Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Antonia Moropoulou - NTUA – National...

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou - NTUA – National Technical University of Prof. Antonia Moropoulou - NTUA – National Technical University of Athens Athens

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TopicTopic 44..88 Reverse engineering for compatible and performing restoration materials – case studies

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Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – National Technical University of AthensProf. Antonia Moropoulou – National Technical University of Athens

Copyright ©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2012This material is an integral part of the “ELAICH – educational toolkit” and developed as part of the project ELAICH – Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage within the framework of EuroMed Cultural Heritage 4 Programme under grant agreement ENPI 150583. All rights reserved to the ELAICH Beneficiaries. This material, in its entirety only, may be used in "fair use" only as part of the ELAICH – educational toolkit for the educational purposes by non-profit educational establishments or in self-education, by any means at all times and on any downloads, copies and or, adaptations, clearly indicating “©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2011” and making reference to these terms. Use of the material amounting to a distortion or mutilation of the material or is otherwise prejudicial to the honor or reputation of ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2011 is forbidden. Use of parts of the material is strictly forbidden. No part of this material may be: (1) used other than intended (2) copied, reproduced or distributed in any physical or electronic form (3) reproduced in any publication of any kind (4) used as part of any other teaching material in any framework; unless prior written permission of the ELAICH Beneficiaries has been obtained.

DisclaimerThis document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the ELAICH Consortium and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

AbstractAbstract



The current presentation examines the implementation of the reverse engineering methodology for the production of compatible restoration mortars simulating the original ones, and at the same time providing earthquake protection to the monuments.

ContentContent



Table of contents of this presentationReverse Engineering MethodologyStep 1: Characterization of historic mortarsStep 2: Selection of raw materialsStep 3: Preparation of mortarsStep 4: Assessment of Mortars During their Setting and Hardening PeriodStep 5: Optimization – StandardizationStep 6: Pilot application of restoration mortars


4.8.1. Reverse engineering methodology

Step 1: Characterization of the historic mortars

Step 2: Selection of raw materials and compositions

Step 3: Preparation of restoration mortars Step 4: Assessment of the restoration mortars’ properties

Optimization of the technical characteristics of the fresh mortars with the criteria of the “water content” and “workability”

Assessment of the mortars during their setting and hardening

Step 5: Optimization based on mortars’ characteristics

Step 6: Pilot in-situ application on the masonry scale

Application: Historic Masonry in Hagia SophiaAcropolis of Athens

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.8: Reverse engineering for compatible and performing restoration materials


4.8.1. Reverse engineering methodology

A NESSESARY & APPROPRIATE METHODOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPATIBLE RESTORATION MORTARS BASED ON CRITERIA THAT ORIGINATE FROM EXPERIENCE WITH HISTORIC MORTARS:

Acropolis of Athens

REVERSE ENGINEERING

Simulation of the properties of historic mortarsSimulation of the properties of historic mortars

Improved properties of the compatible mortars Improved properties of the compatible mortars

Reproducibility and control of the production technologyReproducibility and control of the production technology




Acropolis of Athens

Prof. A. Cakmak (PU), Prof. A. Moropoulou (NTUA)

At the Dome of Haghia Sofia, Istanbul 1995


Step 1. Characterization of historic mortars

Mechanical tests (compressive / flexural strength)_____________mechanical properties

Mercury intrusion porosimetry_______________________microstructural characteristics

Water capillary rise tests_________________% absorbed water, capillary rise coefficient

Optical / fibre optics / electron microscopy____microstructural characteristics and texture

Thermal analyses_____________________________________phases and composition

X-Ray Diffraction analysis_______________________________________crystal phases

Other Non Destructive Techniques (DIP, IR Thermography, Ultrasonics, colorimetry, etc.)




Correlation between the tensile strength and the CO2 / structurally bound water ratio

CO2 / structurally bound water vs. CO2 (%)

Classification of the historic mortars with thermal analysis and mechanical tests




Assessment of the Microstructural Characteristics of Historic Mortars – Acceptable Limits for Restoration

Mortars

Total Specific Volume

(mm3/gr)

Density

(gr/cm3)

Average Pore Radius (μm)

Specific Surface (m2/gr)

Total Porosity

%) Crushed Brick mortars

170-290 1.5-1.9 0.1-0.8 3.5-15 32-43

Calcitic 170-320 1.5-1.8 0.8-3.3 1.3-3.3 30-45

Hydraulic lime mortars

90-230 1.7-2.1 0.1-3.5 2.5-13.5 18-40

Pozzolanic 160-265 1.6-1.9 0.1-1.5 3-14 30-42





Optical MicroscopyCeramic – Matrix interface (reaction) Thermal Analysis

DTA/DTG

Characteristic Thermal Analysis result of Haghia

Sophia historic mortar


2.4.2. Selection of building materials

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 2: Knowing the built heritage


Acropolis of Athens

The penetration of lime into the ceramic and the consequent reaction transforms the microstructure of

the ceramic by shifting the pore radii to smaller ranges, and augmenting the apparent density. The transformation of the pore size distribution matches with the hydraulic character of the mortar matrix,

imparting to the mortar high physico-chemical resistance to polluted and marine atmosphere, as well

as high strength.

The development of an amorphous hydraulic calcium alumino-silicate gel between the crystalline phases of

calcite and the dispersed ceramic fragments, evidenced by TEM, allows efficient energy absorption

during earthquakes towards a higher level of crystallinity avoiding failure.

Transmission Electron Microscope microphotographs of the crushed brick inclusions in the mortar matrix. The amorphous formations of the hydraulic C-H-S phases are visible (magn. x 22000 left, x 42000 right).


Step 2. Selection of Raw Materials

BINDERS

Lime PuttyCa(OH)2 ~83%, CaCO3 ~15%, free water content ~58% , bulk density ~0,82 g/cm3Raw material: Quicklime. This is added to water and a chemical reaction occurs which is termed as slaking. The resulting mixture is sieved and left to mature for at least 3 months. During this time the liquid slaked lime thickens to the consistency of toothpaste and is pure white in color

Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL)Raw material: limestone containing clay or other silica impurities. The limestone is burnt (~900oC) and then slaked (conversion of CaO to Ca(OH)2 without hydration of hydraulic phases), but a harder set is obtained because calcium silicates and aluminates form in the presence of water as well as calcium carbonate from carbonation. It can set under water hence the term hydraulic. NHL is graded by strength into three types 2, 3.5 and 5. These are termed, feebly hydraulic, moderately hydraulic and eminently hydraulic

The selection criteria of the raw materials are based on studies of historic mortars and extensive lab experience



Step 2. Selection of Raw Materials

AGGREGATES

SandWashed yellow-colored river-sand of silicate natureLimestone sand can be used due to compatibility with the binder phaseGrain size distribution according to applicationNo impurities such as salts, clay-earths etc.

Crushed BrickGrain size distribution 1-6mm, total porosity ~30%, bulk density: 1.89 g/cm3Raw material of the crushed bricks should contain small quantities of CaCO3

ADDITIVES

Earth of Milos – Natural Pozzolanic AdditiveHigh content of amorphous glassy phases, total silica 65%% finer than 64μm: 88, percentage active silicon >20%

Brick Powder – Artificial PozzolanaTotal silica 58%, % finer than 64μm: 94percentage active silicon >20%



Step 2. Selection of Compositions

Lime MortarsLime putty with sand, sand-brick, fine sandBinder / aggregate ratio 1:2 – 1:2.5

Hydraulic MortarsHydraulic lime with sand, sand-brick, fine sandBinder / aggregate ratio 1:3

Mortars with Pozzolanic AdditivesLime putty / ceramic powder (2:1) with sand, sand-brickBinder / aggregate ratio 1:2.5

Lime putty / Earth of Milos (2:1) with sand, sand-brickBinder / aggregate ratio 1:2.5

Comparison Mortars with Lime – CementLime putty / cement (1:4 to 1:1) with sand, sand-brickCement to sand ratio 1:3



Step 3. Preparation of Mortars

Mixing procedure:

Mix the binder along with the pozzolanic additive using the appropriate content of water (as determined by the flow table test)

Add gradually the premixed aggregate materials

Technical Characteristics of the fresh mortars:Air content

Bulk densityRetained water

Consistence – flow table test



Step 4. Assessment of Mortars During their Setting and Hardening Period

Differential Thermal Analysis – Thermogravimetry Carbonation / development of hydraulic phases

Microstructural Investigation with Mercury Intrusion PorosimetryAssessment of the compatibility of historic mortars

Mechanical PropertiesResponse to the structural - static specifications

Characterization Methods




Hydraulic lime mortarsChemically bound water after only 15 days of hardening. High mechanical strength. High hydraulicity

Typical Lime MortarsLowest carbonation rate (it continues even after 9 months). Rate increases after 3 months. Mechanical strength is developed in relation with the carbonation rate

Pozzolanic Mortars (ceramic powder, earth of Milos)Average values of carbonation rates. Significant amount of chemically bound water. The ceramic powder and the earth of Milos help the development of hydraulic phases improving the mechanical strength

After 9 months




Cement - lime mortarsLow percentage cement mortars have a behavior similar to lime mortars. A separation of phases between cement and lime is observed, thus the binder material lucks cohesionHigh percentage cement mortars have high mechanical strengths but their microstructure is incompatible

After 9 months

Cement in any percentage is incompatible inrestoration mortars for historic masonries






COMPARATIVE DIAGRAMM OF PORE DISTRIBUTION CEMENT MORTAR – LIME MORTAR AND HYDRAULIC LIME MORTAR




Step 1-5: ConclusionsSimulating Prototypes - Evaporation

RH = 60% and T = 25C & 40C

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

(Time, sec) 1/2

We

igh

t L

os

s (

%)

40C25C

SP1

SP3

SP2

The systems with lime and hydraulic mortars present compatibility with the reference stone during evaporation, while the system with cement mortar present incompatible behavior and

different levels of humidity concentration during evaporation (monitoring with infra red thermography)

STONE – LIME MORTAR –

STONE SYSTEM

STONE – CEMENT MORTAR – STONE

SYSTEM

STONE – HYDRAULIC MORTAR – STONE

SYSTEM


Step 5: Optimization - Standardization

OPTIMIZATION OF RAW MATERIALS

Characteristics should fulfill specifications and should correspond to the role of the material in the mortar system

Reproducibility of raw materials (controlled industrial production)

Binders

Lime Putty Lime Putty • Produced in Crete• Traditional

Lime PowderLime Powder• Controlled industrial

production

Natural Hydraulic LimeNatural Hydraulic Lime• CEN 459-1 1997 standard




Additives

Earth of MilosEarth of Milos• Controlled industrial

production

Ceramic PowderCeramic Powder• From solid stones• Industrial production

Aggregates

SandSand• Siliceous from

Strimona River

Crushed brickCrushed brick• Wide grain size distribution• Controlled industrial production




Optimization of the Binder / Additives / Aggregates Ratio

Increase the binder phase by 5-10%Increase the binder phase by 5-10%Improvement of the mechanical propertiesand the microstructure

Binder / additives = 1:1Binder / additives = 1:1Enhancement of the hydraulic character of the mortar

Optimization of the Production Technology

Saturation of the crushed brickSaturation of the crushed brickAvoid problems with mortar setting

Improved mixing procedureImproved mixing procedureMix the binder with the additives andall the necessary water and slowlyadd the aggregates



Step 1-5: Conclusions

The Study of the Historic Mortars Provides the Acceptable Limits for the Properties and Characteristics of Restoration Mortars

The Quality and the Grain Size Distribution of the Raw Materials of Restoration Mortars Should Fulfill the Specifications set by these Acceptable Limits, to Achieve Full Compatibility

Critical Parameters for Improved Mechanical Strength of Restoration Mortars:

Quality and the Fineness of the Binder Material Binder / Aggregates ratio Aggregates’ Grain Size Distribution



Step 1-5: Conclusions


FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF THE MONUMENT WITH THE PROPOSED RESTORATION MORTARS (Bogazici University,

Prof. Mustafa Erdik)


Step 6: Pilot Application of Restoration Mortars

Characterization of Historic Mortars

Design of Compatible Restoration Mortars

Optimization & Standardization

Pilot Application ofRestoration Mortars



Pilot Application of Restoration Mortars

The structural system of the Church is characterized by a masonry with joints of large thickness (almost 1,5 times the thickness of the brick) and strong crushed brick mortars

Historic Masonry in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul




Low dynamic modulus of elasticity and relatively high flexural strength In this way, the materials contributed to the earthquake resistance of the monument

Characteristics of the historic mortars used in Hagia Sophia Hydraulic nature of the binder

A mixture of coarse ceramic fragments (<15mm) and sand was used as aggregates

These mortars may be considered as early examples of reinforced concrete

Material Ed (MPa) Ff(MPa)

Mortar 0.66 0.7-1.2

Brick-mortar 1.83 -

Brick 3.1 -




Site of Pilot Application of Restoration Mortars






Pilot application of repair mortars on a specific masonry of Haghia Sophia for monitoring reasons (October 2000) NTUA in

situ campaign

The masonry where the pilot application of repair mortars

was made

The masonry after the pilot application of repair mortars

Specific mortar syntheses following the above NTUA proposals were adjusted to the restoration works by the Istanbul Technical University and

were applied under the supervision of the Directorate of Haghia Sophia that is responsible for the earthquake protection works.

These mortars proved efficiency during the earthquake of August 1999.



Applied Restoration Mortars

Mortar with Lime Putty & Brick Powder as a pozzolanic additive and aggregate mixture of Sand and Crushed Brick (LPPBSCB)

Mortar with natural Hydraulic Lime & Brick Powder as a pozzolanic additive and aggregate mixture of Sand and Crushed Brick (HLPBSCB)

Mortar with Lime Putty & earth of Milos as a pozzolanic additive and aggregate mixture of Sand and Crushed Brick (LPMCSCB)

LPMCSCB

HLPBSCB

LPPBCBS


REFERENCESREFERENCES

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 2.7.2: Earthquake resistant mortars


Cakmak, A.S., Moropoulou, A., Mullen, C.L., “Interdisciplinary Study of Dynamic Behaviour and Earthquake Response of Hagia Sophia”, J. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, 14, No 9 (1995) pp. 125-133.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., "Thermal analysis as a method of characterizing ancient ceramic technologies”, Thermochimica Acta, 2570 (1995) pp. 743-753.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., “Characterization of ancient, byzantine and later historic mortars by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction techniques”, Thermochimica Acta, 269/270 (1995) pp. 779-795.

Moropoulou, A., Cakmak, A.S., Bakolas, A., Labropoulos, K., Bisbikou, K., “Properties and Technology of the crushed brick mortars of Hagia Sophia”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering VII, ed. A.S. Cakmak and C.A. Brebbia, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton Boston (1995) pp. 651-661.

Moropoulou, A., Cakmak, A., Biscontin, G., “Crushed brick / lime mortars of Justinian’s Hagia Sophia”, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology V, Vol. 462, ed. P.B. Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, J.F. Merkel, J. Stewart, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1997) pp. 307-316.

Cakmak, A.S., Erdik, M., Moropoulou A., “A joint program for the protection of the Justinian Hagia Sophia”, in Proc. 4th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, ed. A. Moropoulou, F. Zezza, E. Kollias & I. Papachristodoulou, Publ. Technical Chamber of Greece, Rhodes, Vol. 4 (1997) pp. 153-171.

Bakolas, A., Biscontin, G., Moropoulou, A., Zendri, E., “Characterization of structural byzantine mortars by thermogravimetric analysis”, Thermochimica Acta, 321 (1998) pp. 151-160.

Moropoulou, A., Cakmak, A.S., Biscontin, G., “Criteria and methodology to evaluate the Hagia Sophia crushed brick / lime mortars”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 55 (1998) pp. 39-54.

Cakmak, A.S., Moropoulou, A., Erdik, M., “Dynamic behaviour and earthquake response of Hagia Sophia”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 56 (1998) pp.31-47.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Cakmak A.S., “Compatible restoration mortars, preparation and evaluation for Hagia Sophia earthquake protection”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 56 (1998) pp. 79-118.

Cakmak, A.S., Moropoulou, A., Mullen, C.L., “Interdisciplinary Study of Dynamic Behaviour and Earthquake Response of Hagia Sophia”, J. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, 14, No 9 (1995) pp. 125-133.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., "Thermal analysis as a method of characterizing ancient ceramic technologies”, Thermochimica Acta, 2570 (1995) pp. 743-753.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., “Characterization of ancient, byzantine and later historic mortars by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction techniques”, Thermochimica Acta, 269/270 (1995) pp. 779-795.

Moropoulou, A., Cakmak, A.S., Bakolas, A., Labropoulos, K., Bisbikou, K., “Properties and Technology of the crushed brick mortars of Hagia Sophia”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering VII, ed. A.S. Cakmak and C.A. Brebbia, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton Boston (1995) pp. 651-661.

Moropoulou, A., Cakmak, A., Biscontin, G., “Crushed brick / lime mortars of Justinian’s Hagia Sophia”, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology V, Vol. 462, ed. P.B. Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, J.F. Merkel, J. Stewart, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1997) pp. 307-316.

Cakmak, A.S., Erdik, M., Moropoulou A., “A joint program for the protection of the Justinian Hagia Sophia”, in Proc. 4th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, ed. A. Moropoulou, F. Zezza, E. Kollias & I. Papachristodoulou, Publ. Technical Chamber of Greece, Rhodes, Vol. 4 (1997) pp. 153-171.

Bakolas, A., Biscontin, G., Moropoulou, A., Zendri, E., “Characterization of structural byzantine mortars by thermogravimetric analysis”, Thermochimica Acta, 321 (1998) pp. 151-160.

Moropoulou, A., Cakmak, A.S., Biscontin, G., “Criteria and methodology to evaluate the Hagia Sophia crushed brick / lime mortars”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 55 (1998) pp. 39-54.

Cakmak, A.S., Moropoulou, A., Erdik, M., “Dynamic behaviour and earthquake response of Hagia Sophia”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 56 (1998) pp.31-47.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Cakmak A.S., “Compatible restoration mortars, preparation and evaluation for Hagia Sophia earthquake protection”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 56 (1998) pp. 79-118.



Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Cakmak, A.S., “Compatible restoration mortars for Hagia Sophia earthquake protection”, Advances in Earthquake Engineering 4, Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures, ed. G. Oliveto, C.A. Brebbia, Publ. Wessex Institute of Technology (1999), pp. 521-531.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, A., “Thermal analysis in the evaluation of compatible restoration mortars during setting and hardening”, in Proc. Int. Conf. on 4th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, ed. G.C. Papanicolaou, G. Parisakis, Patras, (1999), pp. 179 – 186.

Μoropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., “Investigation of the technology of historic mortars”, J. Cultural Heritage, 1 (2000) pp. 45-58.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., “Physico-chemical adhesion and cohesion bonds in joint mortars imparting durability to the historic structures”, J. Construction and Building Materials, 14, No 1 (2000) pp. 35-46.

Moropoulou, A., “Reverse engineering to discover traditional technologies: A proper approach for compatible restoration mortars”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 58 (2000) pp. 81-107.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., “Criteria and methodology for restoration mortars compatible to the historic materials and structures”, in Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Venice, (2000), pp. 403-412.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Anagnostopoulou., S., Aggelakopoulou, E., “Compatible restoration mortars for the earthquake protection of Hagia Sophia”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 59 (2000) pp. 29-51.

Moropoulou, A., Avdelidis, N.P., Aggelakopoulou, E., Griniezakis, S., Koui, M., Aggelopoulos, A., Karmis, P., Uzunoglou, N.K., “Examination of plastered mosaic surfaces using NDT techniques”, INSIGHT J. of the British Institute of non-destructive testing, 43, No 4 (2001) pp. 241-243. 11.Erdik, M., Cakmak, A.S., Moropoulou, A., Yuzugullu, O., Durukal, E., “Earthquake protection of Hagia Sophia”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, (2002).

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Cakmak, A.S., “Compatible restoration mortars for Hagia Sophia earthquake protection”, Advances in Earthquake Engineering 4, Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures, ed. G. Oliveto, C.A. Brebbia, Publ. Wessex Institute of Technology (1999), pp. 521-531.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, A., “Thermal analysis in the evaluation of compatible restoration mortars during setting and hardening”, in Proc. Int. Conf. on 4th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, ed. G.C. Papanicolaou, G. Parisakis, Patras, (1999), pp. 179 – 186.

Μoropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., “Investigation of the technology of historic mortars”, J. Cultural Heritage, 1 (2000) pp. 45-58.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., “Physico-chemical adhesion and cohesion bonds in joint mortars imparting durability to the historic structures”, J. Construction and Building Materials, 14, No 1 (2000) pp. 35-46.

Moropoulou, A., “Reverse engineering to discover traditional technologies: A proper approach for compatible restoration mortars”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 58 (2000) pp. 81-107.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., “Criteria and methodology for restoration mortars compatible to the historic materials and structures”, in Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Venice, (2000), pp. 403-412.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Anagnostopoulou., S., Aggelakopoulou, E., “Compatible restoration mortars for the earthquake protection of Hagia Sophia”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 59 (2000) pp. 29-51.

Moropoulou, A., Avdelidis, N.P., Aggelakopoulou, E., Griniezakis, S., Koui, M., Aggelopoulos, A., Karmis, P., Uzunoglou, N.K., “Examination of plastered mosaic surfaces using NDT techniques”, INSIGHT J. of the British Institute of non-destructive testing, 43, No 4 (2001) pp. 241-243. 11.Erdik, M., Cakmak, A.S., Moropoulou, A., Yuzugullu, O., Durukal, E., “Earthquake protection of Hagia Sophia”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, (2002).


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