Editing within cinema was used with old methods; these old methods include the work of the Lu-miere brothers and Thomas Edison. The majority of their work was used with Short films which in-cluded Long takes, short takes, static and locked shot. The motion which was used in the frame was sufficient to amuse its audiences. Some of their work involved filming moving cars, trains an example of how this is illustrated is the train scene this was created by the Lumiere Brothers in 1895. The majority of the short films that were made often revolved around these different situa-tions. One example of their work is the film exiting the factory in 1895; this was used with editing in camera. One of the pioneers of the creation of Editing was George Melies. George first started editing in camera, this is where you edit by filming in sequence and stopping and starting filming, capturing only what you want in the film, this often what you had to do if you couldn’t edit the production. A specific example of George Melies work is the India rubber head in 1905 this was used with the technique mentioned above. One other example of his work is the work of surreal editing; this is where simple special effects could be achieved through editing. These effects could be achieved through editing, these effects are also similar to effects seen in stop motion produc-tions, and people can appear to fly or appear and disappear. An example of how surreal editing was used is the Melies short film “A trip to the Moon “which was made in 1902. All these methods illustrate the fact that there wasn’t enough reliable equipment as it was the early stages of the production of Editing. Continuity which was first brought in to cinemas in 1895, became the dominant form of editing as it was easier than the other methods, continuity is where you create a coherent transition be-tween shots that makes sense, this normally involves a wide shot of a room with a man standing in it, this includes a close up of the man’s face. This creates narrative connections between the shots and it can influence the audience and have an effect in them. An example of a film which was edited with this process is “The Great Train Robbery” which was made by Edwin S.Porter in 1902. I think the idea of continuity became more dominant in the editing industry as it was the method which pioneered a new generation of editors who used this method of editing.

The disadvantages of editing in early Cinema for the audience is that when the film makes are pro-ducing the production if the shot goes wrong then they might have to start the film again this can be very time consuming also if they don’t have the money or the right amount of time to re-shoot the audience won’t be happy be happy about the film as it may be jumpy when the film is made. For example in “The Indian Rubber Head” the head from different footage has to be cut out frame by frame and moved onto a different film footage this became time consuming. Also for example with the Lumiere style of filming seen as though as there was no editing involved in the produc-tion, this could make the film ineffective to the public. Another example of how early cinema was ineffective it involved the workbench cutting method, if you stuck the film in the wrong place it would mess the film up. This would mean that you would have to start the film again and this could make the process more time consuming. To add to this one disadvantage of editing in cam-era for the audience is that mistakes may have been left in the film because it would have been too costly for a reshoot. This wouldn’t appeal to the audience because they would find it harder to interest themselves in the film because mistakes would ruin the continuity. I think that using Current editing styles is better is because it allows you to do more aspects to make your production better and it also allows you to change things for example. With the use of work bench cutting you had to cut your selected film this can take a long period of time to do so this makes it difficult for you to create a realistic product as you are only limited to the amount of stuff you can actually do. Whereas with modern day technology you are able to make fiction be-come reality as there has been many films which contain a fictional story line and it was able to

become a reality thanks to the modern technology. In contrast to what I've said, I personally think that cutting footage improves the whole basis of the films because it allows you to show various perspectives of the characters emotions or what the character see’s and it also shows there ac-tions. This can tell you a different story about the characters. One editing technique used in early film was editing in camera. This is technique invented by George Melies and is where you start and stop filming when you want to only include what you want in the film. An example of this technique being used is in George Melies “the India Rubber Head” which was made in 1901. One specific way this product uses the technique is at 2:15(chair throwing) where you can see the character pick up a chair and then continue to throw it but the original chair is still in its place while a duplicate is thrown. This technique is achieved by using editing in camera by having the character pick up the chair and then the film is stopped and a chair is placed underneath and then the footage continues and the process is repeated this effective as it creates a trick for the audience. Another technique that was used in early film is surreal editing. Surreal Editing is when special effects are created through the edit. An example of Surreal editing being used is in “The India Rubber Head” 1901 by George Melies. At (Time code) you can see a head being placed onto a table. This effect has been achieved by superimposing footage of his own head on to film. Another technique that has been used in early film is workbench cutting. Work bench cutting is where film is physically cut where the cut in the film should be and it is joined on with more film to create the cut to another shot. This technique was used before the invention of non-linear (Digital) editing. An example of work bench cutting being used was in 1903 Edwin Porters “The Great Train Robbery”. At 3:58 of the film You can see the film cut from an interior room to an exterior location. I know that the workbench technique was used because it was a popular technique that was used extensively in early cinema. Another reason I know that workbench cutting was used and not editing in camera was because the indoor location would have been shot on a set and it would’ve been expensive to transport the same camera to an outdoor location rather than use a different one.

One specific way this product uses the technique is at 2:15(chair throwing) where you can see the character pick up a chair and then continue to throw it but the original chair is still in its place while a duplicate is thrown. This technique is achieved by using editing in camera by having the character pick up the chair and then the film is stopped and a chair is placed underneath and then the footage continues and the process is repeated. Another linear technique that was used in early film is surreal editing. Surreal Editing is when special effects are created through the edit. An ex-ample of Surreal editing being used is in “The India Rubber Head” 1901 by George Melies. At (Time code) you can see a head being placed onto a table. This effect has been achieved by superimpos-ing footage of his own head on to film. Another technique that was used in early cinema was con-tinuity editing. Continuity editing is making sure that the shots make sense from transition to the next. For example in 1903 Edwin Porters “The Great Train Robbery” you can see at 3:23 the train in the window and at 2:59 the shot transitions to outside where you can get the train. Because the I saw the train earlier in the window I know that when the shot transitions to outside it is in the same location.

Editing has evolved from the very first style which was using a celluloid film; this is where 100s of Images are moved onto one shot. This is the same process which they involve on the film cameras. Linear Editing is the use of editing which is done non-digitally for example editing with tape, cut-ting and sticking frames together this is normally a long process. Non-Linear editing is editing which is done on a computer and its fast and easy, this process is relatively quicker and can be done in a shorter amount of time in comparison to linear editing. The first stage of editing which was done was by George Melies he was the pioneer of the creation of editing what he did was called editing Camera this is where you edit by filming each sequence and stopping and starting the film an example of his work is the film The haunted castle (1896) he endorsed this film tech-nique by changing each shot without cutting it so that it looks like each shot has been cut. This was then replaced by the invention of Surreal editing this was brought into cinemas in the 1920s, this is where you use simple special effects which can be achieved through editing, this is similar to those used on a Stop motion productions, people can fly or reappear using the same objects, This tech-nique replaced the one before it because it enabled you to create illusions in cinema so that it can dazzle audiences and make it intriguing for the audience an example of a film which used this Technique is the film “ The seashell and the Clergyman” which was first released into cinemas in 1928 which was directed by Germaine Dulac this was one of the first films brought into the film in-dustry which used this technique. The next use of editing which came in after this was the work of work bench cutting this is where physical film can be cut/ spliced and stuck back together in the correct order, this was the technique which was used before digital technology. This replaced the method Surreal editing because it was believed to be a more efficient and the production looks more realistic, this technique was introduced into cinema by Edwin S. Porter an example of one of his films which used this technique is the film Life of a cowboy which was released in 1906. This then followed onto the use of continuity editing which was also brought into cinema by Edwin S Porter, a film which is famous for using this technique is the Great train robbery which was re-leased in 1903. This technique usually involves creating a coherent transition between shots that makes sense. For example there might be a wide shot of a room with a man standing in it, this then shows a close up of a man’s face. This replaced the previous method as it was the easiest method to shoot films and it seemed to work really well as it revolutionized the start of Editing.

Editing in camera-

Advantages to the audience-

An advantage of this is that it is simple to use due to its apparent simplicity, in-camera editing is popular with new students who may lack experience with editing, or who want to skip the editing step. It can also be a very educational process because of time and organizational skills that are re-quired. This means that more and more film makes can be produced.

Disadvantages to the audience- The Disadvantages are that it can take a while to perfect certain aspects, this also links into the fact that if you made a mistake during production then that would mean you would have to start the whole production again, this will make it time consuming as it takes a while to create the film. This could lead to delays in the film and will result to more problems in the production.

Advantages to the producer- The advantages to the producer of the film using this technique is that it makes the filming not take as long so you don’t have to Edit the film afterwards as it means that there would be no post production in the film this could mean that the film would be released shortly afterwards.

Disadvantages to the producer- The disadvantages for the producer of this technique are that it would take the film a while for it to be completed so that the film production itself would be time consuming. One other disadvan-tage of the film production is the fact that if something happened during film or within the produc-tion you would have to start the whole project again. This would mean that the film production would be delayed.

Surreal editing-

Advantages for the audience-

The advantages of surrealist cinema is that it often shocked its audiences with the use of its scare techniques and the use of obscene shock tactics which show close ups of a certain part of the film in order to make the audience gasp and look away. One other advantage of this is that it often in-cludes the use of Psychotic Imagery; this is used in order to make the audience feel uncomfortable for a dramatic effect.

Disadvantages for the audience-

The disadvantages of using Surreal editing is that included a lot of cuts so that it would be very difficult to make, this means that it could be time consuming to create all the shots in one period of time and this could have a massive effect on the way that the production has been created.

Advantages for the producer- The Advantages for the producer with this effect is that it means that with the audience being overwhelmed with what they have seen, it would make the film gain popularity as it is a different type of film style this would intrigue the audiences. Also with it being something different at the time it would mean more Directors would follow this idea of filming as it is a platform for many other Directors to make their mark on the film Industry.

Disadvantages for the producer- The Disadvantages for the producers with this technique is that if the film isn’t a big success and some of the graphic content which is used within the films then that would mean the surreal edit-ing concept wouldn’t be a success.

Work bench cutting-

Advantages for the audience- One advantage for the audience of workbench cutting is that the film would feature less mistakes than an edited in camera film. This is because footage could have been reshot and cut together to make the film. This would appeal to the audience because the film would look more realistic due to there being no mistakes and they would find it easier to submerge themselves into the film.

Disadvantages for the audience- One disadvantage for the audience of workbench cutting is that the technique being used means that the footage just jumps from cut to cut without any seamless integration. This wouldn’t appeal to the audience as they will find it harder to submerge themselves in the film because each cut looks like a new clip and not one long film.

Advantages for the producers- The advantages of this editing technique for the producers is that with this technique of editing the film and the shots would look smoother and realistic so that it adds a sense of realism to the audiences who are watching. This is an advantage as it means that the audience gets a better qual-ity production which means that it would give off a positive impression towards the film. One other advantage for the producers is that it with it being a technique which makes your produc-tion look smooth this would give a good first impression towards your productions.

Disadvantages for producers- If the clip jumps then the film isn’t going to appeal to the audience and this would reflect on the producer as it would mean that the producer’s reputation of making films in the future could be ruined. As a result of this the producer would lose its audience and that could tarnish their reputa-tion.

Continuity editing-

Advantages for the audience-

One advantage of continuity editing is that it creates meaning between shots and improves the narrative telling of the film. For example in Porter’s “Great Train Robbery” at 3:58 you can see the interior of a station house, you know this because you can see a train in the window and at 3:59 it cuts to a train. Because of this you know that the two shots are in the same location, it improves the telling of the narrative and makes the shots to be more seamless. This would appeal to the au-dience because they will find it easier to engage themselves into the film. This would appeal to the filmmaker because it means they will be able to sell the film easier and make more money. This was a key editing technique as it helped revolutionize the techniques we see today.

Disadvantages for the audience-

The Disadvantage of using this technique is that it becomes complicated and there would need to be quite a considerable amount of shots, this would result to the film taking a longer period of time to make and also if the film goes wrong then that would mean that the production would have to start again and this would be rather time consuming and this would mean that the produc-tion would be out at a later date.

Advantages for the producers- The advantages for the producers with this editing style is that it allows some of the shots to look realistic and it allows each shot to have a narrative so the audience understand what the story is or the back story of a certain film or if there is any Easter eggs which are referenced in other films. This is an advantage for producers as it would make modern day cinema look realistic which means the audience would get a realistic feel to the film or get an emotional connection with the film, this would mean more audiences would go to watch the film the producer distributes to other cinemas.

Disadvantages for producers- The disadvantages for producers using this technique is that it becomes complex for directors, as if you make some of the shots complicated and they go slightly wrong or something happens then you would have to start the whole production again this means that the production would have to take longer to release, this a disadvantage to producers as it means that many audiences would be impatient.

The equipment which was used when the editing within the camera was introduced often involved the use of a camera then what the producer would do is instead of editing the shots they would film certain points in a strict sequence. The process of this takes quite a long time and if it goes wrong the cinematographer would have to start again. There was no software which was used it all mostly done on camera, the film rope by Alfred Hitchcock often used this technique and the film Breathless by jean luc-godard used this technique as it saved money and made it easier for amateur Cinematographers. The Equipment which was used in surreal cinema was the use of simple effects which can be achieved through editing, was the use of a camera and the use of using more than one camera and using it on the same film. This creates the impression that something else is in the film which would dazzle the audiences; however there wasn't any software which was used in this specific technique which allows the audiences to be amazed by the surreal techniques which have been used in order to entertain the audiences. The equipment which was used in the Editing technique of work bench cutting, was that the pro-ducers filmed all the shots and then once they got all the film they would then cut the film up and stick it back together in order to order the edits, so that in each shot of the film you was able to see all the scenes with no Jumps. The technology which they used was mainly with scissors as there wasn't any other way of producing edits in this way. There also wasn't any software they could use. The equipment which was used in the use of Continuity editing is the use of filming the footage and then using all the different cameras in order to show all the aspects of the characters identity so it makes sense. The technology which is used in order to do this is the use of different cameras which are set up in different positions in order to create a sense of meaning and effect towards the audience. With regards to the software the majority of the software which is used in order for it work is the use of Final cut pro, or the use of Sony Vegas so that they are able to edit certain as-pects of the shots and create a sense of meaning towards the audience.

The Purposes of Editing is to give a sense of meaning to the film and it is also used to show a new Dynamic to various actions in the films. With the use of Rhythm which is used in order to control the way that the camera uses certain takes for example they may want to use a long take and then possibly use a short take depending on how the shot is set out. This creates a sense of tempo, pace or it helps set the scene. You know this as in the following clip that the rhythm is how long shots are displayed on films for. At 0.10 to 0.18 there is a long drawn out shot of a house and a women approaching it. This has been used to create meaning of calmness and slows down time for the audience. This shot then changes at 0.19 -0.21 of the women pressing the door, then from 0.22 – 0.26 of the women standing out of the door and then to 0.26 - .0.29 of the women staring into the lens. All of these long shots placed in succession of each other create suspense. The scene manages to achieve this by having a lack of action and fast shots and instead use long shots. This creates meaning that a lot of time has passed and makes the audience think some action is going to happen soon because of this. In this clip the rhythm also speeds up and the shots change from long to short and fast. For example 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.53, 0.54 and 0.55 are all different shots in a fight sequence. This rhythm of these shots helps create the meaning that the fight is very fast passed and chaotic. The rhythm achieves this because fast cuts suggest that time is faster than it actually is. The fast pace of the fight is also emphases by being next to the previous long drawn out shots. This is because it highlights the juxtaposition between slow and fast. One other example of a film which uses Rhythm for effect is the film a “Trip to the moon “ which was released in 1902, this film had interchanging shots specifically at 0.34 where you can see all the space men picking up the stools at the same time, which then leads to them changing the scene to where they actu-ally build the rocket at 2.09, you can see that they are all moving the materials they need at the exact same time as the background music this makes the film look smoother and so there are less Jumps. From the clip at 2.16 it fades from them working on the rocket to a shot of the Landscape and the background so that it gives the shots a narrative. Also with the use of the Fade effect it makes the change into scenes look smoother and it flows as it shows a passing in time.

One other purpose of the uses of editing is with the use of time, this is can change the way the film is shown, if it can extend time or if it is possible if the film can contract time. Also with the use of time it can stimulate the way that the camera is shown in order to create a sense of meaning for example in the clip from the great train robbery it shows a wide shot at 0:29 which shows the train going past in the window and the one robber watching the door as another one is pointing a gun at the platform controller the timing of the film shows that there is a problem as the robbers are approaching the controller slowly in order to create suspense. The timing of the shot then speeds up as the 2 robbers duck as a normal citizen approaches the platform controller in the room, this then leads to the 2 robbers jumping at the Platform controller. This happens at 0:56 the timing then increases its pace in order to show a sense of danger and panic. With the use of time in Edit-ing you have the ability to use flashbacks and flash forwards to show different periods of time in the story. Within the great train robbery scene where it shows you a guy in the carriage putting important documents in the trailer and then at 2.30 the guy immediately panics this means that you can see that there is something wrong and then it changes to the guy crouching over the trailer after the gun fires. This creates suspense and action as the cut creates this feeling towards the audience. One other cut which is effective in the great train robbery is the fade edit at 3.31, just after the guy had blown the safe open you can see that he has left the scene and this edit shows that he has moved to another Location. This could indicate to the audience that he has left one Location in order to get away from whoever is chasing him.

One other purpose of editing is the use of space this can be used by helping/hindering where an object is whether it is next to a character or not, this creates believable space with the characters and the objects. This process is created with the use of the 180 degree rule which is where a cam-era alternates the position of each shot in order to show various perspectives of the characters emotions and to show there facial expressions. For example within the bathroom scene of the film The shining, it shows the different facial expressions when Jack Torrance finds out he’s turning in-sane it shows that he's actually talking to himself and the butler is actually not there. You can see this at 1:03, as the camera quickly turns back to the point of view of the butler being on the left and side and Jack Torrance on the right hand side. This then also shows the location of where they are. Another example of how space has been used in the film the shining is in the bathroom scene where he is talking to Dalbert Grady every 6 seconds or so there is change of position of the cam-eras which also shows that he is starting to go insane, especially at 2.18, this gives the audience a sense of what Jacks going through. The use of Space is also indicated with the use of the 30 degree rule where it alternates various different aspects so it Jumps, for example in the film breathless when they are all in the car. Due to the fact that the film is different to the other films as it cuts in random points, this was to rebel against the modern cinema. Space has been used in this film as in the background of the film you can see the cars and traffic in the background this gives the scene a narrative.