CHAPTER 3 LESSON 1

GRACE I. MAIT

A Closer Look at the Educational Systems of

the Selected Countries of the World

“Benchmarking is learning the best from the best practices of the world's best

educational systems.”

As a FUTURE TEACHER……you shall be guided by UNESCO's principle on the four pillars that Education is for ALL and that this education is anchored on the Four Pillars which are: 1. Learning to Know, 2. Learning to Do, 3. Learning to Be, and 4. Learning to Live Together

Educational System of AUSTRALIA

a. Australia’s Basic Education

• Australia, called by many as the last paradise on earth, has a high quality educational system.

• Many students from all over the world go to Australia to study.

• The educational system in Australia is similar with that of Canada and England.

o Primary Schools- 6 yearsoHigh school- 6 years

-junior high school (year 7- year 10) -senior high school (year 11- year 12)

o College/ University- 3 to 6 years Students who intend to go to college or

university entrance examination; Other students may get a job after year

ten; or Go to a Technical and Further Education

(TAFE) College to learn technical skills.

a) PRIMARY EDUCATION Compulsory Education 6 to 12 years old provided by government and non-

government primary schools However, in most states, children start

primary school at the age of five when they enroll in preparatory or kindergarten year.

b) JUNIOR SECONDARY LEVEL for four years 12 to 16 years oldAt the end, a Junior Secondary

Certificate of Education (Year 10 Certificate) is awarded.

c) SENIOR SECONDARY LEVEL 16 to 18 years oldno longer compulsory educationoffered by government and non-

government providers Senior Secondary Certificate of

Education (Year 12 Certificate) is awarded at the end of the senior secondary level.

d) HIGHER EDUCATION1. to enable individuals to develop their

capabilities2. to advance knowledge and

understanding3. aid the application of knowledge4. enable individuals to adapt and learn5. contribute to democratic civilized society.

Universities:o autonomous o self-accredited institutions o established by Federal, State or

Territory legislation

Academic year:o begins with the undergraduate

levelo a Senior Secondary Certificate of

Education is required for admission

o university education leads to a bachelor's degree

A graduate with a bachelor's degree:

o can proceed to a one-year to two-year post graduate course leading to a postgraduate diploma.

o A student who has qualified for a bachelor's degree (Honours) may proceed to a master's degree.

o A student who has qualified for a bachelor's degree (Honours) may proceed to study for doctorate usually Ph.D.

Educational System of CHINA

o most populous country of the world is Chinao 200 million students attending public

schools taught by over 9 million teachers in the elementary, junior, and senior high schools

o largest educational system of the world (Wang, 1996; Nanjundiah, 1996)

o The course syllabi are written by scientists and professors hired by the National Educational Commission.

o UNIFORM subject matter and instructional contents

o Primary grades (6 yrs) devoted to development of

cognitive skillso High School (6yrs)

3yrs middle school3yrs senior highClass size ranged from 40 to

60 students

o University (6 yrs)For admission, must pass one of the

two versions of the National University Entrance Examination.

The quality and reputation of the school will depend on the number of students passing the examination (Changbin, 1995; Kwang, 2000)

Educational System in JAPAN

Japan Education

o highly centralized o administered by the Mombusho or

Ministry of Educationo 10% goes to the university o 1/3 go to the private schools and the rest

are enrolled in the public of national school system (Abner, 2002)

o seen as a model of how operate schools

In 2005, a book in Japan in the

21st Century: Environment, Economy and Society says:

" Japan's educational system produces students who perform for better on international examinations than Americans do, and Japanese students are indisputably among the best in the world in solving mathematical equations...Youngsters are well behaved, envied around and law abiding; Japan's low crime rates are well known and widely envied around the world. But what is even more striking than the lack of crime is the overwhelming civility; graffiti and vandalism are rare and schools sports teams not only bow to each other before the game but rush over the opposing team's stand after the game to pay their respect."

5 basic levels: o Kindergarten,o elementary school

(6years), o lowers secondary school

(3 years),o upper secondary (3years)

ando university (usually around

4 years).

In Japan, education is:o FREE and compulsory for children 6 to

15 yearso Classes are large and teaching methods

is usually lectureo Japanese students spend 243 days in a

year in school. o The school calendar is year-round with

some breaks between sessions.

Standard curriculum includes :o Japanese languageo Social Studieso Matho Science o Arto Musico Home Economicso Physical Education

Upper secondary schools offer:a) Academic

-Japanese language-English-Science -Math

b) Technicalc) Vocational programs

-Information Processing-Navigation-Fish Farming-Ceramics-Business English

Higher Education:Must take 2 examinations:- national achievement test - given by the university itself

Graduate School:- only 7% of university

graduate gets Master's degrees

Doctorate Level- students enroll in medical programs and the humanities

Educational System of SOUTH AFRICA

South African Educationo Equal access to basic educationo Opportunities for lifelong learningo Democratic participationo Sustainability of development and

relevance of education

Basic Education

Formal education in South Africa is categorized into sectors or levels:o public ordinary school education,o independent school education, o special school education, o technical college education, o teacher training and o university training.

Public school Types:

- ordinary public school or- public school for learners with special

needsLevels:

- pre-primary- primary- secondary- higher education

Phrases:- foundation (Grades R-III)- intermediate (Grades-VI) and - senior (Grades VII-IX

o Grades VII-IX - last stage of compulsory education and will lead to General Education and Training Certificate.

o Further Education and Training (FET) or senior secondary education (Grades X-XII) is not compulsory.

o At the end of Grade XII, students sit a public examination leading to Senior Certificate.

o Technical secondary education which generally lasts for three years are offered in technical centers, high schools and vocational schools.

The eight learning areas that form the basis of all basic education up to the Further

Education Training(FET) Certificate are:

1. Language, Literacy and Communication2. Mathematical Literacy, mathematics and Mathematical Science3. Natural Science4. Technology5. Human and Social Science6. Economics and Management Science7. Arts and Culture8. Life Orientation

Higher Educationo correspond to Level 5-8 of the

National Qualification Framework (NQF) which is used more advanced than the Senior Certificate.

o include colleges, technikons and universities.

o Most colleges of education offer a three-year programme leading to the Diploma in Education (four year for higher diplomas).

Educational System in UNITED KINGDOM

The National Curriculum

o minimum educational requirement for compulsory school age, 5 to 16 years

o mandatory for all state schools which promotes holistic development, prepares them for opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of adult life.

o It includes religious education and for secondary students sex and career education.

o Followed by almost all the schools whether private or state

a. Basic Education

o National curriculum core subjects- English, Mathematics, and Science.

Each key level has definite emphasis that gradually becomes more advanced as the level progresses.o Foundation Stage- covers children aged 3-

5 years, but does not have a strong mandate as to what needs to happen during these years of schooling as it is not yet mandatory.

Stage 1o 5-7 years oldo Grades 1-2 o Core Subjects: English, Mathematics,

and Scienceo Non-core Subjects: design/technology,

history, art/design, music and physical education.

o Statutory Areas: religious educationo format is decided by Local Education

Authorities (LEA’S) or by the faith in which the school was founded.

Stage 2o 7-11 years oldo year groups 3-6o same core and non-core foundation

subjectso emphasis on more difficult topicso addition of sex education to

additional statutory areas

Stage 3o 11-14 years oldo year groups 7-9o Same basics in Key Stages One and

Two, adds Foreign Language, and Information/ Communication Technology

o adding appropriate difficulty to the core subjects.

Stage 4o 14-16 years oldo year groups 10-11o covers the statutory program that

must be taught to all students. o Most schools include in their core

curriculum courses that lead to qualifications in each of the five subject areas which are English, Math, Science, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and Physical Education.

Post 16 Education not mandatory in England Students can either continue education or

enter working world certificates or diploma awarded:o General Certificate of Education (GCE),

a level comprising advanced subsidiary (AS) and A2, each of these usually containing three assessed units.

o Vocational Certificate of Education (VCE) --- a level, dealing with the more applied aspects of the subject; they are available in three, six, and twelve unit sizes; General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs).

Higher Education

o Divisions label pre-1992 universities as the “old” universities and the former polytechnics as the “new” universities.

o Higher education system in the UK needs to include reference to the Open University who pioneered the way for opening access by offering greater flexibility for adult learners through distance learning programs.

o Ordinary degree programmes in the UK universities are usually 3-year courses.

o Undergraduates completing these programmes successfully are awarded either a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.) degrees are not permitted to place B.A. or B.Sc after their names.

o Honours degree programmes are usually four-year courses. The degree title is extended to B.A. (Hons.) and B.Sc. (Hons.), respectively.

o Masters degree is usually achieved after two more years study following an Ordinary or an Honour degree. The students are awarded M.A. or M.Sc.

o A doctorate is normally awarded after several years (three years full time) of research under the direction of a member of a department of a possession of a doctorate and the presentation of a doctoral dissertation or thesis.

Educational System of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

o There are public and private colleges, schools and universities in the United States.

o The public schools are funded, in part, by a city, and/or state, and or state pay less tuition because some tax money is used to subsidize the tuition.

o Private colleges and universities are supported primarily by tuition and private contributions. All students must pay the same tuition no matter where they come from.

BasicEducationPre-primary education: o kindergartens, nursery

schools, preschool programmes, and child/day care centers.

o 4-6 years old and the duration is 2 years.

o Grades 1-4- children are from ages 6 to 10.

Transition to middle school

o Grades 1 to 5- children are from ages 6 to 11

Transition to middle school

o Grades 1-6- children are from ages 6 to 12

Transition to junior high school

o Grades 1-7- children ages 6 to 14

Transitions to junior high school

Middle School Educationo Grades 4-6, 5-7, or 6-

8.o Age level is from 10-

14o Length of the

program is 3 years.

Secondary Education (high school)o Grades 7-12 or 8-12o Ages 12-18 years oldo 2 levels:

Junior high schoolGrades 7-8, 7-9, or 8-9Ages 12-14 years old

Senior high schoolGrades 9-12, or 10-12Ages 14-18 years old.

o Duration of compulsory education is from entry of 6 years old to exit of 18 years old.

Higher Education

It is diverse and autonomous community of publicly and privately supported institutions.

7 Categories of Higher Education Institution

Research Universities (I and II) - Comprehensive doctorate granting institutions that have extensive theoretical and applied research in a wide variety of programs.

Doctorate – granting universities (I and II) Universities offering comprehensive studies but awards Doctorate in limited fields or areas.

Master’s (Comprehensive) universities and colleges (I and II) – Institutions offering academic and professional programmes at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels but do not award research doctorate.Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges (I and II)- Institutions offering Bachelor’s degrees but not higher.

Associate of Arts Colleges- they offer academic and professional or occupational studies at the Associate Degree level including public community colleges and public and private junior colleges.Professional School and the other specialized institutions- institutions that offer only one or few related courses in the professional or academic with degree levels from associate to research doctorates.

Posts Secondary Vocational and Technical Schools- institutions offering short non-degree training programs of less than two years duration, leading to certificates or diplomas in occupational specialties.

Post Secondary Educationo there is no real age

categories o About 60% of all students

who graduate from high school enter college at some point in their life

o In reality, the average American takes over 6 years to finish a four year degree.Reasons:More than 50% of college freshmen do not

know what major or specialization they wish to study.

Many students work to pay for college expenses. Thus, they may take fewer classes in order to work.

Thank you!