Ecosystems: Basics
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Transcript of Ecosystems: Basics
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Ecosystems: Basics Definition Structure Components Needs
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Definition An Ecosystem is:
All the communities that live in an area as well as the abiotic factors of water, soil and climate
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Structure Highly organized and well structured
environment in which all parts exist in balance
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Components of the Ecosystem
Habitat: type of environment in which a species lives
Species: group of similar organisms that can breed and reproduce
Population: members of a species that live in the same area
Community: all the populations that live and interact in the same environment
Biodiversity: variety of species
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Levels of Organization
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Needs of Organisms so they will survive in the Ecosystem:
Water, energy, living space, suitable climate
So, remember the difference between biotic and abiotic??
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Ok, let’s talk about how organisms needs will be met.
1. Water – 2. suitable climate 3. Living Space 4. Energy – this one we need a little
more discussion on…..hence, we will learn a bit about soil and nutrient cycling as organisms need nutrients and energy
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How do organisms get energy??
Producer is…. And gets energy from the ……
Consumer is …. And gets energy from…. Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Scavengers
Decomposers are …. And gets energy from
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How are nutrients and Energy Related?
Humans and other consumers need nutrients from plants to get energy
(read connect)
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Important Nutrients that are found in soil
Nitrogen Color and size
Phosphorous New seedlings, formation of roots and
development of seeds and fruits, transfer of energy
Potassium Plant metabolism, resistance to disease,
synthesis of starch
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Why those nutrients are important for humans:
Oxygen (65%) and hydrogen (10%) are predominantly found in water, which makes up about 60 percent of the body by weight. It's practically impossible to imagine life without water.
Carbon (18%) is synonymous with life. Its central role is due to the fact that it has four bonding sites that allow for the building of long, complex chains of molecules. Moreover, carbon bonds can be formed and broken with a modest amount of energy, allowing for the dynamic organic chemistry that goes on in our cells.
Nitrogen (3%) is found in many organic molecules, including the amino acids that make up proteins, and the nucleic acids that make up DNA.
Phosphorus (1%) is found predominantly in bone but also in the molecule ATP, which provides energy in cells for driving chemical reactions.
Potassium (0.25%) is an important electrolyte (meaning it carries a charge in solution). It helps regulate the heartbeat and is vital for electrical signaling in nerves.
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Movement through the atmosphere is generally rapid
-- Movement through the soils is generally slow
-- Movement from terrestrial biosphere to the ocean (via stream flow, usually) must be replaced by movement either through the atmosphere (such as with nitrogen and carbon) or by weathering (such as with phosphorous or calcium).
The atmospheric route is much faster!
Increased transport by stream flow severely disrupts the cycles of elements without a gaseous phase.
(http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL1070/chap04/chapter4.html)
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Soil
Formation, Nutrients and cycling, and erosion
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Soil is A mixture of mineral particles, air, water,
bedrock, and living and decaying organisms.
“stuff of life” or our “ultimate resource” – heavy dependence on plants in our food chains!
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General
A. Soil Size1. Sand2. Silt3. Clay
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Soil Properties Porosity – measure of volume of space
that lies between soil particles Permeability – rate at which fluids move
through soils Water Retention – amount of water soil
can absorb
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Soil Formation Weathering Mosses and Lichens --Young soils
rocky, ability to support plant life limited Mature soils take longer time = organic
materials – support growth of many plants
Hundreds of thousands of years may be required to create 10 cm of soil
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Five Key factors Parent material Time Climate Biotic processes topography
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Parent Material --Areas of Soil
Bedrock – igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary Source of inorganic material of soil Nutrient richness depends in part on
nutrients stored in bedrock – phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, and manganese
Parent rock – area of bedrock that is source of area of soil
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Areas of Soil cont. Soil profile – vertical cross section of soil from surface
to bedrock Horizons – O, A, E, B, C, C – weathered bedrock B – soil receiving materials washed down from
overlying horizons E – pale soil layer mostly sand and silt between A and
B horizons A – Dark brown, made mostly of decomposing organic
matter (commonly known as top soil) O – Dead plant and animal matter (part of top soil)
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Time Can take hundreds of thousands of years
to make soil
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Climate and Soil Precipitation
Weathering of bedrock High could mean more nutrients being
washed out Temperature
Warm wet conditions cause rock to decay faster
Climate influences nutrient cycling
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Nitrogen cycle
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Soil pH – power of Hydrogen
A. Measures soil acidity or the hydrogen ion concentration in soil solution
B. pH scale 0-14 0 acid 7 base 14
C. Raise pH Lime Lower pH Sulfur
D. Optimal pH 6-7
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VIII. Desirable Plant pH ScaleA. Strongly Acidic Soils (5.0-5.5)
1. Potatoes 2. Watermelon
B. Moderately Acidic Soils (5.5-6.5) 1. Wheat 4. Peanuts 7.Strawberry 2. Soybeans 5. Cotton 3. Corn 6. Oats
C. Slightly Acidic Soils (6.5-7.0)1. Alfalfa 2. Sweet Clover
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Biotic Processes Includes
organic contents Interactions between soil by organisms,
especially decomposers Decomposers are bacteria or fungi that eat
dead organisms, in doing so break them down and release nutrients into soil!
Other burrowing animals allow for water and air to move through the soil
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II. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
A. CEC = measure of a soils nutrient holding capacity.- Cation: + charged ions
(attracted to surface of clay – potassium, calcium, ammonium, magnesium)- Anion: - charged ions
(not attracted to clays – nitrate – more readily washed out of a clay soil
B. CEC depends on amounts of clay and organic matter in soil
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Topography Slope and shape of land
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Reasons for Soil loss Deforestation Erosion Soil Mismanagement
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Deforestation Rapa Nui as an example Land is cleared for many reasons
Mining, construction, agriculture,
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Deforestation in Madagascar – Reason: cultivation of coffee beans
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Erosion: Other Info
A. Two types of erosion1. Wind 2. Watera. Three types of water erosion
1. Rill – channels across field2. Sheet – raindrops remove
particles3. Gully – rills formed together
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Erosion Loss of topsoil by wind or other forces Four categories
very severe erosion- 75% or more and large gullies are present
severe erosion - 75% of soil has eroded but no large gullies present
moderate erosion- 25 to 75% of soil has eroded with small gullies present
none to slight erosion - less than 25% of soil has eroded and no gullies are present
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Soil mismanagement Overgrazing Using Pesticides or fertilizer Irrigation
All leads to “desertification” – most widely noticed near a desert but happening in a wide variety of places!.
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Land Improvement Four common practices to improve
arable land Irrigation Erosion Control Drainage Forming (land forming)- surface is smoothed
or reshaped.
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Soil Conservation and Land Management/ Sustainable Agriculture
Strip Cropping Contour Farming Terracing Shelter Belt Crop rotation Using less destructive chemicals on
crops Integrated Pest Management
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VI. Effects of Liming on Plant GrowthA. Correct soil acidity
B. Improves effectiveness and efficiency of fertilizers
C. Reduces solubility of toxic elements
D. Supplies calcium and magnesium
E. Improves biological activity
F. Improves physical conditions of soil
G. Improves yield