Economic Crisis & Realignment...Women,Marriage, Childbearing: - People married later in life - young...
Transcript of Economic Crisis & Realignment...Women,Marriage, Childbearing: - People married later in life - young...
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
The Dutch:
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
The Dutch: - Pop. increased, business thrived, agric. innovation kept its food supply viable despite famines throughout most of Europe
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
The Dutch: - Pop. increased, business thrived, agric. innovation kept its food supply viable despite famines throughout most of Europe
England:
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
The Dutch: - Pop. increased, business thrived, agric. innovation kept its food supply viable despite famines throughout most of Europe
England:- never relied on New World gold, had a more stable economy
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
The Dutch: - Pop. increased, business thrived, agric. innovation kept its food supply viable despite famines throughout most of Europe
England:- never relied on New World gold, had a more stable economy- stayed out of 30 Yrs’ War, avoided pop. decline, famine disease
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Economic Crisis & Realignment
1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation
- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted
- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering
The Dutch: - Pop. increased, business thrived, agric. innovation kept its food supply viable despite famines throughout most of Europe
England:- never relied on New World gold, had a more stable economy- stayed out of 30 Yrs’ War, avoided pop. decline, famine disease
- England, France, Dutch eventually dominated new world commercial activity, replacing Mediterranean & central Euro economic hegemony in Europe
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Causes of Recession in 17th Century:
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Causes of Recession in 17th Century:
1. Agriculture: could not keep up w/ pop. increase of the previous century led to food shortages, famine, disease
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Causes of Recession in 17th Century:
1. Agriculture: could not keep up w/ pop. increase of the previous century led to food shortages, famine, disease
2. 30 Years’ War - pop. decline & interrupted commerce
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Causes of Recession in 17th Century:
1. Agriculture: could not keep up w/ pop. increase of the previous century led to food shortages, famine, disease
2. 30 Years’ War - pop. decline & interrupted commerce
3. Economic policies - overtaxation, banking practices
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Causes of Recession in 17th Century:
1. Agriculture: could not keep up w/ pop. increase of the previous century led to food shortages, famine, disease
2. 30 Years’ War - pop. decline & interrupted commerce
3. Economic policies - overtaxation, banking practices
4. Climate change - a series of cold winters & wet summers destroyed harvests & radically affected food supplies, prices
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility
- Western & NW Europe - pop. & economic expansion caused peasantry to fade or disappear as a social class
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility
- Western & NW Europe - pop. & economic expansion caused peasantry to fade or disappear as a social class
Women,Marriage, Childbearing:
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility
- Western & NW Europe - pop. & economic expansion caused peasantry to fade or disappear as a social class
Women,Marriage, Childbearing:- People married later in life - young adults unable to support children - birthrates declined
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility
- Western & NW Europe - pop. & economic expansion caused peasantry to fade or disappear as a social class
Women,Marriage, Childbearing:- People married later in life - young adults unable to support children - birthrates declined- Males abandoned family in search of work
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Effects of Economic Recession:
Peasantry:
- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility
- Western & NW Europe - pop. & economic expansion caused peasantry to fade or disappear as a social class
Women,Marriage, Childbearing:- People married later in life - young adults unable to support children - birthrates declined- Males abandoned family in search of work
- abandoned wives often went into domestic servitude, unable to support the family due to limited economic opportunity
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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The Rise of Secular and World Views
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The Rise of Secular and World Views
Secularization: A search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena
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The Rise of Secular and World Views
Secularization: A search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena
The Arts
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The Rise of Secular and World Views
Secularization: A search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena
The ArtsTheater - permanent professional acting theater companies entertained the elite and the growing middle class
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The Rise of Secular and World Views
Secularization: A search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena
The ArtsTheater - permanent professional acting theater companies entertained the elite and the growing middle class
- Shakespeare - his plays reflected the concerns of his age: the nature of power and the crisis of authority
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Mannerism and the Baroque in Art
- helped shape ordinary people’s experience of religion
Mannerism:
- a theatrical style of art that allowed painters to distort perspective to convey a message or emphasize a theme
Baroque:- Replaced Renaissance art’s emphasis on harmony & clarity
- marked by curves, exaggerated lighting, intense emotion, release from restraint - contained an element of sensationalism
- Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Valazquez
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The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586–1588, oil on canvas, 480 ! 360 cm, Santo Tomé, Toledo), now El Greco's best known work, illustrates a popular local legend. An exceptionally large painting, it is clearly divided into two zones: the heavenly above and the terrestrial below, brought together compositionally.
e Assumption of the Virgin (1577–1579, oil on canvas, 401 ! 228 cm, Art Institute of Chicago) was one of the nine paintings El Greco completed for the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, his first commission in Spain.
El Greco - Mannerism
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File
The Night Watch by Rembrandt
Baroque
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Diego Velázquez, The surrender of Breda, 1635, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid
BaroqueTuesday, November 5, 2013
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Natural Law of Politics
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Natural Law of Politics
Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”
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Natural Law of Politics
Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”
http://www.possibilian.com
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Natural Law of Politics
Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”
http://www.possibilian.com
- revived skepticism which held that certainty is never attainable - a doctrine repugnant to Catholics & Protestants alike
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Natural Law of Politics
Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”
http://www.possibilian.com
- revived skepticism which held that certainty is never attainable - a doctrine repugnant to Catholics & Protestants alike
- Jean Bodin - sought secular answers for the problems of political and social disorder - believed that strong monarchy was the only solution
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Natural Law of Politics
Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”
http://www.possibilian.com
- revived skepticism which held that certainty is never attainable - a doctrine repugnant to Catholics & Protestants alike
- Jean Bodin - sought secular answers for the problems of political and social disorder - believed that strong monarchy was the only solution
- an early proponent of Absolutism
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
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Natural Law of Politics
Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”
http://www.possibilian.com
- revived skepticism which held that certainty is never attainable - a doctrine repugnant to Catholics & Protestants alike
- Jean Bodin - sought secular answers for the problems of political and social disorder - believed that strong monarchy was the only solution
- an early proponent of Absolutism- his discussion implied choice in gov’t style - undercut divine right monarchy
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Grotius and Natural Law
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Grotius and Natural Law
Hugo Grotius - Dutch thinker who outlined “Natural Law”
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Grotius and Natural Law
Hugo Grotius - Dutch thinker who outlined “Natural Law”
- Natural Law - laws of nature that give legitimacy to gov’t & stand above the actions of any particular ruler or religious group
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Grotius and Natural Law
Hugo Grotius - Dutch thinker who outlined “Natural Law”
- Natural Law - laws of nature that give legitimacy to gov’t & stand above the actions of any particular ruler or religious group
- used NL to condemn torture as used by Rel. & civil authority
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Grotius and Natural Law
Hugo Grotius - Dutch thinker who outlined “Natural Law”
- Natural Law - laws of nature that give legitimacy to gov’t & stand above the actions of any particular ruler or religious group
- used NL to condemn torture as used by Rel. & civil authority
- defined “natural rights” as life, body, freedom, and honor -claimed that the purpose of gov’t was to defend them
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The Scientific Revolution
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The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution -def. - The search for a secular, scientific method of determining the laws of nature using experimental observation and mathematical deduction
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The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution -def. - The search for a secular, scientific method of determining the laws of nature using experimental observation and mathematical deduction
- Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) - a clergyman who attacked Ptolemaic (geocentric) model of the cosmos - claimed heliocentric view simplified the mathematics needed to explain celestial motion
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The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution -def. - The search for a secular, scientific method of determining the laws of nature using experimental observation and mathematical deduction
- Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) - a clergyman who attacked Ptolemaic (geocentric) model of the cosmos - claimed heliocentric view simplified the mathematics needed to explain celestial motion
-Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) - burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for teaching heliocentrism
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The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution -def. - The search for a secular, scientific method of determining the laws of nature using experimental observation and mathematical deduction
- Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) - a clergyman who attacked Ptolemaic (geocentric) model of the cosmos - claimed heliocentric view simplified the mathematics needed to explain celestial motion
-Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) - burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for teaching heliocentrism-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - provided mathematical backing for the heliocentric theory - 3 Laws of Planetary Motion - cited that planetary orbits were elliptical, not circular
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The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution -def. - The search for a secular, scientific method of determining the laws of nature using experimental observation and mathematical deduction
- Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) - a clergyman who attacked Ptolemaic (geocentric) model of the cosmos - claimed heliocentric view simplified the mathematics needed to explain celestial motion
-Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) - burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for teaching heliocentrism-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - provided mathematical backing for the heliocentric theory - 3 Laws of Planetary Motion - cited that planetary orbits were elliptical, not circular
-Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - built an improved telescope - viewed moons of Jupiter to add evidence to heliocentric view - tried & imprisoned by the InquisitionTuesday, November 5, 2013
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Breakthroughs in Medicine
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Breakthroughs in MedicineGalen - Ancient Greek physician, contemporary of Ptolemy - considered the authority & basis of European medical knowledge
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Breakthroughs in MedicineGalen - Ancient Greek physician, contemporary of Ptolemy - considered the authority & basis of European medical knowledge
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Flemish scientist who refuted Galen’s work - referenced public dissections to publish more accurate anatomy book On the Construction of the Human Body
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Breakthroughs in MedicineGalen - Ancient Greek physician, contemporary of Ptolemy - considered the authority & basis of European medical knowledge
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Flemish scientist who refuted Galen’s work - referenced public dissections to publish more accurate anatomy book On the Construction of the Human Body
Paracelsus (1493-1541)- German physician, performed operations, established the modern science of pharmacology
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Breakthroughs in MedicineGalen - Ancient Greek physician, contemporary of Ptolemy - considered the authority & basis of European medical knowledge
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Flemish scientist who refuted Galen’s work - referenced public dissections to publish more accurate anatomy book On the Construction of the Human Body
Paracelsus (1493-1541)- German physician, performed operations, established the modern science of pharmacology
William Harvey (1578-1657) - used dissections to explain circulation & the nature of the human heart - insisted the body operated
according to natural laws just as earth & the planets didTuesday, November 5, 2013
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Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
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Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - promoted empiricism - gaining knowledge through observation & experiment (inductive reasoning)
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Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - promoted empiricism - gaining knowledge through observation & experiment (inductive reasoning)
- wrote The Advancement of Learning in which he rejected the ancients as unreliable & predicted that science would lead to social progress
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Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - promoted empiricism - gaining knowledge through observation & experiment (inductive reasoning)
- wrote The Advancement of Learning in which he rejected the ancients as unreliable & predicted that science would lead to social progress
Rene Descartes - French Catholic mathematician & philosopher - claimed that mathematical & mechanical principles were the key to
understanding all of nature, including the acts of people & gov’t -
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Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - promoted empiricism - gaining knowledge through observation & experiment (inductive reasoning)
- wrote The Advancement of Learning in which he rejected the ancients as unreliable & predicted that science would lead to social progress
Rene Descartes - French Catholic mathematician & philosopher - claimed that mathematical & mechanical principles were the key to
understanding all of nature, including the acts of people & gov’t -
- said “I think, therefore I am.”
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Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - promoted empiricism - gaining knowledge through observation & experiment (inductive reasoning)
- wrote The Advancement of Learning in which he rejected the ancients as unreliable & predicted that science would lead to social progress
Rene Descartes - French Catholic mathematician & philosopher - claimed that mathematical & mechanical principles were the key to
understanding all of nature, including the acts of people & gov’t -
- said “I think, therefore I am.”
- moved to the Dutch Republic to escape Church restrictions
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Newton & Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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Newton & Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
- invented calculus to explain planetary motion
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Newton & Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
- invented calculus to explain planetary motion
- * Principia Mathematica - published his law of universal gravitation- explained Kepler’s elliptical orbits
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Newton & Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
- invented calculus to explain planetary motion
- * Principia Mathematica - published his law of universal gravitation- explained Kepler’s elliptical orbits
- believed that the laws of nature were like clockwork & were created by God - saw no conflict between science and faith
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Magic & Witchcraft
- belief in them coincided w/ the scientific revolution
- many scientific thinkers still believed in alchemy, astrology, etc.
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Magic & Witchcraft
- belief in them coincided w/ the scientific revolution
- many scientific thinkers still believed in alchemy, astrology, etc.
Witchcraft trials - state & religious authorities turned to public trials- they reflected the anxiety of society in the face of economic crisis, plague, warfare, political uncertainty
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Magic & Witchcraft
- belief in them coincided w/ the scientific revolution
- many scientific thinkers still believed in alchemy, astrology, etc.
Witchcraft trials - state & religious authorities turned to public trials- they reflected the anxiety of society in the face of economic crisis, plague, warfare, political uncertainty
- most prevalent in Germany during 30 Yrs. War
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Magic & Witchcraft
- belief in them coincided w/ the scientific revolution
- many scientific thinkers still believed in alchemy, astrology, etc.
Witchcraft trials - state & religious authorities turned to public trials- they reflected the anxiety of society in the face of economic crisis, plague, warfare, political uncertainty
- most prevalent in Germany during 30 Yrs. War
- over 100,000 trials in Europe & North America in 16th & 17th centuries
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Magic & Witchcraft
- belief in them coincided w/ the scientific revolution
- many scientific thinkers still believed in alchemy, astrology, etc.
Witchcraft trials - state & religious authorities turned to public trials- they reflected the anxiety of society in the face of economic crisis, plague, warfare, political uncertainty
- most prevalent in Germany during 30 Yrs. War
- over 100,000 trials in Europe & North America in 16th & 17th centuries
- declined only when the elite discredited the belief & therefore refused to hold trials - most commoners still held the superstition
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Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):
1. Religious differences reshaped every major Euro power, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War
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Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):
1. Religious differences reshaped every major Euro power, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War
2. Internationally, it was agreed not to fight over faith, internally, there would still be lesser conflicts of faith
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Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):
1. Religious differences reshaped every major Euro power, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War
2. Internationally, it was agreed not to fight over faith, internally, there would still be lesser conflicts of faith
3. Expanded State Power - wars led to the increased power of the state & the power of the monarch
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Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):
1. Religious differences reshaped every major Euro power, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War
2. Internationally, it was agreed not to fight over faith, internally, there would still be lesser conflicts of faith
3. Expanded State Power - wars led to the increased power of the state & the power of the monarch
4. Power shifted from the Mediterranean states to Northwestern Europe, which avoided worst damage of the 30 Yrs’ War
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Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):
1. Religious differences reshaped every major Euro power, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War
2. Internationally, it was agreed not to fight over faith, internally, there would still be lesser conflicts of faith
3. Expanded State Power - wars led to the increased power of the state & the power of the monarch
4. Power shifted from the Mediterranean states to Northwestern Europe, which avoided worst damage of the 30 Yrs’ War
5. Secularization of art, politics, & science
Tuesday, November 5, 2013