Economic Geology 9. Mines & Yours. “If you can't grow it, it has to be mined”
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Transcript of Economic Geology 9. Mines & Yours. “If you can't grow it, it has to be mined”
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Economic Geology
9. Mines & Yours
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“If you can't grow it,it has to be mined”
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Our rocky economy
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Economic stones
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AggregatesUK - 200-250 million tonnes/yrRailway ballast, iron and steel, agriculture
Road building (~50%)
Concrete (~50%)
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Economic graniteVery high
compressive strength
Dimension / armour stone
Hard to carve
Feldspar decomposes
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The only geological sport
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Economic dolerite
Very strong
Roadstone/aggregate
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Slating the economyWales: 15,000 men
employed in 1890s
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Economic sandstone
Common, fairly strong
Dimension / paving stone
Weathers
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Economic limestone
Dimension stone
Cement
Aggregate
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Dudley limestoneDudley limestone
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Fossil-fuelled furnacesFossil-fuelled furnaces
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Yorkshire's Industrial Coast
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Ironstones
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Cleveland Ironstone Mines
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Why Are The Ironstones There?Why Are The Ironstones There?
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Fossilized Ropes?
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Fossil shrimp burrows!
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Shrimpy miners = human miners
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Sediment-hosted minerals
Bronze Age copper mine
Great Orme, Llandudno
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The origins of ores
Magmatism– Fractionation / Immiscibility
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The origins of oresHydrothermal processes:– Brines– Metamorphic fluids
Metamorphic shearing
Sedimentary placers
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Rare earths and renewables
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Rare earth elements
Not that rare
Soft, malleable, metallic
Conductive, magnetic
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Shifting sourcesGlobal product
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Fossil fuelsOil and gas
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North Sea oil & gas
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UK energy balance
(Figure from DECC report)
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Conventional / Unconventional
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Britain for shale?
CarboniferousNW England
JurassicSE England
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The impact of power
Vidal et al. - Nature Geoscience (2013)
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The trajectory of demand
Vidal et al. - Nature Geoscience (2013)
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Next week: The FuturePredictive Geology
- Earthquakes
- Tectonics
- Climate
• + A Final Review