Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod 3-1 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights...
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Transcript of Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod 3-1 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights...
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors Influencing Personality Biological
temperament Environmental
parenting culture
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Parents’ Behaviors Attachment
strong, affectionate bond between child and caregiver
Parenting style authoritative authoritarian permissive neglectful or abusive
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-3
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cultural Expectations & Socialization Children learn behaviors and
belief systems of a long-standing social group Who influences culture?
Cultures endorse different values and behaviors culture shock
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Traits: The “Big 5” OCEAN
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sense of self
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Self-assessment Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors Influencing Sense of Self Hmmm…what factors influence
how we feel about ourselves?
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developmental Progression Childhood
describe physical, concrete characteristics positive sense of self, high self-efficacy
Early adolescence describe abstract traits self-esteem often drops imaginary audience, personal fable
Late adolescence multifaceted sense of self, identity
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial Development
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Identity Status Based on patterns of behavior
(Marcia) diffusion foreclosure moratorium identity achievement
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-11
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diversity in Development Gender
How has a higher self-esteem girls or boys
Culture and ethnicity group vs individual identity
ethnic identity
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peer relationshipsand
interpersonal understanding
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peers/ Friends
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-14
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Larger Social Groups Cliques
exclusive in nature 3 to 10 members
Crowds larger than cliques, not as exclusive share activities, attitudes, or background can take form of subculture
Gangs cohesive group characterized by initiation rites,
distinctive clothing, & other markers
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-15
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Romantic Relationships Usually evolve from crush to real
love Often based on attractiveness,
social status Benefits?
May be confusing in adolescence
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-16
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Popularity & Social Isolation Popular students
Rejected students
Controversial students
Neglected students
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social Cognition Ability to think about how other
people are likely to think, act, and react
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Development of Theory of Mind
Childhood
Early adolescence
Late adolescence
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aggression Actions intended to harm others
physical vs. relational proactive vs. reactive
Factors influencing aggression?
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-20
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technology & Peer RelationshipsHelpful or harmful….you be the
judge
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-21
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Moral and prosocial development
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-22
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Moral & Prosocial Development Prosocial behavior
Morality
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-23
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kohlberg’s Theory Children construct standards for
right & wrong Moral dilemma: In Europe, a woman was near death
from a rare form of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about half of what the drug cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said no. So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1984, p. 186)
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-24
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Level & Stage Age Range ExamplesPreconventionalStage 1: Avoidance of punishmentStage 2: Exchange of favors
Preschool – elementary; some junior high; few high school students
Stage 1: “I would cheat if I knew I wouldn’t get caught.”Stage 2: “I’ll let you copy mine if you do my homework.”
ConventionalStage 3: Good child Stage 4: Law and order
Few older elementary children, some junior high, many high school students(Stage 4 does not typically appear until high school)
Stage 3: “I’m not going to tell because I want her to like me.”Stage 4: “You can’t do that because the teacher said no.”
PostconventionalStage 5: Social contractStage 6: Universal ethical principle
Rarely seen before college (stage 6 is extremely rare)
Stage 5: “In this case, the rule may be wrong.”Stage 6: “You shouldn’t lie because it violates the Golden Rule.”
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-25
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Weaknesses in Kohlberg’s Theory
Moral issues (e.g., causing harm) conflated with social conventions (e.g., having rules to help society run smoothly)
Helping and showing compassion for others overlooked
Underestimation of young children’s abilities
Importance of situational factors overlooked
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-26
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors Affecting Moral Development
Level of moral reasoning
Guilt, perspective taking, empathy
Personal motives
Self-perceptions
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-27
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diversity in Development
Gender girls more likely to experience guilt,
shame, empathy care vs. justice orientation (C.
Gilligan) Culture & ethnicity
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-28
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Culture and Ethnicity Culture
Ethnic group
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-29
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Navigating Different Cultures
Cultural mismatch different cultural norms at home and
school Why would this be a problem?
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-30
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Examples of Diversity Language and
dialect When to talk,
when to be quiet Emotional
expressiveness Eye contact Personal space Responding to
questions
Waiting vs. interrupting
Private vs. public performance
Views about teasing Cooperation vs.
competition Family relationships
& expectations Conceptions of time Worldviews
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-31
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culturally Inclusive Classrooms
Identify your cultural lens and biases. Learn about students’ backgrounds. Incorporate perspectives & traditions of many
cultures into the curriculum. Adapt instructional strategies to students’
preferred ways of learning & behaving. Work to break down stereotypes of particular
ethnic groups. Bring cultural diversity to culturally
homogeneous classrooms. Foster democratic ideals, & empower students
to bring about meaningful change.
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-32
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender differences
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-33
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive & Academic Abilities Differences are small; gap is
decreasing Similar on tests of general
intelligence Girls
Better at…. Boys
Better at…
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-34
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation in Academic Activities
Girls more engaged more motivated to do well in school
& go to college Boys
more willing to take academic challenges and risks
less concerned about failure
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-35
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sense of Self
Self-worth similar until puberty consistent with stereotypes boys overestimate abilities; girls
underestimate
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-36
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interpersonal Behaviors Girls
Boys
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-37
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Classroom Behavior
Boys more likely to misbehave more participatory
Girls less likely to volunteer answers more likely to lead in same-sex groups
than in mixed groups
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-38
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Socioeconomic differences
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-39
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Socioeconomic Differences Socioeconomic status (SES)
What is it? Academic achievement is
correlated with SES lower SES students are at greater risk
for dropping out of school
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-40
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fostering Resilience
Be a dependable source of academic and emotional support.
Build on students’ strengths. Identify and provide missing
resources and experiences important for successful learning.
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-41
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Students at risk
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-42
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Defining “At-Risk”
At-risk student: High probability of failing to acquire minimal academic skills necessary for success.
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-43
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of Students At Risk
History of academic failure Emotional and behavioral
problems Lack of psychological
attachment to school Increasing lack of involvement
with school
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-44
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Students Drop Out Little family or peer
encouragement Extenuating life circumstances Dissatisfaction with school Pessimism about ability Lack of teacher support
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod 3-45
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Supporting Students at Risk
Identify at-risk students as early as possible
Create a warm, supportive atmosphere
Make long-term, systematic efforts to engage students in the academic curriculum
Encourage and facilitate identification with school