Economic Crisis in Pakistan

7/28/2019 Economic Crisis in Pakistan

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Macro Economics:

ASSIGNMENT ON

ENERGY CRISIS In

PAKISTAN

Submitted By:B.com (Hons.)Semester 3Section A

Submitted To:Professor Syed Salman Rizvi


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Table of Contents

Energy crisis in Pakistan ................................................................................... 4

Pakistan-A Populous Country ........................................................................... 4

Electricity Consumption In Pakistan: ................................................................ 6

Electricity Usage Problems ............................................................................... 7

Household............................................................................................... 7

Industries: ............................................................................................... 7

The Energy Gap ................................................................................................ 8

Energy Sources In Use ...................................................................................... 9

Combustible Energy Resources ........................................................................ 9

Oil, Natural Gas and Coal (Fossil Fuel) as Energy Resources and Electricity-

Producers: ....................................................................................................... 9

Renewable Energy Resources: Hydro-Electric (Hydel) Power Energy: ............. 10

Pakistan's Heavy Dependence Upon Water Resources: .................................. 11

Surface Water: ...................................................................................... 11

Proposed And Under Developed Hydel Power Projects ............................... 11

Rainfall: ................................................................................................ 12

Ground Water: ...................................................................................... 12

Hydel Power Potential In Pakistan ................................................................. 12

SUMMARY OF THE HYDEL RESOURCES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF PAKISTAN 13

Necessity of Utilizing These Water Resources Efficiently ................................ 15

Water Availability Crisis In Pakistan Creating Energy Crisis Along The Way .... 15Water Stress: .............................................................................................. 15

Hydel Power For Over-Coming Energy Crisis .................................................. 16

Future Hydel Power Projects In Pakistan ........................................................ 17

Necessity Of Building Another Dam On Indus River ........................................ 17


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Rising Water Level On Tarbela And Mangla ........................................... 17

Why Not Other Rivers? ......................................................................... 18

Suitable Sites On River Indus ................................................................. 18

Control Food deficit: ............................................................................. 18

Kalabagh Dam Project: ................................................................................... 19

Kalabagh dam project benefits for Pakistan ................................................... 21

Power: .................................................................................................. 21

Flood alleviation ................................................................................... 21

Consequences of not building Kalabagh dam: ................................................ 22

Controversies regarding Kalabagh dam .......................................................... 22

Apprehensions of Khyberpakhtunkhwa: ............................................... 22

Apprehensions of Sindh: ....................................................................... 22

Diamer-Bhasha Dam: ..................................................................................... 23

Bhasha or Kalabagh: The More Feasible Project: ............................................ 23

Geographical Locations: Comparison: ................................................... 23

Bhasha Dam: ......................................................................................... 24

Time And Capital Required For Construction ......................................... 24

Conclusion: .................................................................................................... 24

Wind power .......................................................................................... 24

Solar Energy .......................................................................................... 25

Nuclear Energy: ..................................................................................... 25


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Energy crisis in Pakistan

Pakistan-A Populous Country

Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and

also the second most populous Muslim country. It has a population of170.6 million people

according to 2010 estimates ofMinistry of Economic Affairs & Statistics Pakistan and

184,404,709

According to July 2010 estimates of the CIA-the world fact-book. Punjab is the

most populated province having the population of 81,330,531 (according to

Punjab-World Gazetteer) followed by Sindh having 55,000,000 people.


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*1ENERGY DEMAND AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN

PAKISTAN

*Sector Wise Power Demand (2005-10)

Year Domestic Commercial Agriculture Industrial Other Total

2005-062006-072007-082008-092009-10

7,1997,5858,1278,7839,531

1,2161,2511,3121,3541,408

1,7631,8201,8931,9792,079

5,8916,4817,2528,1819,267

1,0351,0861,1591,2431,341

15,50016,60017,90019,60021,500

During financial year 2007 to 2008, electricity consumption increased by 6.8%, natural gas by10.4%, LPG by 17.6% and coal by 22.8%. Oil imports increased by 5.6% but costs increased by60.4% as well due to worldwide price hike.

1sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan

2Source: Planning Commission

Supply and demand of electricity in PakistanSupply demand position from 2002 to 20182008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Existinggeneration

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

15,903

Proposal/committedgeneration

530 4235 7226 10115

10556

13307 13520

14607

16134

18448

18448

Total existing/committedgeneration

16484 20138

23129

26018

26459

29210 29210

29423

30510

32037

34351

Expected

availablegeneration

13146 1611

0

1850

3

2081

4

2116

7

23368 2353

8

2440

8

2563

0

2748

1

27481

Demand 16484 17868

19352

20874

22460

24216 25919

28029

30223

35504

34918

Surplus/deficitgeneration

-3338 -1758 -849 -60 -1293

-758 -2381 -3621 -4593 -8023 -7437
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan


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Electricity Consumption in Pakistan:

Electricity consumption is 72.2 billion kWh (2007 EST.). It has, however, been recordedas an under-estimation.

Electricity exports: 0

Electricity imports: 0

Electricity is generated, transmitted, distributed and retail supplied by Water and Power

Development Authority (WAPDA) Pakistan and Karachi Electric Supply Co. (KESC)

Pakistan.

Following is the list of Electric supply companies in Pakistan:

Lahore Electric Supply Co. Water and Power Development Authority Karachi Electric Supply Co. Gujranwala Electric Supply Co. Faisalabad Electric Supply Co. Hubb Power Co. Islamabad Electric Supply Co. Peshawar Electric Supply Co. Multan Electric Supply Co. Hyderabad Electric Supply Co. Peshawar Electric Supply Co. Quetta Electric Supply Co. Tribal Electric Supply Co. Kott Addu Power Co.

PEPCO (Paki stan E lectric Power Co.) was dissolved on 1st October , 2010.

Published in The Express Tribune October 2, 2010.

I SLAM ABAD: The government on Fr iday dissolved the bleeding Pakistan

Electric Power Company (Pepco) to foll ow a crucial I MF diktat and at the

same time also hi ked electr icity pr ices by another 2 per cent.

The dissolution of the 18-year-old company clears the way for the

restorati on of the curr entl y suspended $11.3 bil li onIMF bailout

programme.
http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/


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Electricity Usage Problems

Household: Peak demand of electricity saw a 34% increase during 2004-2009,household, being responsible of half of the electricity consumption. This rapid increase indemand resulted from increased usage of electric appliances in household mainly due torising household incomes and burgeoning consumer financing markets. This lead to a4000-5000 MW shor tfall , corresponding to 25-30% of total demand. There is also aproblem that standby power consumption on household items is very high. People leavetheir electric appliances on without reason. its like to pay for a drink you really not got

to drink

Industries: Industrial sector, being energy intensive, gave 19% of total GDP in 2008but was the user of 43% of total energy. This was mostly due to unimprovedinfrastructure and inefficient technology in use.Low energy producti vity is increasing cost ofdoing business and decreasing industri al competi tiveness.


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The Energy Gap

Pakistan's economy has grown at an average rate of7% from financial year 2004 to

2008, resulting in an average 8.4% per year increase in energy demand. However, primary

energy supply only increased by 6% per year during this time.

According to ADB (Asian Development Bank) Technical Assistance Consul tant' sF inal Report 2009 (ADB TA 7060-PAK) in the year 2008, energy supply was 63

mil li on tons of oil equivalent(MTOE) consisting of natur al gas (47.5%), oil

(30.5%), hydropower (10.9%), coal (9.2%), LPG (l iquefied petroleum gas: 0.7%)

and nuclear (1.2%).

Pakistan is a net energy importer and the oil import bil l was $12 bill ion in f inancial year

2008. Based on conservative annual GDP forecasts of 4% (in Pakistan's case GDP growth rate

was 2% from 2009 to 2010), the total annual energy demand is expected to double 122 MTOE

in ten years. The annual energy import bil l woul d exceed $27 bill ion til l 2018. Rising energy

prices are a great burden on both the Government and the customer's pocket.

Ad hoc measures li ke rental power projects are temporary and are not suff icient.

This energy gap can only be bridged through taking two steps:

1. Increasing production and better sector performance that results in increased supply ofenergy

2. Curbing the demand through energy efficiency (clean technology investments and higherenergy output) and DSM (demand side management).

The troubling facts of Pakistan's momentous descent towards the abyss of financial crisis


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due to high energy demand, rising prices of energy import and inability to import energy due todeclining productivity in the country can only be met with by increasing self-sufficiency inenergy production to a maximum possible extent. Power generation cost has increased on the

other hand, as oil-based thermal power plants account for 68% of generating capacity. This gives rise to an increasing necessity of using less costly and environment-friendly

energy resources.

Energy Sources in Use

At present, the total power production inthe country is about 19500 MW, out of whichonly 6703 MW is hydel and balance of 13000MW is thermal and a negligible proportion is ofnuclear energy. I n short, Pakistan is using themost expensive and rapidly dimini shing energy

resour ce the most. This extremely unwisestrategy is leading the country deeper intoeconomic and environmental crisis and increasingthe momentum of nation's economic decline.

Combustible Energy Resources

Oil, Natural Gas and Coal (Fossil Fuel) as Energy Resources

and Electricity-Producers:

Oil: Pakistan imports about 80% of its oil. It spent about$5.46 billion on six million tons of petroleum products and

3.7 million tons of crude oil in financial year 2010-11. (Dawn

news: January 20, 2011.) It clearly rules out oil as a resourcefor electricity production.

Natural Gas: During the financial year 2008-09, SUI NorthernGas Company stated a shortfall in 700 MMCFD (millions ofcubic feet per day) of gas due to increased use of heaters andgeysers. It signifies that already, the demand has exceeded the

supply of gas. The proposed solution as yet available is thatPakistan should import natural gas from Iran through apipeline. But it also renders Natural Gas to be uneconomicalelectricity resource.


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Coal: Pakistan is a country abundant in coal. Coal where it is quite a cheap source ofenergy is also a hazardous one on the other hand. The fame of coal as an electricityproducing resource is due to the fact that it is cheap and can be easily burned. But the useof coal on this massive scale can create serious environmental hazards like:

Acid Rain Sulphur Oxide emissions (93% ofelectri city util ity industry in U.S.) Carbon di-oxi de emissions (Causing

global warming.)

Poorer land & toxi c wastes releasedin water as well .

Heavy nitr ogen-oxi de emissions(about 80% of dail y electr icity uti li ty

industry in U.S.)

Emissions of Mercur y (Highly toxic)Enormous amount of waste heat requires large

amount of water for cooling. The collection of thiswater from various water bodies threatens aquatic life,especially by the screens designed to keep fish fromentering into the power plants.

Hence, fossil fuel, being perishable, limited and rapidly diminishing is an unwise way ofproducing electricity for household and industrial usage on national level. On the other hand, awiser use of the natural resources like water, which come to us in abundance around the globeand covers more than 70% of earth, and wind wherever it is strong enough to drive wind-mills isso efficient at those places; and sunlight, a source of energy which promises not to extinguish tillthe end of the world promises us cheap, lasting and reliable electricity supply for generations.

Renewable Energy Resources: Hydro-Electric

(Hydel) Power Energy:

Hydel power is the most popular and widely usedenergy source among the all the renewable energy resourcesby virtue of its reliability, feasibility, consistency, side-benefits (including irrigational and civil water supply) andmost of all, its electricity generation capacity with respect tothe input required.

Hydel energy is environment friendly i.e., clean ofcombustible by-product materials like that in fossil fuelwhich is hazardous for the environment.

Moreover, hydel energy electricity generation is almost an instantaneous process. Thestarting and stopping of turbines and electricity generation thus take only a few minutes (in somecases, seconds). It is also quite cheap and most of all, the water used can be used further inirrigation and water supply to the civilians as well as the reservoir water being a spot of


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recreation for people attracting tourists or recreational souls.

Pakistan's Heavy Dependence upon

Water Resources:

Surface Water:Pakistan's sustenance is heavily dependent

upon the Indus River System (IRS) containingIndus, Jhelum and Chenab; and the glaciers fallinginto river Indus.

The river Indus enters Pakistan fromGilgit-Baltistan and bends its course to southbetween Peshawar and Rawalpindi and in itscourse, is dammed on Tarbela. It ends on a delta

east of Thatta. Hence, we can say that it is thelongest running river in Pakistan as it passesthrough three provinces and is a "bread basket" forthe agricultural lands of Punjab and Sindh whichare heavily dependent upon Sindh's water.

The heavy floods of year 2010 are partly a resul t of

poor management of the mighty River I ndus.

Proposed And Under Developed Hydel

Power Projects

Two larger dams are proposed to be built onRiver Indus, DIAMER BHASHA (Gilgit-Baltistan_ approved but not yet funded) andKALABAGH DAM (Kalabagh_ yetcontroversial).

Jhelum enters into Pakistan from the state ofAzad Jammu and Kashmir and meets Neelumnear Kohala. At this junction point, Neelum-Jhelum dam is proposed to be built and isapproved.

The IRS provides great opportunities of improvisingprojects of hydro-electrical significance and water-

storage capacity.


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SUMMARY OF THE HYDEL RESOURCES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF

PAKISTAN

Name of Province Projects

inOperation

(MW)

Projects underImplementation

Projects with F.S

Completed/Solicited Sites

(MW)

Projects with

Pre-Feasibility

Study /Raw

Sites (MW)

Total

HydelResource

(MW)PublicSector (

MW)

Private Sector

Projects(MW)Above

50

MW

Below

50

MW

Above

50 MW

Below

50

MW

Khyber

pakhtoonkhwa3849

8524 2349 Nil 77 9534 356 24689

Punjab 1699 96 134 3720 32 Nil 330 6011

AJK 1039 1231 3984 Nil 1 854 61 7170

Gilgit-Baltistan 116 12493 40 490 44 8047 493 21723

Sindh Nil Nil Nil Nil 50 80 49 179

Baluchistan Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Nil Nil 1

TOTAL 6703 22344 6507 4210 205 18515 1289 59773

The above table shows the available hydel power resources in Pakistan to be 59773 MW,the half of which, if utilized properly, will be more than sufficient to curb the energy demand inthe country for generations to come.

Onl y Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa possesses

24689 MW of hydel resources. If put intoaction they can, not only provide electricalenergy to the province itself, but also to otherprovinces as well. Gilgit Baltistan, being aseismic area, still possesses potential of 21723MW of hydel potential, which can be utilizedto a reasonable extent provided that certainprecautions and care is taken. Only a humbleporti on of thi s abundant r esource, i.e., 6703

MW of potential is cur rently being util ized

which alone is not even nearl y suf fi cient

enough to meet the dail y requirements of

household/domestic sector.


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Pakistan has 40,000 MW hydro power PotentialPakistan Times Federal Bureau Report

2http://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htm

I SLAMABAD: Pakistan has a potential of 40,000 MW Hydro Power, out of whichthe economic Hydel Power Potenti al is around 20,000 MW, whereas the existing

Hydel capacity i n operation is 5,010 MW.

According to a report of Pakistan Power I nfrastructure Board (PPIB), this f igure

was identi f ied by the Board after having a detai led sur vey conducted to prepare a

data of power potenti al i n the country.

Pakistan has alr eady planned the construction of var ious small to medium sized

Hydel Power Projects in vari ous parts of the countr y and a number of these are in

progress. Hydel r esources are mostly concentrated in the northern mountainous

regions of the countr y.

Exi sting total installed capacity i n Pakistan is 17,726 MW including total H ydel

5010 MW (Ranges from 1990 MW to 5120 MW due to seasonal var iations), total

Thermal 12254 MW and Nuclear Power 462 MW. The Thermal Porti on also

includes 5813 MW from the pr ivate sector.

Pakistan also has a very rich coal r esource potenti al for E lectri c Power

Generation estimated to be 185 bil li on tons all over the country including 184.6

bil li on tons only in the province of Sindh which could eff ectively be util ized for

power generati on and in other coal-based industri es, said the report .

These reserves include the discovery of huge deposits of coal, estimated around

175.5 bil li on tons, in the Tharparker area in the province of Sindh. Signif icant

coal deposits sui table for Power Generation are available at Sonda and Lakhra

areas in Sindh province, at Salt range Area of Punjab province and at several coal

f ields in the Baluchistan province as per the Geological Survey of Paki stan.

I t may be recalled that Pakistan has already announced Power Policy-2002 having

enormous incenti ves for the pri vate sector to attract investment in power sector2
http://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htmhttp://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htmhttp://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htmhttp://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htm


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Necessity of Utilizing These Water Resources Efficiently

Water resources in Pakistan are distinctive and limited. Due to heavy rainfall in Punjab,Sindh and Baluchistan in 2010, a serious water crisis has risen. The situation calls for efficient

measures in order to properly allocate the water resources available right now. But so far theundertaking of such steps by local or federal authorities is nowhere to be seen. Most of the wateris wasted due to poor management. This God-gifted natural resource ought to be used wisely andjustly in order to make this country a better place to live for ourselves and the future generationsto come.

Pakistan has been blessed with the largest irrigation system in the world irrigatingover 36 million hectares of land. The water comes from the heights of Kurrakuram andHimalayas and largest glaciers on planet earth to form the Indus River System. It contains alarge number of barrages, canals and water courses. The system contains three main reservoirsi.e., Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma. The water flows from barrages and headworks into canalsand subsequently into branch canals, distributaries and minors. The water used for irrigationpurpose cannot be re-utilized. About 50% of water is wasted due to poor management everyyear. Pakistan is a highly populous country and is expected to become the 5th most

populated country in the world around 2030.

According to some experts,Pakistan's water resources are expected to decline by37% over the next twenty years from 1100 cubic feet to 700 cubic feet per person every

year. Pakistan's Planning Commission's estimates are from canal head to outlets 25% and fromoutlets to farm-gate 15% every year. According to a UN report seven billion people in 60countries will be facing water scarcity along with population growth and development problems.There are chances of a world war on water.

Water Availability Crisis in Pakistan Creating Energy Crisis along the Way

Water Stress:

Hydrologists believe that when available water per

person per year falls below 1700 cubic feet, the country is

facing water stress. Hydrologists also believe that number

ofpeople facing water stress will increase to 3 billion

around 2025. Water scarcity may lead to competitionbetween rural and urban areas. It takes 1000 tons of

water to produce 1 ton of grain. So, a country would

prefer to divert the water to urban areas and import its

grain rather than use such large amount of water for

producing grain. This will work fine only if the economy

of the country remains stable, the odds of which are never so certainly in favor of the country as


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the world market situation is thoroughly a variable factor.

Recent Studies Of Wetlands Indicate Rapid Water Level Decline:

A project for the study of 32 wetlands of Pakistan was conducted by Global

Environment Facility, WWF and Government of Pakistan headed by Richard Garner, aWWF expert. He warned that at the current rates of consumption, in next 25 years, 1 out

of 3 people in Pakistan may be facing critical water shortage threatening their very

survival. Garstang said that the current level of water in Quetta was dropping by a

"yearly average of 3.5 meters". He said in a press conference in 2001, "Within 15 years

Quetta, basically, will run dry of water given the current consumption rate." He also said

that there are serious things in ecological system which are going wrong. How fast is it

going wrong is difficult to predict. He concluded that there is an "absolute lack of

awareness" regarding the magnitude and seriousness of the problem.

Hydel Power For Over-Coming Energy Crisis

The argument, whether hydel power is or isn't the solution to the ongoing energy crisis

that Pakistan is facing right now, can be settled by looking at the bigger picture. Starting new

hydel power projects is definitely going to help Pakistan considerably in long term. It will help

allocate water resources and hinder the effects of floods in heavy rainfall.

Once the dams are built, provide cheaper and cleaner energy. The building of dams and

initiation of the working of dams may take many years and thus, in short term, we dare say that

there is no apparent advantage. Nevertheless, it is the long-term strategies which are important

for a country. The strategies and plans which promise to benefit and protect several generationsto come are also as important as survival in the short-term. Pakistan's most abundant, cheap and

readily available resource is water.

Moreover, hydel power generates more energy than solar or wind energy. The ever-

growing demand of energy can be met with a higher energy source. It is needless to say that

Pakistan has the technology and knowledge of hydel power, also that hydel power doesn't

produce residual toxic or nuclear wastes which require a lot of care and caution to be gotten rid

of and mostly which escape into the atmosphere in case of combustible materials.


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Future Hydel Power Projects In Pakistan

Future Hydel Power Generation Projects with Installed Capacities and commissioning date

Name of Project Installed Capacity (MW) Commissioning DateNeelum Jhelum, AJK 960 June 2010

Doyian, NA 425 June 2015

Kalabagh 2400Postponed until consensus is reached between all provinces.

Kohala Jhelum, AJK 740 June 2010

Munda Dam, NWFP 600 Dec 2015

Suki Kinari 652 Dec 2015

Karrang, NWFP 454 Dec 2020

Tarbela 15 16, NWFP 960 Dec 2008

Spath Gah, NWFP 851 Dec 2015

Basha, Gilgit-Baltistan4500 Tentatively September, 2011

Dasu (Indus) 2712 Dec 2015

Pathan (Indus) 1172 Dec 2015

Thakot (Indus) 1043 Dec 2015Bungi (Indus) 1500 Dec 2015

Chor Nallah 1500 Dec 2020

Total 19569

Source: 2002 Power Generation Policy)

Necessity Of Building Another Dam On Indus River

Rising Water Level On Tarbela And ManglaWater level in Tarbela and Mangla has reportedly been rising to and above dead level for

the past 12 months. During the year 2010 many news channels and newspapers broadcasted

and published an alarming rise in the water levels.


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"Water level in Tarbela and Mangla dam is continuing to rise. Water level in Terbela

Dam has been recorded at 1395.63 feet and in Mangla Dam at 1159.20 feet.

According to Meteorological Department, inflow of water at Tarbela Dam is 189,000

cusecs and outflow is 149, 800 cusecs and inflow of water in Mangla Dam is 59, 915

cusecs and outflow is 40,000 cusecs. While the amount of useable water in Tarbela Dam

is235,000 feet and useable water in Mangla Dam is 245,000 feet."

The Nation- June 23, 2010.

ISLAMABAD: Low levels of water in the country's two main dams prevail.

"The water level is 111.4 feet in Tarbela Dam and 110.6 feet in Mangla Dam from dead

level, private news channel reported.

According to the Meteorological Department, the drinkable water reservoir is 359,100

acre feet in Tarbela Dam and 215,000 acre feet in Mangla."

The I nternational News- F riday, December 10, 2010.

The situation indicates that Tarbela and Mangla aren't sufficient enough to either provide

energy or store the huge amount of water as required.

Why Not Other Rivers?Out of three main rivers of IRS in Pakistan, Mangla Dam is already built on

Jhelum and the only other possibly feasible dam Neelum-Jhelum has a storage capacity

of 740 MW which is rather low. Chenab doesn't have any suitable site for building of a

dam. Indus River that extends to length of Pakistan and flows from mountainous heights to

the low-lands provides several suitable sites for small and large dams.

Suitable Sites On River IndusThere were a few sites identified in Upper Indus Valley upstream Tarbela but due

to very narrow width of the valleys between Karakorum and Himalayas, good storage sites

are very few up north. Apart from a few smaller projects, two big projects were proposed on

Indus River: Kalabagh and Diamer-Bhasha Dams.

Control Food deficit:Agriculture is the back bone of Pakistan. It has one of the fastest growing population

rates in the world. By seeing recent trend, it is feared that Pakistan might also become a victim of

food deficit in the near future.


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Kalabagh Dam Project:

Kalabagh dam is a proposed hydro electric dam proposed to be built on River Indus by

the Government of Pakistan. The dam was controversial since its beginning former president

general Pervez Musharraf 1st announced that he would build Kalabagh dam for the benefit of the

country.


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Features Of Kalabagh Dam

Official name Kalabagh dam

Located Indus river

Proposed site At Kalabagh near mianwali district of the Punjab

province bordering kyberpakhtunkhwa

Owner Government of Pakistan

Type of dam Earthfill dam

Height of dam 259 ft

Length of dam 10,991 ft

Spill way capacity 98000 ft/s

Reservoir capacity 9.7 km (7,900,000 acre feet)

Retention level Max 915 m above mean sea levelMin 825 feet above mean sea level

Power generation capacity 3600 MW

Average annual energy 11,400 GWH


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Kalabagh dam project benefits for Pakistan

Kalabagh dam would have proved very beneficial for Pakistan if it was made earlier but

its better late then never some benefits of Kalabagh dam are as under

Power:Kalabagh dam with its installed capacity of 2400

MW (ultimate 3600 MW) would add to a system a bulk

of cheap hydro power in an average year 11413 million

kilowatts hours of electricity would be generated at

Kalabagh dam.

Further as a result of a conjunctive operation an

additional 336 million kHz and upto 600 mw peak

power would be generated at tambala.

To put these figures in perspective if Kalabagh dam

was in position today there would be no load shedding

Also the energy generated in Kalabagh would be equal to 20 million barrels of oil per

year

Flood alleviationKalabagh dam would reduce the frequency and

severity of flooding along Indus particularly between dam

site and 300 miles down stream. It would store the water

and utilize it properly

Concluding the overall benefits of Kalabagh dam is

above 25 billion per annum thus the investment would be

repaid in a period of 9-10 years approximately


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Consequences of not building Kalabagh dam:

1. National food security would be jeopardized. thus importing food items would be another burdenfor Pakistan

2. Loss of the storage capacity of the online reservoir due to sedimentation thus result in shortage ofcommitted irrigation supplies .Causing serious drop of existing agriculture production

3. If Kalabagh dam is not made there is a possibility of dispute arises between Sindh and Punjab dueto water shortage

4. Imports of thermal energy would be decreased5. The cost of production has increased due expensive power6. Creating employment for 30,000 persons during construction.

Controversies regarding Kalabagh dam

Apprehensions of Kyberpakhtunkhwa:1. It is feared that flooding of Peshawar valley near Noshara town would be

aggravated

2. Drainages of surrounding area of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi plains would beadversely affected by the reservoir thus causing water logging and salinity

3. Fertile cultivable land would be submerged4. Large number of people would be displaced

Apprehensions of Sindh:1. The anxiety that the project would convert Sindh into a desert2. Cultivation of sailaba would be adversely affected3. Mangrove forest would be in danger4. Fish production and drinking water supply below Kotri would be adversely affected


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Diamer-Bhasha Dam:It has also proposed by former president of Pakistan general Pervez Musharraf.

Features of Bhasha dam

Official name Diamer bhasha dam

Located Indus river

Proposed site 315 upstream of Tarbela dam,165 downstream ofnorthern areas Gilgit , 40 km downstream of chillas

owner Government of Pakistan

Type of dam Roller compacted Concrete

Height of dam 272 m

Construction would be started Tentatively September 2011

Power capacity 4500 mwAverage power generation 16500 gwh/yr

Reservoir level 1160 m

Bhasha or Kalabagh: The More Feasible Project:

Geographical Locations: Comparison:

KALABAGH DAM:Kalabagh dam is proposed to be built in Kalabagh, in district Mianwali of Punjab. The

site proposed for the alleged dam is the only site that can store monsoon water. Agriculture is the

backbone of our countrys economy and Kalabagh dam will be able to distribute sufficient


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amount of water in the agricultural lands of Punjab and Sindh, boosting the agricultural sector

considerably as well as providing electricity to the country.

Bhasha Dam:This dam is supposed to be built high up in the mountainous region of Himalayas. The

dam is also to be built with concrete, the material that is not available in that area. The transport

facility in that area is, due to the height and also the dangerous terrains of that region is nearly

impossible to obtain if such a tremendous amount of concrete is supposed to be transported all

the way from Punjab to the heights of Gilgit-Baltistan. It would both be expensive and a long

arduous task. The area is also a highly seismic one i.e. being on top of the Central Asian Fault

Line. If the dam breaks due to the seismic activities of that region, all the area down to Sukkar

district would be completely submerged i.e. destroyed by the water. The loss of lives would be

unimaginable.

Time And Capital Required For Construction Bhasha Dam:

Bhasha dam will take about 12-15 years at the least and would cost $14 billion.

Moreover, for the construction material to be transported to the site, Karakorum will have to be

widened. That task would also take 5-6 years.

Kalabagh Dam:The construction of this dam would take 5-6 years and the capital required would be

around $5 billion, which is comparatively much lesser.

Conclusion:Kalabagh Dam is more feasible because of its low cost, quicker return, lesser geographical

hazards. The implementation of this project can be very fruitful for Pakistan, especially in the persisting

energy crisis which requires quicker actions to be taken. Apart from the hydel power, other renewable

sources can also be utilized to aid in the fight against the ongoing energy shortage crisis. For instance,

wind power, solar and nuclear energy are the sectors of power generation which can be explored to fulfill

long-term energy requirements along with hydel power.

Wind power: In the coast-lines ofGawadar, the ample wind can provide alot of potential for energy production to

fulfill the requirements of a less populated

northern part of Baluchistan and adjoining

areas of Sindh as well.


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Solar Energy: Aside from the fact thatsufficient funding for exploring the benefits

of solar energy are not yet available, but it is

also a very useful source of energy that

promises never to diminish or extinguish. If

it is delved into, it would provide a lot of

energy for the nation. Pakistan is a country

having an ideal sunny climate for solar

energy projects.

Nuclear Energy:A lot of research isrequired in this field and Pakistan, due tothe international political restrains, cannot

carry out much research on this

technology as yet.

Economic Crisis in Pakistan

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