ECOLOGY The study of how living organisms and nonliving things interact with one another in their...
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Transcript of ECOLOGY The study of how living organisms and nonliving things interact with one another in their...
ECOLOGY The study of how living organisms and nonliving things interact with one another in their environment
PART 1
BORING TERMS!!!!!
Environment Everything that surrounds and organism
Ecosystem An area where the living[biotic] and nonliving[abiotic] interact
Species A group of organisms that can breed to produce fully fertile offspring
Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Population A group of organisms of the same species which live in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed
CommunityAll the populations of the different species living and inter-acting in the same ecosystem
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
HabitatWhere a species lives
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Biodiversity the variety of plants and animals and other living things in a particular area or region Greater biodiversity =greater stability in ecosystemSexual reproduction genetic variation biodiversity stable ecosystem
Limiting FactorsFactors in the environment that
limits: Where organisms live The type of organisms living in an area The size of the population living in an
area
Examples of limiting factors Food Water Oxygen Energy from the sun Predators diseases
Competition When organisms fight for the things they
need to live
Carrying Capacity The maximum number of organisms of a
species that can live in a area and can survive
NicheRefers to the combination of the
animal’s: Habitat Feeding style[what it eats, where it eats
and time of day it eats] Role [the animals “job”]
Two species cannot occupy the same niche because both species would compete for the same food in the same place and one species would die off
Ecological Succession It’s when one community is replaced by
another community, over a period of time, until a stable community is reached
It happens naturally; not man-made
Types of ecological succession
Bare rocks changes to a forest
A lake community changes to a forest
Disturbance influences species diversity and composition A disturbance is an event that changes a
community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability
Storms and fire are significant sources of disturbance in many ecosystems
Human Disturbance Deforestation Accidental introduction of invasive species
that outcompete the native species
Regents review book June14:23,27,28,33,37,40,41,56,57,63,64 June 2013:2,23,26,29,48,49,57-60 June 2012: 3,16,17,22,26,28,54,55,64 June2011 : 12,24,26
Part 2Food relationships
Autotrophsproduces its own food
Example: Bacteria, plants, treesAlso referred to as producers
HeterotrophsEat other animals or plants for food
Also referred to as consumers
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Types of Heterotrophs Carnivore- eats meat
Predator- cheetah Scavengers- vultures
Herbivores- eats plants Omnivore- eat plants and animals
DecomposersBreaks down dead plants and animals and releases nutrients to the environment
Prevents the build-up of dead organisms
Recycles nutrients
Examples of decomposers
Some of the most common decomposers are bacteria, worms, slugs, snails, maggots, and fungi
Some of the other decomposers in the desert are beetles, earth worms and millipedes.
The decomposers in the water are
freshwater shrimp, clams, crabs, lobsters and flat worms.
Food Chain A linear sequence indicating who eats
whom Sun is the main source of energy in all
food chains Energy comes from the sun and goes
directly to the producers Energy is transferred from producers to
consumers and to decomposers
The arrows in the food chain means “eats the”
The head of the arrow points to the “eater”
The wavy arrows represent the energy given off as heat
Food Pyramid A graphical representation in the shape of
a pyramid to show the feeding relationship of groups of organisms, and the distribution of energy among different trophic levels in a given ecosystem
Trophic level: A position in a Food Pyramid occupied by a group of organisms with similar feeding mode.
As you go up the food pyramid: The number of organisms decrease Energy is lost by heat The concentration of toxins[in the species]
increases in each level of the food chain; this process is called bioaccumulation
The consumers at the top of the pyramid are the ones that are MOST VULNERABLE to extinction
Food Webs A food web is a branching food chain with
complex trophic interactions
In a stable ecosystem: There should be more producers than
herbivores
There should be more herbivores than carnivores/predators
Most animals in an ecosystem are herbivores
Relationships among species Commensalism
1 benefits, other unaffected Examples: Sucker fish & sharks
Mutualism Both benefit Examples:
Bacteria on the roots of plants Protozoa in the digestive tract of termites Hippos and birds
Parasitism1 benefits, other harmed Examples:
Bacteria or virus and humansFungus on humansTapeworm and some animals
Regents review
June 2013: 25,32,33,34
June 2014: 7,26,31,32,65,66
Part 3Recycling of materials
Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle
Carbon-Released by animals & factory-Consumed by plants
Oxygen-Released by plants-Consumed by animals
Nitrogen Cycle
A
B
C
D
E
F
Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria of decay converts dead material
into ammonia The other bacteria changes ammonia into
nitrate The plants take in the nitrates which is
used to make plant proteins
Water Cycle Water is
evaporated from lakes forming water vapor
The water vapor condenses forming clouds
The water comes down as rain, snow or hail
What makes an ecosystem stable? Constant supply of energy from the sun Recycling of materials between
organisms and their environment Biodiversity There should be more producers than
herbivores There should be more herbivores than
carnivores/predators
Part 4How humans affect the
environment
Limited resources Renewable resources can be replaced in
a reasonable amount of time Examples:
Sun Water Animals and plants Wood[from cutting down trees] food
Nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced in a reasonable amount of time
Examples: Fossil fuels[coal, petroleum, oil, natural gas] Minerals [iron ore, aluminum, silver]
What can we do to preserve our resources?
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
Human activities that are Harmful to the environment: 1. deforestation
2. direct harvesting: destroying or removing a species from its habitat
3. importing species from one environment to another
4. Land use to build more
5. Disrupting food chains by killing off species
6. erosion
Information you need to answer parts B and C on the regents 1. What is the best way to control pests
without using pesticides?
Biological control which uses living organisms instead of chemicals to control pests
Examples of biological control are:
a. increasing the population of the native organism
b. using parasites or predators c. trapping insects d. releasing sterilized male insects e. using selective breeding or genetic
engineering June 2011 #44
2. how does Nuclear energy[ electricity generated by a nuclear reactor] benefit the ecosystem? It does not use up fossil fuels It produces very little air pollution Does not produce carbon dioxide Does not cause acid rain
3. what are the harmful effects of Nuclear energy? Wastes from nuclear reactors are radioactive
Accidents and fires in reactors can give off dangerous levels of radioactivity
4. power plants use fossil, nuclear, water, wind and solar energy to produce electricity[advantages/disadvantages on the next slide]
5. air pollution includes acid rain, smog, global warming and ozone depletion
Power plant use Advantages Disadvantages
Fossil fuels Can be used anywhere, anytime
Causes pollution an nonrenewable
Nuclear energy No carbon dioxide given off
Causes thermal pollution
Water No pollution Only available in certain areas
Wind No pollution Only available when the wind blows
Solar Renewable Can only be used where there is a lot of sunlight; only in the daytime
6.too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes global warming, which means the temperature of the Earth increases
7. sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides mixed with water produces acid rain
8.CFC gases destroys the ozone layer causing the thinning of the layer which lets in more ultraviolet radiation come down to Earth
CFC gases are used as coolants in refrigerators and in air conditioners
9. water pollution includes:Nitrogen and phosphorus pollutionSediment pollutionWastesThermal pollution is the act of
altering the temperature of a natural water body, which may be a river, lake or ocean environment.