Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican...

51
Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure Barbara Carby Director Disaster Risk Reduction Centre University of the West Indies, Mona [email protected]

Transcript of Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican...

Page 1: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure

Barbara CarbyDirector

Disaster Risk Reduction CentreUniversity of the West Indies, [email protected]

Page 2: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure  ‐ Outline• Background• Jamaica’s exposure to hazards• Jamaica’s vulnerability to hazards• Why interest in infrastructure? Research ‐ Methodology

Results so farNext steps  (Phase ii)

Page 3: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Background

• Jamaica 18N 77W has population of  2.8m (Last census 2011)

• Area approx 11,000 sq km

• Main foreign exchange earners:  tourism, remittances, bauxite• GDP real growth rate estimated at 0.7% (2017) 1.5% 2016• GDP purchasing power parity  26 billion 2017(Exchange Rate 1USD =  130 Jamaican dollars)

Page 4: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Jamaica – 18N, 77W 

4

Page 5: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Jamaica 11,500 km 2   Mountainous spine with coastal plains

5

Page 6: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Jamaica as a SIDS ‐ Challenges to Sustainable Development SIDS challenges in achieving sustainable development (UN 1994);

Narrow resource baseHigh dependence on international trade and therefore vulnerability to global developmentsLimited domestic marketsFragile ecosystems (economic importance of natural resources)

Concentration of population and assets in the coastal zone

Page 7: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Jamaica’s Exposure

Location : Northern margin of the Caribbean Plate, North Atlantic hurricane belt

Jamaica is exposed to multiple hazards – natural and anthropogenic

Topography – steep weathered slopes leading to soil instability, landslides rockfalls

Short steep rivers leading to debris‐laden flooding and limestone topography which causes flooding of depressions when groundwater levels are high

Page 8: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Exposure : Seismicity (Source Purdue U.)

Page 9: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

North Atlantic Hurricane Belt – tracks 1851 – presentSource: https://www.google.com.jm/search?q=north+atlantic+hurricane+tracks+1851+‐+present&rlz=1C1GCEA_enJM803JM803&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=HEsy8iSAFqkdkM%253A%252CI8jNGAPFZrmKrM%252C_&usg=AI4_‐kQvhRn9AIxNnoM8vMnXN1C8KueD_A&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij1b3n7NHeAhUBjlkKHcqVDU4Q9QEwD3oECAQQBA#imgrc=HEsy8iSAFqkdkM:

Page 10: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s
Page 11: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Flooded housing area in Central Jamaica 

Page 12: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Jamaica : Exposure

Transportation accidentsHazardous materials leaksDroughtEpidemics  ‐ ChicV, Zika, mealybugs, white fly

Page 13: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

The Gleaner Dec 07 2018

Page 14: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s
Page 15: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

High economic exposure: %  GDP in High Risk Areas; 2 or more hazards

• Jamaica 96.3• Dom Rep 95.6• Trinidad and Tobago 83.1• Barbados 79.9• Dominica 68.3

(Dilley 2005)

Page 16: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Jamaica’s Vulnerability  

Several factors combine with exposure to make Jamaica vulnerable to hazards

Slow growth rate averaging 1% of real GDP over past three decadesSlightly above the average in 2016 ‐ 1.7%2012 debt burden 145% of GDP reduced to 122%in 2016 (IMF Agreement)

17% below poverty line (2014);12.9% unemployment (2016)Limited fiscal space for risk reduction/adaptation(Carby 2018)

Page 17: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Why Infrastructure

Infrastructure suffers high levels of damage and lossFrom weather related events, particularly flooding which is the most frequently occurring hazard….

With secondary effects on transportation, production

Page 18: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Damage and Loss by Sector

Page 19: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Damage and Loss by sector

May‐June Floods 2017• Value of damage   3.320 B$J (1USD=130$J)• 78.4 % of total damage related to infrastructure (including utilities)• 96% of infrastructure damage related to transport (roads, drains and bridges)

Page 20: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Weather related damage, losses

High level of infrastructure vulnerability to rainfall which leads to High levels of direct and indirect losses :

Inability to get food, goods to marketInterruptions in travel for commutersLoss of revenueRisk reduction and adaptation important in reducing damage/losses

Page 21: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Loss of bridge at Harbour View (main corridor to southeast from Kingston)

Page 22: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

What impact might climate change have?

•What evidence is there for variability or change in rainfall regimes ?

•How is infrastructure (roads, drains) likely to be affected by CV or CC 

•What changes if any are being made for adaptation to CV/CC by Jamaican Authorities with respect to this infrastructure?

Page 23: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Downscaling of Global Models ‐ Projection of Caribbean Rainfall

General tendency for drying (main Caribbean basin) by end of the century.

Drying between 25% and 30%

Possibly wetter far north Caribbean NDJ and FMA.

Drying exceeds natural variability June‐October – wet season dryer!

Page 24: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Downscaling of Global Models by Caribbean Climate Scientists (including CSG, MONA)

The number of dry days between rain events is increasing(tendency towards drying)But ….When rain occurs it tends to be heavier.

Plus….More intense rainfall associated with major hurricanesWhat will analysis of recent Jamaican data show?

Page 25: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Methodology (courtesy C Burgess)  Rainfall analysis

Rainfall data for 1930 ‐1988 had been analysed in late 1980s to determine 24h rainfall intensities for 2,5,10,25,50,100 year return periodsfortunately !! as the original data destroyed in a fire

1992 – 2008 : NMS collected daily rainfall data from 270 stations across JamaicaAllowing for similar analysis of rainfall intensities

Page 26: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Methodology Cont’d

• Infilling of gaps  (using data from closest stations)• Weibul distribution applied to data for each station• Minimising of errors between predictions and observed cumulatibleprobabilities

• 2,5,10,25,50, 100 year intensities determined for the 1992 ‐2008 data

• Difference  in intensities for 1992 ‐2008 and 1930 – 1988 calculated

Page 27: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Methodology Cont’d

• Difference in rainfall intensities superimposed on map of road and drainage network

Risk Reduction/Adaptation in current practice  (next)• Key Informant Interviews with engineers, planners• Engineers from National Works Agency and Jamaica Institution of Engineers

• Engineers at Parish level (local authority)• National Environment and Planning Agency

Page 28: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

RESULTS – Change in rainfall regimes

• 2 – 25 yr periods  Central parishes (normally drier) expected to experience more intense rainfall  ‐ 20 – 200mm/24h  for stations.

• Eastern and north‐western parishes (normally wetter) likely to have decreases in rainfall of 50  ‐ 180mm/24h

• Generally spatial distribution of changes suggest less intense rainfall in wetter parishes and more intense rainfall for drier parishes

Page 29: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

• Figure 3‐ Difference (mm) between the 1930‐1988 and 1992 to 2008 24‐hours Extreme rainfall intensities for the 50 Year Return Period Event 

Page 30: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Figure 4‐ Difference (mm) between the 1930‐1988 and 1992 to 2008 24‐hours Extreme rainfall intensities for the 100 Year Return Period Event•

Page 31: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Proportion of roads/drains likely to be affected by CC

Page 32: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

• Fig. 5 Estimated length of roads in Jamaica susceptible to climate change impact from increased rainfall intensities for the 2 to 100 Year Return Periods. Total length of main roads (Class A, B and C) is estimated to be 5,612 kilometres

Page 33: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

What Do Results Indicate for Infrastructure?

• Up to 77% of main roads and 83% of drainage network will be affected

• Historical climate data not reliable for future conditions  ‐ current and future planning must be based on more current analyses

Page 34: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Failure of Gully wall, Kingston

Page 35: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Climate Change plus Development Change

• Nature of development is changing 

• From single family dwellings to high density townhouses and apartments

• Reducing permeable coverings and increasing run‐off• Removal of trees and higher percentage of pavement – increase in temperature

• No visible upgrade in infrastructure to match density change

Page 36: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Change to high density structures

Page 37: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s
Page 38: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s
Page 39: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s
Page 40: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Implications and potential adaptation approachesHow can the country successfully adapt to particularly increase in rainfall projected under climate change? 

This will require a radical change in thinking about management of rainfall and runoff

Societal attitudes also need to change  ‐ not only an engineering problem  

Page 41: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Potential solutions

Rainwater harvesting – collect in tanks, ponds for use in irrigation, landscaping other uses not requiring potable waterThis reduces run‐off and burden on drainage systems and reduces use of potable water,  (equivalent to increase in storage) Country has regular water lock‐offs during dry season.

Planning authorities now encouraging (a return to) harvesting and being increasingly used in agriculture sector

Enforce planning laws – no increase in run‐off in to public space as a result of development i.e manage storm water on property

Page 42: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Behaviour change

Run‐off is a public problem even if its from my property…..

Page 43: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s
Page 44: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Potential Design Approaches (Modified from Arisz and Burrell 2006

Page 45: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Retention pond UWI Mona : run‐off  interrupted and trapped  thanks to still available green space.

Page 46: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Next Steps ….

What if any adjustments have been made by authorities in design/infrastructure retrofitting in light of climate change?

• Interviews with National Works Agency Engineers

• Interviews with Parish Council (Local Govt) Engineers

Page 47: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Next Steps….

How have planning authorities been factoring climate change in the development review process ?  (Private developments)How are adaptation options communicated to developers?

Compliance?

Interviews with National Environment and Planning AgencyReviews of Development Planning Applications and results

Page 48: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Next Steps….  Some early discussions

Initial discussion with practicing engineer (private):

Engineers are aware of differences in rainfall regime and climate science outputsApply 15% markup on published 100yr rainfall  data for designs

No formal discussions with National Works Agency

Page 49: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Next steps

Initial discussion with National Works Agency engineer :

Drainage guidelines updated to include revised rainfall intensity curves

Major bridges design – 1:100 event now used as opposed to 1:50Roadside drainage ‐ 1:20 return period being used for culvert design(previously 1:2/10)Taking option of building in additional capacity now.

Page 50: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Interim Conclusions 

Climate scientists are providing data on climate variability and climate change through downscaling of global models

Data suggests changes in rainfall regimes which will impact infrastructure

Practitioners are aware of the need for factoring climate change into designs for infrastructure and have made adjustments based on dataNew infrastructure benefitting from higher specificationsThe matter of existing infrastructure is not being systematically addressed 

Page 51: Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure...Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure ‐Outline • Background • Jamaica’s exposure to hazards • Jamaica’s

Effect of Climate Change on Jamaican Infrastructure

More anon…….