Economics of Livestock Production in Various Ecological Zones of Punjab -Survey 26-08-09

8/15/2019 Economics of Livestock Production in Various Ecological Zones of Punjab -Survey 26-08-09

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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD

&!BLE /* +/'&E'

#r% 0 +ontents Page 0

01 Summary 03

02 Introduction 04

03 Objectives of Study 05

04

Methodology !riteriono "arget #reas

o Methodology

0$0$0%

05

&conomics of mil' (roduction )ujran*ala area

+ha''ar area

,ehlum area

-a'(attan

.aisalabad area

/ahore area

10 11

151%23234

0$ +eef -roduction in -unjab 3

0 -erirban !ommercial .arming Mar'eting !hain 3

0 Mil' Mil' +y-roducts -rocessing #nd Mar'eting 40

0% Sources of Mil' -roduction 41

10 #verage nit -roductivity 42

11 !ost of Mil' -roduction 44

12 Mil' Su((ly !hannels !ost and Sale 45

13 Salve alue of Mil' 4$

14 Managemental -ractices 4

15 Mil' +y-roducts 52

1$ Major .indings 55

1 6ecommendations 5

14 6eferences 5

&able ( +"art Inde,#r &able ID Descri$tion1 )1 .i7ed !ost its elements)ujran*ala

3


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2 )2 .i7ed !ost its elements)ujran*ala3 )3 .i7ed !ost its elements)ujran*ala4 )4 -rofitability)ujran*ala5 +1 .i7ed !ost its elements+ha''ar $ +2 .i7ed !ost its elements +ha''ar +3 .i7ed !ost its elements +ha''ar

+4 -rofitability +ha''ar % ,1 .i7ed !ost its elements,helum10 ,2 .i7ed !ost its elements ,helum11 ,3 .i7ed !ost its elements ,helum12 ,4 -rofitability ,helum13 -1 .i7ed !ost its elements-a'(attan14 -2 .i7ed !ost its elements -a'(attan15 -3 .i7ed !ost its elements -a'(attan1$ -4 -rofitability -a'(attan1 .1 .i7ed !ost its elements.aisalabad1 .2 .i7ed !ost its elements .aisalabad

1% .3 .i7ed !ost its elements .aisalabad20 .4 -rofitability .aisalabad21 /1 .i7ed !ost its elements/ahore22 /2 .i7ed !ost its elements /ahore23 /3 .i7ed !ost its elements /ahore24 /4 -rofitability /ahore25 +&1 +eef -roduction2$ 8M- 8orld Mutton (roduction 9Million "ons:2 S6-S- Small 6uminants -rod; Systems in -a'istan2 M-r Mutton -roduction 9000 tons:2% &OM &7(ort of Mutton

30 M/1 Mortality /oss (er #nnum31 &I1 &ducation Im(act32


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2 -r! -rofitability 9!om(arison :

3 .!) .i7ed !ost )ujran*ala

4 !) ariable !ost)ujran*ala

5 "!) "otal !ost)ujran*ala

$ -r) -rofitability)ujran*ala

.!+ .i7ed !ost +ha''ar !+ ariable !ost +ha''ar

% "!+ "otal !ost +ha''ar

10 -r+ -rofitability +ha''ar

11 .!, .i7ed !ost ,helum

12 !, ariable !ost ,helum

13 "!, "otal !ost ,helum

14 -r, -rofitability ,helum

15 .!- .i7ed !ost -a'(attan1$ !- ariable !ost -a'(attan

1 "!- "otal !ost -a'(attan

1 -r- -rofitability -a'(attan1% .!. .i7ed !ost .aisalabad

20 !. ariable !ost .aisalabad

21 "!. "otal !ost .aisalabad

22 -r. -rofitability .aisalabad

23 .!/ .i7ed !ost /ahore

24 !/ ariable !ost /ahore

25 "!/ "otal !ost /ahore

2$ -r/ -rofitability /ahore

2 M-/# Mortality /oss (er #nnum

2 /#. /iteracy #mong .armers2% /#.C8 /iteracy #mong .armers 9Cone *ise:30


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and earn revenue; "he (ublic sector

de(artments hold (rimary res(onsibility to guide

the farmers and (lay their significant role in dairy

sector develo(ment; "he research based

decisions of (olicy ma'ers *ill have real im(act

on *elfare of farmers and (rogress of all the

sta'eholders of this sector;

"he livestoc' sector (lays a vital role in

the economies of many develo(ing countries; It

(rovides food orB more s(ecificallyB animal

(rotein in human dietB incomeB em(loyment and

(ossibly foreign e7change; .or lo*income

(roducersB livestoc' also serves as a store of

*ealthB (rovides draught (o*erB and organic

fertiliDer for cro( (roduction and can even be a

means of trans(ort; Mil' (rovides relatively =uic'

returns for smallscale livestoc' 'ee(ers andsmallholders (roduce the vast majority of mil' in

most develo(ing countries; It is a balanced

nutritious food and is a 'ey element in

household food security;

In -a'istanB the livestoc' sector as a

*hole (lays a crucial role in the countryEs rural

economy and *ithin this sector mil' is the

largest and single most im(ortant commodity;

-a'istan is the fourth largest mil' (roducer in the

*orld and the im(ortance of the countryEs dairysector can be judged from the fact that in terms

of mar'et valueB its contribution to )ross

(rocessing industries comes from small herd

families; "hese farmers can usually sell either to

middlemen such as gawalas 9local mil'

collectionB trans(ortationB and distribution

(eo(le:B to sho(sB or direct to the 9usually rural:

consumer; "he farm gate (rice of mil' ranges

from -H6s1% to -H6s40 (er liter; "his variationis not lin'ed to the =uality of the mil' but is rather

determined by the financial arrangement

bet*een the buyer and seller and geogra(hical

location; !urrentlyB there are no (olicies to

regulate mil' (rices at the farm level; In

conse=uenceB the mar'et forces o(erating in a

totally unregulated environment are e7(loiting

the (oor farmers by offering lo* (rices for their

(roduce;

"he (ur(ose of the study *as togenerate (olicyrelevant research and to identify

the cost structure in various ecological area and

mar'eting (ractices of in(ut and out(ut using

=ualitative research techni=ues; # team of three

researchers *as trained in =ualitative data

gathering techni=ues and su(ervised by a senior

researcher 9-rof;


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*as 6s 14;% the "! turns out to be 6s 5;5;

"he (rofit *as 6s 3;53; .armers having 1120

have "! (er day (er animal 6s 50;1 their ".!

*as 6s 15;1 the "! turns out to be 6s $5;2 ;

"he (rofit *as 6s 13;4;.inallyB farmers having

21 above have "! (er day (er animal 6s

50;2 their ".! *as 6s 1; the "! turns outto be 6s 0;0; "he (rofit *as 6s 24;$; Major

reasons for these lo* valuesB as described

aboveB are lac' of irrigation *aterB dee( subsoil

*aterB lac' of dairy breedsB nonavailability of

fodder lac' of so*ing of berseem fodder;

In #out"ern Punjab Livestock

Production #ystem 9ie -a'(attan:B farmers

having 15 animals having total variable cost

9"!: (er day (er animal 6s %;$ their total

fi7ed cost 9".!: *as 6s 1%;$ the total cost9"!: turns out to be 6s; 11;3 ;"he (rofit *as

6s 11;$2; .armers having $10 have "! (er

day (er animal 6s 4;0 their ".! *as 6s 1;

the "! turns out to be 6s %1;%5; "he (rofit

*as 6s %;$; .armers having 1120 have "!

(er day (er animal 6s $%; their ".! *as 6s

1%; the "! turns out to be 6s %;5%; "he

(rofit *as 6s 14;52;.inallyB farmers having 21

above have "! (er day (er animal 6s 0;33

their ".! *as 6s 22;12 the "! turns out to be

6s %2;44; "he (rofit *as 6s 15;%;


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%2;3; "he (rofit *as 6s 12;21;"he major

edges (resent in this areaB as listed aboveB are

fertile landB subsoil fit *aterB availability of canal

*ater for fodder irrigationB a*areness among

farmers convenient (rovision of veterinary

services;

#s a matter of factB 2J mil' is

contributed by buffaloes *ith averagely 1

buffaloes *ith one formerB *hile 4 co*s are

averagely o*ned by one farmer *ith 1J share

in the mil' industry;

)6#-KI


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by day and our farmer is highly under em(loyed

in disguised labor (roductivity; !ro( (roduction

is stagnant and only daily cash flo* source is

meat and mil' and a good source of livelihood

and life sustenance;

)ovt; of -unjab is striving through its


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Estimation of cost and return in milk) business in different

ecological 4ones of Punjab%

"he follo*ing areasLdistricts *ere selected;

5% &"all Livestock Production Zone B"akkar

6% #out"ern Punjab Livestock Production #ystem Pak$attan

7% Barani .ain *ed Production Zone 8"elum

9% Peri 2rban Milk Production #ystem *aisalabad ( La"ore

% Punjab Irrigated Zone -ujran3ala

&ach ecological district is discussed one by one;

5% &"all Livestock Production Zone ;Dist% B"akkar<

12


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Milk Production

In +ha''arB three "ehsilsA Man'eraB


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"he total variable cost com(rises of

aggregation of costs for electricityB et ServicesB

/aborB )reen .odderB


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cost *as 6s; 100;35B 0;$B 50;11 $;04 by

the farm siDe IB IIB III and IB res(ectively;

Farmer Group FC VC TC

Animals

reque

ncy

Depp.

!

Equip&S"

e# $% TFC

Labo

r

Ele

c

Vet

Serv G F D F

Con

c. TVC TC

$-5 Animals (: 4&4$ $&(* :&:"$4&)

0 (*&50(&$

5 0&)(4:&$

$*&*

( (&""$00&(

5$$4

5)-$0Animals 5$ 4&)# 0&:4 #&(:

$4$ ""&($

$&4" 0&5*

()&(0

)&04 4&0( *0&): :5&5#

$$-"0Animals (0 4&:4 0&5* #&):

$5&$0 $4&(:

$&"" 0&4$

")&55

4&4) (&0# 50&$$ )5&"$

"$ / A6ove $) 5&5# $&05$$&$

:$*&:

" $5)$&"

$ 0&":""&(

(4

$ 5&5" 50&"" ):&04

otal $(5

"able I


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Farmer Group FC VC TC $ncome

AnimalsFrequency TFC TVC TC ' %ate

$ncome

(ro)t

$-5 Animals (: 0&00 $00&(5 $$4 4&$"""&$

: #$&4#

-"(&4

)

)-$0Animals 5$ 0&00 *0&): :5&5# 4&$*"$&(

: :#&$( (&5(

$$-"0Animals (0 0&00 50&$$ )5&"$ (&)$

"$&:# *:

$(&*4

16


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"$ / A6ove $) 0&00 50&"" ):&04 4&(0"$&5

) #"&*#"4&*

)

otal $(5

"able I


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e=ui(ment *as 6s; 1;1B 0;$B 0;$B 1;2 (er animal

(er day by the farm siDe in the descending orderB

res(ectively; Interest on the value of animal (er

day *as 6s; 12;5B 11;5B 12; and 13;%B

res(ectively;

"otal #nimalsA 1%23

Mil'ing #nimalsA 13FC

AnimalsFrequency Depp.

Equip &S"e# $% TFC

$-5 Animals 4: )&") $&0: $"&5" *+.,-)-$0Animals 4) 5&*4 0&)( $$&4# *.,-$$-"0Animals 4" )&4" 0&)$ $"&:4 *+.,

"$ / A6ove "4 )* $&"0 $( //.*/

otal $)0

"able I


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VC

AnimalsFrequency Labor Electr Vet serv G F D F Conc TVC

19


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$-5 Animals 4: (*) $&)) $&0( ("&50 #&0)$5&)

) +.,-)-$0Animals 4) "$: (&*( 0&*# ")&(: :&54

$"&)) 0.1,

$$-"0Animals 4" $:&0) 0* 0&(: "5 :&*0

$5&)* -+./

"$ / A6ove "4 $"&$) $&$$ 0&() "4&40$0&"

0""&$

0 1.22

otal $)0

"able I


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FarmerGroup FC VC TC

AnimalsFrequency

Depp.

Equip &S"e# $% TFC

Labor

Electr

Vetserv G F D F Conc TVC TC

$-5Animals 4:

)&") $&0:

$"&5"

*+.,-

(*) $&)) $&0(

("&50 #&0) $5&))

+.,-

**.2

)-$0Animals 4)

5&*4 0&)(

$$&4#

*.,-

"$: (&*( 0&*#

")&(: :&54 $"&))

0.1,

+*.+3

$$-"0Animals 4"

)&4" 0&)$

$"&:4

*+.,

$:&0) 0* 0&(:

"54 :&*0 $5&)*

-+./

,+.3+

"$ /A6oveAnimals "4

)* $&"0

$(4

//.*/

$"&$) $&$$ 0&()

"4&40

$0&"0 ""&$0

1.22

+/.00

otal $)0

"able I


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"able I


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animal (er day by the farm siDe in the

descending orderB res(ectively; Interest on the

value of animal (er day *as 6s; 12;%B 12;25B

12;1$ and 12;1B res(ectivelyB

"otal #nimalsA 12%Mil'ing #nimalsA 3%1

FC

Animals Frequency Depp. Equip&S"e# $% TFC

$-5 Animals 5) )&4# "&0: $"* /*.30)-$0Animals "* )&$( $&5) $"&"5 *+.+0$$-"0Animals $# )&0: $&5$ $"&$) *+.3

"$ / A6ove $5 )&() $&") $"&*$ /1.22

otal $$*

"able I


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)-$0Animals "* ($&55 $&(* $&"* "#&$$ $0&$( $(&0: ,-.3*$$-"0Animals $# "5&(4 $&0" $&0" "4&*: :&:( $$&44 /.00

"$ / A6ove $5 $$ 0&:: 0&$0 $$&40 "(&): "(&5# *.3+ otal $$*

"able I


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)6#- I


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9% Peri urban Punjab ;*aisalabad<

.aisalabad city have a (o(ulation of

more than five million *ith high o((ortunities of

em(loyment in industrial sector; "here is a high

demand of mil' and mil' (roducts; .or su((ly of

mil' to the cityB there are t*o large cattle

colonies established by the local authorities for

the farmers;

.orty five farmers *ere intervie*ed from

the t*o organiDed colonies !ha'ader #min(ur

road and Satiana road .aisalbad; OrganiDed

sheds *ere constructed by the farmers; /and

*as allotted to each farmerB boundary *alls

enclosed each farm se(arately; Major mil'

animal *as buffalo of @ili6avi and 6avi breed

*ith fe* co*s by some farmers; !o* mil' *as

not (referred by the consumers due to lo* fat

contents and total S@.;

+ost of milk

*i,ed +ostSam(le siDe *as 45 res(ondents; .or

.aisalabadB the fi7ed cost (er animal (er day

*as calculated; "he de(reciation of animal *as

6s; $;B %;12B ;11 and 10;14 (er animals (er

day for the farm siDe grou( of 15 animalB $10

animalsB 1120 animals and 21 and aboveanimals res(ectively;


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FCFC

Animalsre+.ency Depp E+.i3/ Shed 89 '

$-5 Animals 5 )&)0 "&:0 $(&"0 ""&5#)-$0

Animals 5 #&$" $( $:&"( "#&":$$-"0Animals $5 :&$$ 0&"( $)&"$ "4&55"$ / A6ove "0 $0&$4 0&0* "0&"* (0&4*

otal"able Imi7ture in the anda; .odder and ingredients

mar'ets *ere available in the vicinity of dairy

farms; .eeding cost *as the dominant

(ro(ortion of variable and total costB it *as

almost 0J of all the cost in mil' (roduction;

ariable cost (er day (er animal for

electricity *as 4;%4B 2;%B 2;2% 1;4 for 15

#nimalsPB $10 #nimalsPB 1120 #nimalsP 21

above #nimalsP ;SimilarlyB et Services count

for 2;$B 0;5$B 1;03B 0;$$ res(ectively; /abor

costs %2;33B 3%;B 2%;4 1%;5$ res(ectively;

SimilarlyB )reen .odderB


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VC Animals re+.ency La6or Elec Vet Serv D 'onc V'$-5

Animals 5 #"&(( 4 "&): :5&(5 "#: 4:&$ ")4&5)-$0Animals 5 (#&** "&:# 0&5) *$&4: "*&*( "#&4 $*"&*$$-"0Animals $5 "#&4: "&"# $&0( ))&*# "0&(* 4(&5 $)(&)

"$ / A6ove "0 $#&5) $&4* 0&)) (#&0( "0&"# *4&"( $55&"

otal

"able I


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TC Farmer Group FC VC TC

Animalsre+.ency

Depp

E+.i3/Shed 89 ' La6or

Elec

VetServ D

'onc V' '

$-5

Animals 5 )&)0 "&:0

$(&"

0

""&5

# #"&((

4

4 "&):

:5&(

5

"#

: 0&00

"$5&"

#

"(*&:

:)-$0Animals 5 #&$" $(

$:&"(

"#&": (#&**

"&:# 0&5)

*$&4:

"*&*( 0&00

$4"&4"

$*$&*0

$$-"0Animals $5 :&$$ 0&"(

$)&"$

"4&55 "#&4:

"&"# $&0(

))&*#

"0&(* 0&00

$$#*

$44&5"

"$ /A6ove "0

$0&$4 0&0*

"0&"*

(0&4* $#&5)

$&4* 0&))

(#&0(

"0&"#

*4&"(

$55&"5

$:5&*"

otal

"able I


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)6#- I


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ilkin6 7nits 3/2

Total 7nits +/

FCAnimals

Frequency Depp.

Equi(&S"e# $% TFC

$-5 Animals ( #&*0 "&(# $#&4$ 2*.31

)-$0 Animals 4 :&4$ 0: $)&:" /-./*$$-"0Animals $" :&5$ $&*" $*&0" /./3

"$ / A6ove "$ $$&0# $&44 ""&$: 20.*

otal 40

"able I


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FarmerGroup FC VC TC

Animals

Frequency

Depp.

Equi(&S"e# $% TFC

Labor

Elec

Vetserv G F D F

Conc TVC TC

$-5Animals ( #&*0 "&(#

$#&4$

2*.31

)5&)#

"&(# $&(*

:#&0$

44&05

($&04

/22.33

/-3.13

)-$0

Animals 4 :&4$ 0:

$)&

:"

/-.

/*

((&"

(

"&"

* $&$$

$0:&

#"

($&

4(

(:&

$:

/*3.

*2

/0*.

22$$-"0Animals $" :&5$ $&*"

$*&0"

/./3

((&(#

$&:# 0&:*

*0)

"0&(5

(0&54

*3,.1*

*,3./-

"$ /A6ove "$

$$&0# $&44

""&$:

20.*

$#&(:

$&5" 0&*$

)5&"#

$:&":

"5&05

*21./2

*-0.+3

otal 40

"able I


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)6#- I


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*i,ed +ostSam(le siDe *as %0 res(ondents; .or

)ujran*ala the fi7ed cost (er animal (er day

*as calculated; "he de(reciation of animal *as

6s; $;B ;2B ;0 and ;4 (er animals (er day for

the farm siDe grou( of 15 animalB $10 animalsB

1120 animals and 21 and above animals

res(ectively;


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PVC

AnimalsFrequency

Electr VetServ

Labor G F D F Concen TVC

$-5Animals

) (&4* $&$) ((" ((" $)&0" 0&00 ,,.31

)-$0Animals

# $ $&00 "4) "4) $*&*" 0&00 1.3+

$$-"0Animals $" $&:) 0&:( "(&$" "(&$" #&(* 0&00 3,.21

"$ / A6ove $: "&)$ 0&)( $:&:" $:&:" )$ 0&00 0.,

otal 45

"able I


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)6#-KI


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armer ro.pFrequency TFC TVC TC .'. %ate $ncome (%5F$T

$-5 Animals ) -.11*/3.+

,*0,./

/ 5&"5 ("&": $)#&5* "$&(5)-$0Animals # +.11 +,.0/

*/*.3+ 5&50 ($&50 $*(&$0 5$&5$

$$-"0

Animals $" */.11 ,*.0

*12.-

2 )&)* (0&)$ "04&") $00&)("$ / A6ove $: *,.11 --.- +/.2, :" (0&*# "*4&5# $:"&"$

otal 45

"able I


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Comparison between Various Zones of Punjab

"his Section of the re(ort *ill com(rise;;

#; .i7ed !ost !om(arison

+; ariable !ost !om(arison

!; "otal !ost !om(arison

ield 6ate!om(arisonB Income -rofitability !om(arison

are given to have a better understanding of the

various ecological Dones; !om(arison at a

glance ?PB at the end com(ares (er animal (er

day fi7ed costB variable costB total costB mil' yield

rateB income (rofitability;

A !i"ed Cost Comparison

*i,ed +ost +onstituents

40


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1. Depreciation of Animals (Per Animal per day

2. Depreciation of !"#ipment $ %&eds (Per Animal per day

3. 'nterest ate (Per Animal per day

# $epreciation of Animals %Per Animal per day

)6#-KI


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)AP* 'D+ S&=-#!om

armer ro.p 4"akkar(akpattan 9"elum

Faisalaba# La"ore

Gu:ran;ala

$-5 Animals $&(* $&0: $*&)4 "&:0 "&(# "&$4)-$0Animals 0&:4 0&)( $:&*) $( 0: $&4)$$-"0Animals 0&5* 0&)$ $#&() 0&"( $&*" $&$)

"$ / A6ove $&05 $&"0 ""&() 0&0* $&44 0&)5

,A-! 'D+ %$!"PA/om

+ ,nterest ate %Per Animal per day

)AP* 'D+ I6-#!om

armer ro.p 4"akkar(akpattan 9"elum

Faisalaba# La"ore

Gu:ran;ala

42


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$-5 Animals :&: $"&5 "&$ $(&" $#&4 $(&4)-$0Animals #&4 $$&5 $&) $:&" $)&: $4&5$$-"0Animals #&* $"&: $&5 $)&" $*&0 $4&0

"$ / A6ove $$&" $( $&( "0&( ""&" $)&*

,A-! 'D+ I6-#!om.otal !i"ed Cost

)6#-KI


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/ Variable Cost Comparison

ariale ost onstit#ents

1. aor (Per Animal per day

2. !lectricity (Per Animal per day

3. )reen odder (Per Animal per day

4. Dry odder (Per Animal per day

5. oncentrates (Per Animal per day

6. et %erices (Per Animal per day

# 0abor %Per Animal per day

)6#-KI


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' (lectricity %Per Animal per day

)6#-KI


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)6#-KI


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)6#-KI


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)6#-KI


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)6#-KI-# !om

FarmerGroup 4"akkar

(akpattan 9"elum

Faisalaba# La"ore

Gu:ran;ala

$-5 Animals 4&$ 4&5 )&0 $0&$ :&0 5&()-$0Animals 4&" 4&4 )&0 )&( :&( 5&5$$-"0Animals (&) 4&4 4&: *&5 )&* )&*

"$ / A6ove 4&( 4&* 5&5 *&( :&* :

,A-! 'D+ M>-#!om

)6#-KI


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( ,ncome & Profitability Comparison

)6#-KI


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)6#-KI


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scale and " mil' (rices are almost doublethan the loose fresh mil' su((lied by dhodies;

In meat mar'etingB the abattoirs are the(roduction (oints and butchersE sho(s are theonly vending (oints to the consumers; "heabattoirs are seriously lac'ing basic sanitationfacilities 9li'e lightB ade=uate *ater su((lyB s(ace

for slaughtering and animal 'ee(ingB meatrefrigerationB and dis(osal of offal: all over thecountry; # large (ortion of the by(roducts suchas bloodB glandsB intestinesB and bones areeither *asted or (oorly (rocessed; "he hygienicconditions of the slaughterhouses and meatsho(s are very (oor; One of the underlyingreasons is that these facilities *ere not(eriodically u(dated because of com(le7administratively (rocedures involved; "he flayersand butchers are also not (rofessionally trained;"he fi7ing the (rices of beef and mutton by localgovernments are serious obstacles in buyinggood =uality animals for slaughtering;


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!reation of a /ivestoc' Mar'eting6egulatory #uthority is recommended to ensuregood governance in mar'eting of livestoc' andlivestoc' (roductsB -racticing of S-S measuresin (roduction and mar'eting of mil' and meat

mar'eting -rovision of mil' (asteuriDation andchilling facilities in dee( rural areasB andhidesLs'ins (rocessing facilities in 6ain fed and+arani areas is the solution to the (roblems of livestoc';

Beef ( Mutton $roduction

56


57/81

Beef Production #ystem:

Most of the meat (roduction *as

conventional based on graDing *ith very (oor

management and veterinary facilities; Male

calves after *eaning at the age of months are

usually slaughter and their body *eight is less

than 100 'g *ith lean body;

#nimals used for fattening *ere


58/81

cattleB in nited StatesB is derived from

roughages; )reen and cured fodder can su((ly

all the nutrients re=uired for the beef cattleB

e7ce(t common salt and *hatever energy rich

feeds may be necessary for additional

conditioning 9&nsmmger et al;B 1%%0:;

+2..E'& BEE* P./D2+&I/' #I&2!&I/'

I' P2'8!B

Beef $roduction t"roug" cross

breeding% In -a'istanB cattle and buffalo are

mainly maintained for mil' (roduction and to

some e7tent for draught (ur(ose; "here are

neither s(ecific breeds of cattle or buffaloes nor

any s(ecific rearing system for beef (roduction;

&fforts have been made to develo( a breed for

beef (ur(ose; "he first effort *as made bycrossing !harolais *ith local co*s 9Sahi*alB


59/81

been re(orted *ith dressing (ercentage similar

to buffalo male calves;

Buffalo vs cattle as beef animal% +om$arative

-erformance of buffalo male calves and

(ure and crossbred cattle calves has e7tensively

been re(orted; #srar 91%$: re(orted thatbuffaloB Sahi*al and crossbred 9.riesian 7

Sahi*al: male calves of 1214 months of age

had *eight gain 0;%1B 0;%4 and 0;% 'gLdayB

res(ectively on a diet having 10;2J !- and $0J

"


60/81


61/81

1%4:; "hese mineralsB thereforeB must be given

s(ecial considerations in feeding beef animals

for their higher gro*th rates;

7% 2se of gro3t" $romoters

"he nonnutritive feed additives and

im(lants are used in the feedlot (roduction9@6!B 1%4:; "he gro*th (romoting im(lants

(romote *eight gain and feed efficiency by

re(artitioning energy to*ard muscle gro*th and

a*ay from fat de(osition 9SamfordB 1%:; .eed

additives and antibiotics may increase gro*th

rate by enhancing nutrient utiliDation

9einemann et al., 1% -endlum et al., 1%:

andLor decreasing e7(ected *eight loss due to

sic'ness or natural but undesirable behavioral

(atterns 9over eating and normal cycling by

heifers: 9SamfordB 1%%:; "he im(lants are(re(arations of se7 hormones 9&stradiolB

-rogesterone and "estosterone: 9@6!B 1%4:

"he nonnutritive feed additives include

monensinB lasalocid and other antibiotics; "he

research is re=uired to be conducted on the use

of these gro*th (romoters in co* and buffalo

calves meant for meat (roduction to give sound

recommendation to the beef (roducers in the

country;

9% +ross Breeding vs e,$loitingindigenous resources

!rossing of native ty(e of cattle *ith

im(roved breeds is an attractive a((roach as a

(o(ulation average can be moved to a ne*

(lateau for certain traits rather ra(idly

9Mc


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*re

u

en

cy

'o of

animal

Breed Purc"ase

$rice@animal

.s

De$ of

s"ed

Dry

fodd

er

+oncentrate

ration

-ree

n

fodde

r

*eed

cost

Labor@

animal

&otal

+ost

#ale

of

!nima

ls

7 15A 'onde

scri$t

56AAA1AA 5% 5A% 6%A C%97 9=%97 5=%=A =9%

7

67AAA

9 5516A D"anni

5AAA1AA 5%7 55%C 7%= 5A%55 C%5 56%9 C5%75

677AA

"able I


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in -unjab and @8.-B under *hich about 3J

small ruminants are raised

&able : #mall .uminants Production #ystems in Pakistan

Production #ystems Province

@8.- -unjab Sindh +alochistan "otal

@omadic 50 2$ 44 3 44

"ranshumant 33 4 3 21 3

SedentaryLousehold 1 2 1% $ 1

SourceA Isha=ueB 1%%3

"#+/& I


64/81

mutton (roduction; !onsumer ratesB hereB

normally range from 6s 220LHg to 2$0LHg;

Fousing:

@o sheds *ere constructed in the "hall

area; +arns *ere *alled *ith thorny bushes

#cacia *ith no roots under the trees in *inter;

+ut in rainfed areasB 'atcha houses *ere

constructed to fight against rain; -eo(le are

never *illing to invest into the im(roved housing

for shee( goat;

&able: >orld Mutton Production ;Million tons<

5= 6AAA 6AA9 6AA

#"ee$ -oat s"ee$ goat #"ee$ -oat #"ee$ -oat

>orld ;02 3;0% ;5% ;3 ;20 4;3$ ;44 4;53

!sia 2;% 2;11 ;4 ;$ 4;2% 3;24 4;50 3;41

Banglades" 0;25 0;11 ;03 ;13 0;03 0;14 0;03 0;14

+"ina 1;00 0;1 ;44 ;30 2;24 1;5 2;40 1;%0

India 0;21 0;45 0;22 ;4$ 0;23 0;4 0;24 0;4

Pakistan 0;15 0;2 0;1$ 0;31 0;1$ 0;3$ 0;1 0;3

SourceA .#OB 200$

"#+/& I


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7ear Production

% tons

("port

% tons

;

2000/01 666 2.69 0.40

2001/02 683 0.79 0.12

2002/03 702 1.09 0.15

2003/04 720 0.53 0.07

2004/05 740 1.90 0.25

%o#rce+ inistry of ood Aric#lt#re and iestoc 2006

65


66/81

Mortality Losses

Survival of neonatal calves is im(erative

for livestoc' (ro(agation ho*everB a large

number of calves die during the first year of their

life causing heavy drain on the economics of livestoc' (roduction; Mortality of neonatal calves

*as attributed to conditions li'e diarrhea and

(neumonia 9ShimiDu and @agatoma;B 1%:;

o*everB environmental and managemental

factors hasten the occurrence of such conditions

9Hhan and HhanB 1%%1:;

!alf mortality *as associated *ith the

ty(e of housingB feedingB managemental

(racticesB *eather conditionsB e7ternal and

internal (arasitic infestation and bacterial

infections es(ecially those causing se(ticemia

and enteritis 9+lood et al;B 1%%4:;

#ccording to #fDal et al; the mortality in

cattle and buffalo calves ranged from 2%;1J to3%;J; Martin and 8iggins estimated that 20J

calf mortality resulted in reduction of 3J (rofit

of a livestoc' farm; .urthermoreB 25J average

early calf mortality hardly (rovides any chance

for regular re(lacement of lo* (roduction

animals; # minimum mortality rate of 5J is

usually acce(table to dairy farm having standard

managemental conditions; In this (a(erB the

e7isting onfarm (ractices of buffalo calves

rearing and mortality incidence in buffalo calves

in commercial dairy farms of -unjab (rovince is

re(orted;

ortality Loss per annum

Animals

Gu:ran;ala

4"akk ar

9"elum

(akpattan

Faisalaba#

La"ore

$-5Animals 44#5&5 :*) 5($&: $4)(&0 ):0:&5 0&0

)-$0Animals *#()&0 $0)"&0 *45 *:(&: (:")&*

4$)5&4

$$-"0

Animals (#(*&5 $55#&:

"(:$&

4 $$5#&0 $$($

"($)&

*"$ /A6ove 4*$* $$50&* 4$#&( "44&( 50) *(0&5

Total /*1,-.+ 0-0+.001,.

0 2-31.* *//0.*/*/.

-

"able I


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-ra$" ID:MLP!

Education Im$act *actor

-a'istan is a develo(ing country *ith a

lot many illiterate (eo(le; Illiteracy is the national

(roblem of -a'istan; -a'istan literacy rate is

nearly 54JG *here a literate (erson is defined asa one *ho can read *rite oneEs name; 51;J

farmers *ere illiterateB %;$J *ere (rimaryB

12;J *ere middleB 1;J *ere metric B 3;0J

*ere intermediate B 2;J *ere )raduatesB 1;3J

*ere masters; "he lac' of a*areness to various

ne* techni=uesB )ovt; incentivesB modern

management discoveries are the major

hindrances in bring our farmer to (resent

themselves as (rofitable livestoc' farmers;

)ovt; of -unjab has started various

e7tension (rograms to bring about availability of

significant im(ortant information; MoreoverB

e7tension *or'ers from various universities are

busy in (roviding media consciousness about

common diseases nutrition recommendations;

67

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68/81

=one>Level

Gu:ran;

ala

4"ak

kar

9e"lu

m

(akpat

tan

Faisala

ba# La"ore

? illiterate 50&5 5$ (0&: )0&4 4: )*&5

? primary (&" :&$ $5&4 $$ )&* $"&5

? mi##le $" $(&( $)&" $(&" $(&( *&5

? metric $#&4 $)&( ":&" #&4 ")&* $"&5?

interme#iate *&5 4&4 4&( $ 0&0 0&0?

Gra#uation 4&( 4&4 "&) $&( 4&4 0&0

? masters "&" $&5 "&) $ 0&0 0&0

"able I


69/81

Major *indings

•


70/81

breeding; "he -a'istan is rich in dairy

animals ie $0 million large ruminants

ma'ing im(ortant share of #griculture and

based in 0J rural (o(ulation of the

country; /ac' of mar'eting and su((ly

chain adulteration in dairy and meat

(roduction is another bottlenec' of develo(ment;

•

• "his survey brings for*ard the valued

findingsB that is im(roving breedB (er unit

out(ut of fodderB research in fodder =uality

im(rovementB modern conce(ts of housing

and technological (ac'age of (ractices

communicated u( to the farmers;

•

• "he (ro(ortion of small mil' (roducers is

=uite highB *hich hel( in em(loyment

generation; Increasing the (roductivity of

small holder should be ta'en as challengeB

to 'ee( rural urban migration balance;

•

• #nmol 8anda by the )ovt; of -unjab by its

/


71/81

•

• .or crossbred animalsB (articularly *ith


72/81

• )ovt farms need to act as demonstration

units for (ublic /ivestoc' breeders *hile

conserving the breeds;

•

Vet #ervices:

•

• -rovision of vetservices in "hal 6ainfed

area may be increasedB as livestoc' is

more im(ortant mil' yield other /ivestoc'

(roductions to a great e7tent; MoreoverB

local livestoc' fairsLmailaas should be

arranged in collaborating *ith /


73/81

•

•

•

•

•

•

.eferences•

• &anvir !li9200$: # case study of mil'

(roduction and mar'eting by small and

medium scale contract farmers of

aleeb .oods /td;B -a'istan niversity

of #griculture B.aisalabad -a'istan;•

• Burki) !% !%) ?"anB M and +ariB .;

92005:; "he state of -a'istanEs dairyA

#n assessmentPB !M&6 8or'ing

-a(erB 0534B /MSA /ahore

•

• PI#D!12#!ID 9200$:; "he 8hite

6evolutionA Strategic -lan for the

-a'istan


74/81

• Berdegue) 8% !%) -e((elenbosB /;

and +ienabeB &; 2005; 6egoverning

Mar'etsA Heys to Inclusion of Small

-roducers in


75/81

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

!$$endi,:

!A5(S•

# ?ame of respondent:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

' Villa9e:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ .e*: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ $istrict: @@@@@@@@@

+ !amily Sie @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

2 (ducational status: %a Primary %b 5iddle %c 5etric %d Above 5etric

3 A9e: @@@@@@@@@@@@@ 7ears in $airy@@@@@@@@@@@

4 0and *oldin9:a Aoe 25 acres ////////////////////////////////////////////////


76/81

12.54 to 25 acres//////////////////////////////////////////////

c ess t&an 12.5 acres//////////////////////////////////////////

d andless (;o land///////////////////////////////////////////

e ,enant /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

f and ent (per acre/////////////////////////////////////////

Animal

?um

ber

Value

Sold for

meat

purpose

s

$eat* >

losses

.otal

value

• attle • • • • • •

• -#ffalo • • • • • •

• -#ff

t&ers • • • • • •

B Ot*er type of /usiness@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Stren9t* of livestoc6 maintained by t*e farmer

•

•

•

Purc*ase of Animals and ()uipments

•

-#ffalo lactatin or Adance //////////////////////////////////////////

• Prenant ;ili ai -#ffalo /////////////////////////////////////////////

• Ad#lt -#ffalo -#ll (;ili -reed /////////////////////////////////////

• &aff #tter ?it& ////////////////////////////////////////////////////

• )oldamatic ?ater p#mp ///////////////////////////////////////////////

• 'ron &ain ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


77/81

• ane/ ope /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

-#cet (%tain /less %teel /////////////////////////////////////////////

• il ans /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Dial :ei&in %cale ////////////////////////////////////////////////

•

!i"ed Cost :

•

/uff in mil6DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

Cow in mil6DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

,nterest rate on t*e value of animal

$epreciation at E 3;

Cost of s*edDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

Cost of e)uipmentDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

$epreciation of s*ed and e)uipmentDDDDDDDDD

•

•

VA,A/0( COS.:

•

0abor Cost

•

!amily 0abor en9a9ed in a9ricultureDDDDDDmen

Fired labor en9a9ed in a9ricultureDDDDDDDDDmen

0abor *our spent on 0ivestoc6DDDDDDDDDD*our

Ga9es per labor per dayDsDDDDDDDDDDD

.otal labor spent on livestoc6 s

•

•

!O$$( COS.

•

• abi odder so?n and p#rc&ased@@@@@@@@@@@@

• =&arif odder so?n and p#rc&ased@@@@@@@@@@@..

• ate of fodder per [email protected]@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

•

Dry odder fed to animals@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

• al#e of dry fodder@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@


78/81


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• ;o of -#ff. ///////// ////////////////// ///////////////////

/////////////

•

• ;o of o?s //./////// ////////////////// //////////////////// //////////////

•

Variable Cost:•

!odder $ry !odder Concentrate .ype of concentrate 0abor

•

• ///////// /////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////// ///////

0abor 5edicine (lecticity&power 5ortality Cost

•

----------- ------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------

•

5il6 Production per lactation:

•

• ateory period Aerae prod#ction per lactation

•

/uff: ------------ ----------------liter

Cattle: ------------ ----------------liter

•

• ,otal eef Animal soled ;o. /////////////////

• -eef animals sold on !id /////////////////

• attened animals sold /////////////////

• %pent animals sold /////////////////

• ,otal 'ncome eceied s. /////////////////

1oat> S*eep 0ivestoc6 Stren9t*

O/ /irt* Sold $eat* C/

• 1st


80/81

•

•

!eedin9 Practices• ;at#ral )raBin on p#lic places>?n landfodderstal feedin

• odder land allocated /////////////////

• ent of t&e land /////////////////

• aor 'noled in armin ///////////////// men

• aor &o#rs spent on feedin ///////////////// &o#rs

• ,ype of %&ed /////////////////

• al#e of %&ed /////////////////

• Depreciation of %&ed /////////////////

• oncentrate fed d#rin t&e year /////////////////

• Diseases of animals Pne#moniadiarr&eapoCenterotoCaemia

• accination in Practice /////////////////

• accination ost /////////////////

• De?ormin cost /////////////////

•

.otal Cost

•

al#e of Animals eedin aor %&ed et oer

• ///////////////////// ////////// //////// //////////// /////////////

•

.otal ,ncome from Animals sold for mutton

• %old for reedin (ate per animal////////// ;o. sold////////

• Domestic ons#mption (ate per animal////////// ;o. sold////////

• #tton animals sold on !id (ate per animal////////// ;o. sold////////


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Economics of Livestock Production in Various Ecological Zones of Punjab -Survey 26-08-09

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Transcript of Economics of Livestock Production in Various Ecological Zones of Punjab -Survey 26-08-09