardware) to operate safely, efficiently and economically. 3. Continuous improvement of maintenance system to meet all the objectives.

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Time

5 $/MW

75 $/MW

150 $/MW

200 $/MW

Demand MW

Total Gen Available

Operative reserves

Power supply from different systems to meet demand

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Power Consumption and Saving 1. Shift consumption away from the 10 am - 8 pm peak times. 2. ACs at 26 °C reduces cooling load. 3. Switch off from the plug point (save mode still on). 4. Switch off lights and fans when not required. 5. Replace bulbs with tube lights & CFL(Comp. Floures. Lamp). 6. Utilise natural light by using electronic chokes & regulators. 7. Optimise use of lights in malls, multiplexes & hotels. 8. Turn off the lights when not in use. 9. Take advantage of daylight by using light-coloured curtains. 10. De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination. 11. Use task lighting; focus the light where you need it.

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12. Use appropriate regulator position for ironing. 13. Do not iron wet clothes. 14. Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans. 15. Ensure proper sealing of doors and windows. 16. Clean AC filter every month. 17. Use film / tinted glass on windows. 18. Keep regulators at "low cool" position. 19. Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher temperature.

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20. Seal the doors and windows properly. 21. Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air circulation. 22. A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner. 23. Use windows with sun films / curtains. 24. Set thermostat as high as possible in the summer. 25. Don't place lamps or TV sets near A/C thermostat. 26. Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the airflow. A unit operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity than operating in the sun. 27. Many and many more applications could be added to save energy.

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Conclusions 1. Energy Management System is challenging, critical, controversial, economical, environmental, social, and technical. 2. Integrated power generation systems are necessary to meet power demand adequately, securely, with quality and desired cost, and environmental characteristics. 3. Saving energy is a professional and ethical duty of every individual everywhere.

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References 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption#/media/File:Bp_world_energy_consumption_2016.gif 2. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-

of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_management 4. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01014.pdf