Jamaica’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC

Jamaica’s Second Communication to the Jamaica’s Second Communication to the UNFCCCUNFCCC

Mr. Jeffrey Spooner

Faculty of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, UWI, Mona and CARICOM UWI, Mona and CARICOM Caribbean Climate Change Caribbean Climate Change

CentreCentre““Climate Change Impacts on the Climate Change Impacts on the Caribbean, with special attention Caribbean, with special attention

to Tourism and Insurance”to Tourism and Insurance”June15-17, 2007, Mona CampusJune15-17, 2007, Mona Campus

PRESENTATION ON JAMAICA’S PRESENTATION ON JAMAICA’S

SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONSECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION

Jeffery Spooner & Clifford MahlungJeffery Spooner & Clifford Mahlung

OUTLINEOUTLINE INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONSNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS

What are National Communications?What are National Communications? Convention RequirementsConvention Requirements Funding OptionsFunding Options

INCINC GHG InventoryGHG Inventory Mitigation OptionsMitigation Options V&A AssessmentV&A Assessment LimitationsLimitations

SNCSNC GuidelinesGuidelines Financial & Technical AssistanceFinancial & Technical Assistance Elements of SNCElements of SNC Institutional arrangementsInstitutional arrangements

Meteorological Service, JamaicaMeteorological Service, Jamaica

THE UNFCCC


The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 and entered into force in March 1994.

Ultimate The objective of the Convention:

To stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gases at levels that would prevent “dangerous” human interference with the climate system. Such levels, should be achieved within a timeframe sufficient to allow the ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food security & production is not threatened and to enable development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

Jamaica became a party to the Convention in April 1995.

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL


The Kyoto Protocol (KP) was adopted at COP-3 at COP-3 in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997 and entered into force in February 2005 .

The Major objective of the KP: Is that industrialized countries (termed Annex B countries) will reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% compared to the 1990 levels by the (first) commitment period 2008-2012.• The targets ranged from 8% below 1990 levels for some, to 10% above 1990 levels for others. • There are no targets for developing countries.

Jamaica became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in June 1999.

What Are NC?What Are NC? National Communications:National Communications: is one of the is one of the

mandated periodic reports to the UNFCCC by mandated periodic reports to the UNFCCC by all parties to the Convention on all aspects of all parties to the Convention on all aspects of their implementation of the Convention. their implementation of the Convention.

All parties are mandated to report on steps All parties are mandated to report on steps taken or envisaged to be undertaken to taken or envisaged to be undertaken to implement Articles 4.1 and 12 of the implement Articles 4.1 and 12 of the Convention. Convention.

What is included in these NC’s and the What is included in these NC’s and the frequency of submission is different for frequency of submission is different for Annex I and non-Annex I Parties. Annex I and non-Annex I Parties.

Jamaica’s initial NC was submitted in Jamaica’s initial NC was submitted in November 2000 and we started work on the November 2000 and we started work on the 2nd NC. 2nd NC.


CONVENTION REQUIREMENTSCONVENTION REQUIREMENTS

ARTICLE 12: COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION ARTICLE 12: COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATIONRELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION

1.1. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1, each Party shall In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1, each Party shall communicate to the Conference of the Parties, through the communicate to the Conference of the Parties, through the secretariat, the following information:secretariat, the following information:

a)a) A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, to the extent its capacities permit, by the Montreal Protocol, to the extent its capacities permit, using comparable methodologies to be promoted and agreed using comparable methodologies to be promoted and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties;upon by the Conference of the Parties;

b)b) A general description of steps taken or envisaged by the Party A general description of steps taken or envisaged by the Party to implement the Convention; andto implement the Convention; and

c)c) Any other information that the Party considers relevant to the Any other information that the Party considers relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention and suitable for achievement of the objective of the Convention and suitable for inclusion in its communication, including, if feasible, material inclusion in its communication, including, if feasible, material relevant for calculations of global emission trends.relevant for calculations of global emission trends.


Initial National Initial National CommunicationCommunication

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Sources/SinksSources/Sinks EmissionsEmissions

(gigagrams)(gigagrams)Removal Removal

(gigagrams)(gigagrams)

Energy IndustriesEnergy Industries 22452245

Manufacturing Industries & Manufacturing Industries & ConstructionConstruction

41114111

TransportationTransportation 12571257

Other sectorsOther sectors 586586

OthersOthers - 18- 18

Industrial ProcessesIndustrial Processes 403403

Land-Use Change & ForestryLand-Use Change & Forestry 8888 - 255- 255

TotalsTotals 86908690 - 273- 273

1994 GHG Inventory1994 GHG Inventory


Initial National Initial National Communication Communication V&A Assessment V&A Assessment

(Scenarios)(Scenarios)


INC INC V&A Assessment (Rainfall V&A Assessment (Rainfall

Scenarios)Scenarios)


INC INC V&A Assessment (Water V&A Assessment (Water

use) use)


INC INC V&A Assessment V&A Assessment

(Agriculture)(Agriculture)


Initial National Initial National Communication Communication V&A AssessmentV&A Assessment

CONCLUSIONS (VULNERABILITIES)CONCLUSIONS (VULNERABILITIES)

While this initial national communications report has an initial While this initial national communications report has an initial

investigation of investigation of potential vulnerabilitiespotential vulnerabilities it is clear that there is a it is clear that there is a need for need for

further work in the area of vulnerability with regards to climate further work in the area of vulnerability with regards to climate change. change.

There is a considerable amount of infrastructure located on the There is a considerable amount of infrastructure located on the coast, coast,

with the international airports, seaports and a number of industries with the international airports, seaports and a number of industries

being located in areas that would be extremely sensitive to climate being located in areas that would be extremely sensitive to climate

change.change.

It will be necessary to investigate a number of the socio-economic It will be necessary to investigate a number of the socio-economic

vulnerabilities, particularly in area such as tourism. Additional vulnerabilities, particularly in area such as tourism. Additional funding funding

will be required for thorough in-depth analysis in most areas, in will be required for thorough in-depth analysis in most areas, in

particular coastal zones, water resources, agriculture and the particular coastal zones, water resources, agriculture and the health health

sector.sector.Meteorological Service, JamaicaMeteorological Service, Jamaica


ADAPTATIONADAPTATION

For Jamaica to respond to many of the For Jamaica to respond to many of the vulnerability concerns which have vulnerability concerns which have been identified in the previous section been identified in the previous section it is clear that constructive adaptation it is clear that constructive adaptation policies will have to be implemented policies will have to be implemented so that many of the potential impacts so that many of the potential impacts of a changing climate could be of a changing climate could be avoided in Jamaica, or mitigated.avoided in Jamaica, or mitigated.


Initial National Initial National Communication Communication V&A Assessment V&A Assessment

(Adaptation)(Adaptation)Coastal ZonesCoastal Zones

With regards to the coastal zones it is clear that there is the need for With regards to the coastal zones it is clear that there is the need for comprehensive management of the island’s ecosystemcomprehensive management of the island’s ecosystem, which would , which would involve strategic planning to avoid the worst impacts, an assessment of involve strategic planning to avoid the worst impacts, an assessment of the needs for modification of land-use and implementation of identified the needs for modification of land-use and implementation of identified land-use strategies and guidelines.land-use strategies and guidelines.

Water ResourcesWater Resources

Adaptation options for the Water Resources sector will revolve around an Adaptation options for the Water Resources sector will revolve around an improved distribution networkimproved distribution network incorporating water conservation incorporating water conservation techniques.techniques.

AgricultureAgriculture

Changes in the climate will obviously affect agricultural production and Changes in the climate will obviously affect agricultural production and output. The recent chapter the IPCC regional impacts report notes that output. The recent chapter the IPCC regional impacts report notes that with an extension in a dry season in Pacific islands yields from sugar cane with an extension in a dry season in Pacific islands yields from sugar cane will decrease. Thus the will decrease. Thus the need to examine alternativesneed to examine alternatives is quite clear. is quite clear.



CONCLUSIONS (ADAPTATION)CONCLUSIONS (ADAPTATION)

While the above tables have suggested While the above tables have suggested possible possible andand potential adaptation optionspotential adaptation options it is clear it is clear that there is a need for further comprehensive that there is a need for further comprehensive integrated studies in the area of adaptation, integrated studies in the area of adaptation, which will examine the socio-economic issues which will examine the socio-economic issues which are relevant for the implementation of which are relevant for the implementation of suggested adaptation options. What is clear is suggested adaptation options. What is clear is that the cost for implementing many adaptation that the cost for implementing many adaptation options will be prohibitive and will call on options will be prohibitive and will call on financial resources that may not be available to financial resources that may not be available to the Government of Jamaica.the Government of Jamaica.


Second National Second National CommunicationCommunication

UNFCCC Guidelines for the Preparation of National Communications from non-Annex I Parties

The guidelines for the preparation of initial national communications were adopted by the COP at its second

session, by decision 10/CP.2. These guidelines were used by 106 non-Annex I Parties to prepare their initial national

communications.

At its fifth session, the COP initiated a process to revise those guidelines. The UNFCCC guidelines, as adopted by the COP,

at its eighth session, by decision 17/CP.8, is the outcome of that process.



Financial & Technical AssistanceFinancial & Technical Assistance::

Provided to the tune of US $405,000.00 by Provided to the tune of US $405,000.00 by the GEF and administered through the the GEF and administered through the UNDPUNDP

GOJ counterGOJ counterpart financing to the tune of US part financing to the tune of US $70,000.00 (in-kind$70,000.00 (in-kind

Work started in September 2006 and is Work started in September 2006 and is expected be completed in August 2008.expected be completed in August 2008.


Total sums allocated for Total sums allocated for each component of the each component of the

communication communication


Jamaica's Second National Communications BudgetMonitoring&Reporting

7%

Project Management 29%

GHG Inventories 20%

CC Mitigation Measuers 7%

CC Adaptation Measures 20%

CG&CN 1%

UNFCCC Objectives8%

Technical Assistance 2%

CPTSD 4%

National Circumstances 2% National Circumstances

GHG Inventories

CC Mitigation Measuers

CC Adaptation Measures

UNFCCC Objectives

CG&CN

Technical Assistance

CPTSD

Project Management

Monitoring&Reporting

Second National Second National CommunicationCommunication GHG GHG

INVENTORYINVENTORY • Compiled for the years 2000-2005Compiled for the years 2000-2005

• Lead Consultant - Dr. Claude DavisLead Consultant - Dr. Claude Davis

• Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon DAnthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxideioxide, , Nitrous Oxide, Methane by source and removal by Nitrous Oxide, Methane by source and removal by sinks and are encouraged to report HFCs, PFCs, sinks and are encouraged to report HFCs, PFCs, and SF6.and SF6.

• Using the 2006 Revised IPCC GuidelineUsing the 2006 Revised IPCC Guideline


Second National Second National Communication Elements Communication Elements

of V&A assessmentsof V&A assessments What impacts/vulnerability have been observed/ What impacts/vulnerability have been observed/

experienced and what are the underlying drivers? experienced and what are the underlying drivers? (current vulnerability assessment)(current vulnerability assessment)

What are the impacts and vulnerability under What are the impacts and vulnerability under projected climate and projected socio-economic projected climate and projected socio-economic conditions? conditions? (future vulnerability assessment)(future vulnerability assessment)

What are the adaptive responses that will be What are the adaptive responses that will be required to reduce the vulnerability? required to reduce the vulnerability? (adaptation (adaptation assessment)assessment)

What are the implications for sustainable What are the implications for sustainable development? development? (policy recommendations)(policy recommendations)


Second National Second National Communication Communication V&A V&A

ASSESSMENTSASSESSMENTS Sectors/zones Sectors/zones

Coastal Zone, Human Settlement, Human Coastal Zone, Human Settlement, Human Health, Water Resources, Agriculture, Health, Water Resources, Agriculture, TourismTourism

Four contracts awarded (Coastal Zone & Human Four contracts awarded (Coastal Zone & Human Settlement; Water Resources & Agriculture: Scenarios Settlement; Water Resources & Agriculture: Scenarios & Human Health; Socio-economic assessments)& Human Health; Socio-economic assessments)

Methods and approaches available includeMethods and approaches available include IPCC Seven- Step Approach and derived methodologiesIPCC Seven- Step Approach and derived methodologies UNDP Adaptation Policy FrameworkUNDP Adaptation Policy Framework NAPA GuidelinesNAPA Guidelines UNEP V&A ASSESSMENT HANDBOOKUNEP V&A ASSESSMENT HANDBOOK

Possible monitoring of the assessmentPossible monitoring of the assessment



ASSESSMENTSASSESSMENTSFor each of the sector/zone studied the For each of the sector/zone studied the

Key Findings will be presented on the:Key Findings will be presented on the: Effects (direct and indirect) of climate Effects (direct and indirect) of climate

variability and change (impacts)variability and change (impacts) Vulnerable areas/communitiesVulnerable areas/communities Adaptation strategiesAdaptation strategies Integration of socio-economic and Integration of socio-economic and

environmental scenariosenvironmental scenarios Interrelations between the effects on Interrelations between the effects on

the different sectors/zonesthe different sectors/zones



ASSESSMENTSASSESSMENTSFor each sector/zone studied adaptation For each sector/zone studied adaptation

strategies and measures will reflect:strategies and measures will reflect:

Specific adaptation options to the effects Specific adaptation options to the effects of climate change (current and future)of climate change (current and future)

Assessment/prioritization of these optionsAssessment/prioritization of these options General policies having implications for General policies having implications for

adaptationadaptation Needs for capacity strengtheningNeeds for capacity strengthening Needs for awaraness raising, education Needs for awaraness raising, education

and public informationand public information



Institutional ArrangementsInstitutional Arrangements

MET SERVICEPROJECT COORDINATOR

GHG TEAM V&A TEAM MITIGATION

PROJECT MANAGER

NCCCUNDP

OTHERSTT, CB, RSO,

Info/networking

NCSP

MLGE

5CS



Institutional Arrangements Institutional Arrangements National Communication Support Program NCSP is a GEF funded programme jointly

implemented by UNDP and UNEP To facilitate the preparation of Second

National Communications To prepare and disseminate technical

and policy-relevant materials, including training

To help sustain the national capacity building efforts



Institutional Institutional ArrangementsArrangementsUNDPUNDP in collaboration with thein collaboration with the

Meteorological ServiceMeteorological Service

providesprovides:: Procurement ServicesProcurement Services Logistical AssistanceLogistical Assistance Financial DisbursementsFinancial Disbursements Technical AdviceTechnical Advice Office Space with telephone, faxsimile, Internet Office Space with telephone, faxsimile, Internet

connectionconnection


SNC -USEFULNESSSNC -USEFULNESS

V&A assessments will be used to V&A assessments will be used to identify potential projects for fundingidentify potential projects for funding

Institutionalization of nation Institutionalization of nation response to climate changeresponse to climate change

Produce policy-relevant knowledge Produce policy-relevant knowledge and information to effect policy and information to effect policy dialoguedialogue

Facilitate public education and Facilitate public education and awareness for mainstreaming CC awareness for mainstreaming CC concerns at different levels of the concerns at different levels of the society society

Mitigation is a Win…Win…Mitigation is a Win…Win…Win Option for JamaicaWin Option for Jamaica

Mitigation: The reduction of green-house gas Mitigation: The reduction of green-house gas emission. emission.

The reduction proposed by the Kyoto Protocol is The reduction proposed by the Kyoto Protocol is considered by many as very limited reduction; and that considered by many as very limited reduction; and that there is need for further cuts.there is need for further cuts.

Business as usual with the high dependence on Business as usual with the high dependence on fossil fuel is an expensive option. We therefore fossil fuel is an expensive option. We therefore now more ever need to manage our energy now more ever need to manage our energy resource more efficiently as well as look for resource more efficiently as well as look for other sources of energyother sources of energy


Mitigation:Mitigation: More efficient power production - less wasteMore efficient power production - less waste

Switch to low level green-house gas emission: ( eg. Switch to low level green-house gas emission: ( eg. from coal to oil and from oil to natural gasfrom coal to oil and from oil to natural gas

Switch to non-fossil fuel, i.e., from oil to Switch to non-fossil fuel, i.e., from oil to renewables:renewables: Alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, Alternative energy sources such as wind, solar,

hydro, geothermal, and bio-energy such as hydro, geothermal, and bio-energy such as biofuels, and other new and renewable energy biofuels, and other new and renewable energy sources and technologies where possible (more sources and technologies where possible (more Research &Development needed)Research &Development needed)

Others as well such as fuel cells (more Research Others as well such as fuel cells (more Research and Development needed)and Development needed)


Jamaica’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC

Documents

Transcript of Jamaica’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC