Economic development in ecological sensitive areas: an utopia or key to the future? Prof. Dr....

Economic development in ecological sensitive areas: an utopia or key to the future?

Prof. Dr. Patrick MeireTom Maris, Stefan Vandamme, Eric Struyf University of Antwerp Ecosystem management research group, Chair of Integrated Water Management

2

Intro

Nature Harbour

Ecology Economy?This conflict is clearly unsustainable, but unfortunately worldwide still very common!

3

Carrying capacity

Ecosystem services

5

Salmon mousse with corn salad

Fillets of Norman Sole with puree of potatoes

Jaffa-fondant cake

6

Ingredients

1 cornsalad

2 coriander leaves

3 celery leaves

4 shallots

5 cucumber

6 lemon

7 black pepper

8 olive oil olives

9 smoked salmon

10 sour cream cows

Ingredients

11 fillets of sole

12 broth of fish different species

13 white wine grapes

14 mussels

15 shrimps

16 mushrooms

17 flour wheat

18 eggs chickens

19 lemon

20 parsley

21 potatoes

Ingredients

22 sugar sugarbeet

23 cacao

24 maizena

25 walnuts

26 oranges

Salmon mousse on cornsalad fillets of Norman Sole with

puree of potatoes Jaffa-fondantcake

+ aperitif, coffee, etc. at least 30 species necessary!!

7Ingredients Price/kg/L

1 cornsalad 12 €

2 coriander leaves 1,5 €

3 celery leaves 1 €

4 shallots 1,5 €

5 cucumber 1 €

6 lemon 2 €

7 Black pepper 15 €

8 olive oil olives 8 €

9 smoked salmon 25 €

10 sour cream cows 2,5 €

Ingredients Price/kg/l

11 fillets of sole 30 €

12 broth of fish different species

2 €

13 white wine grapes 5 €

14 mussels 10 €

15 shrimps 20 €

16 mushrooms 4 €

17 flour wheat 1 €

18 eggs chicken 0,20 €

19 lemon 2 €

20 parsley 5 €

21 potatoes 1 €

Ingredients

22 sugar sugerbeet 1,5 €

23 cacao 7 €

24 maïzena 1 €

25 walnuts 6 €

26 oranges 2 €

8

1 Day

2 days

19 days

6 days28 days

Sole

9

• During different growth phases, the sole needs different types of food

• From phytoplankton to worms, shells and crustaceans.

Ecosystem services

10

DaphniaBosmina

11

• The diet of an average juvenile sole and schrimp consists of about 25 species, when adult sole needed more than 70 different prey species to get at that stage!

• All these species have specific requirements to the environment where they occur and need in their turn other species to feed on!

• Also different habitats are needed during the lifecycle

Ecosystem services

13

• Products with a high market value (eg Sole) are dependent on species WITHOUT market value and on specific habitats as well without market value

16

Ecological functioning versus Economy

“Goods and services”

(Costanza et al., Nature 1997)

17

17

18

18

As we goggle at the fluttering financial figures, a different set of numbers passes us by. Last Friday, Pavan Sukhdev, the Deutsche Bank economist leading a European study on ecosystems, reported that we are losing natural capital worth between US$2 trillion and US$5 trillion every year as a result of deforestation alone. The losses incurred so far by the financial sector amount to between US$1 trillion and US$1.5 trillion. Sukhdev arrived at his figure by estimating the value of the services — such as locking up carbon and providing fresh water — that forests perform, and calculating the cost of either replacing them or living without them. The credit crunch is petty when compared to the nature crunch.

19

Ecosystem services

Nature Harbour

Ecology EconomyEcosystemservices

20

Conclusion 1

• The carrying capacity of the earth for men is based on the “provisioning services” that we increased due to many different management activities.

• These services are, however, completely dependent on the supporting and regulating services and these deteriorated due to the human activities. The consequences are much more far reaching than just the loss of habitat and species

• There is a clear link between ecosystem services and the economy

21

What does this mean for an estuary? The Schelde as an example

22

35853

42341

28,4

20,3

32000

34000

36000

38000

40000

42000

44000

1900 1990

Year

Su

rfac

e (h

a)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

% in

tert

idal

are

a

total surface % intertidal

-150

-130

-110

-90

-70

-50

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Dep

th (

dm

GL

LW

S)

Borssele Hansweert Bath Zandvliet

23Tidal evolution

Schelde

Weser

Elbe and Weser

Elbe

24Vigor Organisation Resilience

Supporting services

primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling

biodiversityhabitat for rare species or for global population nursery functionmigration route

soil formation

Regulating services

Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants

disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation

Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation

Provisioning services

fresh waterclean air

FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources

fresh water

• water regulation and protection against flooding- Risks of flooding has increased significantly present management:

• Sigmaplan / Deltaplan- Heightening of dikes- Controlled inundation areas- Storm surge barrier

25

Slope , current speed marsh erosion

Continuing habitat loss


Supporting services



soil formation

Regulating services







fresh water

• protection against erosion- Many dikes are not protected by marshes, present managament:

• Reinforcement of dikes with stones and other forms of hard engineering


Supporting services



soil formation

Regulating services







fresh water

• sediment trap- Due to a lack of sedimentation areas, extremely high

rates present managament:

• Dredging (up to 500.000 ton DW.y-1 removed from the area)• NO link to sediment management in basin

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Aan

tal

soorten

ben

th

os

Zoet Brak ZoutFresh Brackish Marine

Expected number of species


Supporting services


habitat for rare species or for global population biodiversitynursery functionmigration route

soil formation

Regulating services







fresh water

• trophic-dynamic regulations of populations• habitat for resident and transient populations• important habitat for global population• nursery• migration route

severely impacted present management:

• “classical nature management”- Juridical measures- Species oriented measures- Vegetation management

no impact at all on major problems like water quality

30

NIOO DaysVeldhoven, 5 Dec 2009

1968-2007 Observations• Annual FW averages

?

Increasing Chlorophyll a concentrations with decreasing nutrient inputs arecontrary to classical story of eutrophication

NEW PROBLEMS?

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Silicium (mg/l)

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

Afs

tan

d t

ot

Vlis

sin

gen

(km

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Dis

tan

ce t

o m

ou

th (

km)

FREQUENT DSI DEPLETION

32

Eutrophication

Phaeocystis sp. blooms:

“foam algae”

Gonyaulax sp. blooms

Toxic “red tides”

ES from past to present


Supporting services



soil formation

Regulating services







fresh water

• Primary productivity- Reduced- No management


Supporting services



soil formation

Regulating services







fresh water

• regulation net transport contaminants to North Sea

• regulation net transport of nutrients to North Sea

- Strongly reduced!- Present management

• Reduction of imissions by environmental legislation no link to processes univariate approach


Supporting services



soil formation

Regulating services







fresh water

37

• Increase of energy in the system Tides and discharge from the basin Organic material (chemical energy)

• Capacity of the systeem to cope with this has been strogly reduced (the resilience of the systeem decreased) Further habitat loss/degradationFurther loss of speciesLOSS OF ECOSSTEM SERVICES

ES from past to presentConclusions

38

An integrated strategy

• Requires:- Understanding of ecosystem services- Quantification of ES

39

HT

LT

Role of marshes

Tidalflat

Exchange betweenmarsh and pelagic

150 – 300 ton BSi

100 – 200 ton Si

Struyf et al. 2005

40


• Requires:- Understanding of ecosystem services- Quantification of ES

determine conservation objectives!• What biodiversity we need to have (structural

approach)?• Which and how much services the ecosystem

must deliver (functional approach)?

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• Ecosystem services can be:- A volume of water that can be stored on marshes (

safety)- Amount of primary production needed to sustain the

nursery function- Retention of nutrients- Buffering tidal energy- recreation- = This are different ways to express a carrying

capacity of the system


42

Tidal marsh

mudflats

Shallow waterService :

Primary

Production

Si regeneration

Pelagic habitat

River

Zm/Zp

Phyto

plankton

Organic

Load/ Si

Regulation of nutrients

biodiversity

Habitat function

Regulation of nutrients

43

Final CO: Max (surface S1,..Sn; F1,…,Fm)

Habitat quality

Habitat

1

Conservation Objectives (CO)

Species 1

populationSurface S1

habitat quality

density

Function 1

habitat quality

volume

Surface F1unit

44

• Understanding and quantification of ES• Formulation of objectives• The calculation of habitats surface needed• Measures to maintain or restore habitats


46Small scale restoration during maintenance

Mai 2002Jan 2001

47

Ketenisse

Marsh restoration

Pilot studyLippenbroek

Lippenbroek

1: Ring Dike

2: FCA dike

3: Inlet sluice

4: Outlet sluice1

23

1

4

1

1

Management scenario Lippenbroek

10 ha of tidal nature developping since March 2006

Pilot project Lippenbroek

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Ecology:

- Introducing estuarine ecosystem

- Tidal regime in area

- Two times a day!

Ring Dike Lowered FCA dike

FCA estuary

Outlet

polder

Concept FCA - CRTsafety, ecology and a new ecosystem

Safety:

- Lowered dike stretch

- Critical tides: whole storage capacity

- Only few times/year!

‘New’ ecosystem: Lippenbroek since March 2006!

- Area below high water level

- Separate in- and outlet sluices at different heights:

First CRT in the world with neap-spring tide cycle!

Ring Dike Lowered FCA dike

CRT estuary

Outlet

Inlet

polder

Pilot project Lippenbroek

10 ha of tidal nature developping: May 2008

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7/04 12/04 17/04 22/04 27/04 2/05 7/05

date

leve

l (m

TA

W)

Schelde (De Plaat)

Lippenbroek

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7/04 12/04 17/04 22/04 27/04 2/05 7/05

date

leve

l (m

TA

W)

Lippenbroek

Schelde (De Plaat)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7/04 12/04 17/04 22/04 27/04 2/05 7/05

date

leve

l (m

TA

W)

Lippenbroek

Schelde (De Plaat)

Introducing macrotidal regime

Reduction of high water level by 3 meter No reduction of spring – neap variation

53Water Quality

NO3-N

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

tijdstip (uur)

mg

/lmeasurements 3/7/2006

instream outstream

54

SiO2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

time (hrs)

mg

/l

Water Quality

measurements 3/7/2006

56Managed realignment

1990 1998

57Paull Holme Stray Humber estuary

58

Hopper dredge

Pontoon with diffusor

Pontoon with diffusor

diffusor

Hopper dredge

“habitat maintenance”

59

Main goals to be achieved

• Increase the resilience of the system to dissipate the increased energy coming into the system- Tidal energy- Peak discharges from the catchment

60

Main goals to be achieved

• Increase the resilience of the system to dissipate the increased energy coming into the system- Tidal energy- Peak discharges from the catchment- “Chemical” energy

enhance biogeochemical functioning (source and sink function of habitats)

improve primary production

• Restore morphological structure

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Required surface of different habitats

Habitattype opp (ha) Buitendijks brak 740 Buitendijks zoet 1040 Binnendijks bos alluviaal 570 Binnendijks anderen 370 Binnendijks grasland dotter (RBB) 840 Binnendijks grasland anderen 910 Binnendijks riet/ruigte 560 Binnendijks plas/oever 240

The integrated approach

Tidal habitats

Non tidal habitats

62

Spatial distribution of CO-Schelde:

The integrated approach

63

Controlled inundation + reduced tidal area

combined scenario XCIA RTA

Costs 132 139

Safety benefits until 2100 737 730

Other effects

agriculture -12 -14

forestry - -10

visual intruision -5 -5

Ecosystem benefits: regulating services - 53Ecosystem benefits: cultural services:

recreation/amenity9 9

net present value until 2100 596 622

Pay back perion (in years) 16 13

Structure

Fu

nct

ion

Return to pristine situationis impossible.

Sustainable solutions:

Restoring functions

Managed realignment? - Elevation often not suitable - Not always compatible with safetyplan

Flood control area: restoring safetyControlled reduced tide: restoring ecology

Schelde: solutions?

65

Goals-accessability-safety-ecology

Specific targets

Current situation

SYSTEM MONITORINGgeneral knowlegde

nutrient cycling

hydro/morfo-dynamics

Food web

RESEARCH MONITORINGKnowlegde gaps

PROJECT MONITORINGCausal relations

Projected measures-accessability-safety-ecology

LegislationEU HD, BR, WFDNational

66MONEOS

Basic system monitoring

time

Integreated system monitoring

Project 1Project monitoring

Project 2Project monitoring

Knowlegde Research monitoring

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Upscaling in time

• large variability

Point measurementsspatial spreading

Continuous measurementsTemporal spreading

Models

68

upscalingin space

Remote sensing

Point and transect measurements

area covering spatial info

Models

69

Point measurementsSpatial distribution

Continuous measurementsTemporal distribution

Models

Transect measurementsSpatoial/temporal distribution

70

Bene

den

-ZS

Bene

den

-ZS

Bene

den

-ZS

Bene

den

-ZS

71

conclusions• Ecosystems deliver services to society:

- Ecosystem services• But are therefore dependent on the presence of

species and habitats and their performance.

not delivering these services has a high cost for society

• Restoration of estuaries should be based to a large extend on improving ES delivery

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Thanks for your attention

Economic development in ecological sensitive areas: an utopia or key to the future? Prof. Dr....

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