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Transcript of Ecology. Study of the relationships between the living (biotic factors plants, animals, predators,...
![Page 1: Ecology. Study of the relationships between the living (biotic factors plants, animals, predators, microbes, etc) and the non-living (abiotic factors.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062313/56649f565503460f94c7ac04/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecology
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Ecology
• Study of the relationships between the living (biotic factors plants, animals, predators, microbes, etc) and the non-living (abiotic factors soil, temperature, pH, light, rainfall, wind, etc) that occur w/in a specific habitat
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Ecosystem
• All the living and non-living factors that interact in some way w/in a well-defined area at a specific timeEx: desert, pond, grassland, forest, tundra
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WHAT AFFECTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL BIOMES? CLIMATE, ELEVATION, RAINFALL, DISTANCE FROM
EQUATOR – ALL OF THE THINGS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE!
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Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
BIOTIC & ABIOTIC FACTORS
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Ecological Niche• The role or function of an organism w/in a given ecosystem
– Food chain path of energy through trophic levels of an ecosystem
– Food web complicated, interconnected path of energy (food chain)
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FOOD WEB
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Cont. Ecological Niche
1. Producers (Autotrophs)• Include plants, algae, and some kinds of bacteria• Carries out photosynthesis process that
synthesizes glucose (sugar) from CO2 and H2O in the presence of light
• Autotrophic cells produce ALL the food available to the ecosystem
light
6 CO2 + 6 H2O ------------------------ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
chlorophyll
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Cont. Ecological Niche
2. Consumers (Heterotrophs)• Organisms which utilize nutrients synthesized by
autotrophs (dependent on producers!)Ex: birds, humans, bats, elephants, butterflies, giraffesa. Respiration– Aerobic (requires O2) breakdown of nutrients and
the production of energy (ATP) and wastes
6 O2 + C6H12O6 -------------------- ATP + 6 H2O + 6 CO2
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Cont. Consumers
b. Fermentation– Anaerobic (does not require O2) breakdown of
nutrients and the production of energy and wastes
-------- ATP + 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 (yeasts)
C6H12O6 -------- ATP + 2 acetic acid + 2 CO2 (bacteria)
-------- ATP + lactic acid (bacteria)
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Cont. Ecological Niche
3. Decomposers (Detritivores/ Saprophytes)• Includes bacteria and fungi• Heterotrophic organisms which break down
dead/ decayed organic matter and then recycle the nutrients (elements) back into the environment
* NOTE: Observe how the carbon is cycled between the various organisms that are carrying out theses basic life reactionsEx: how matter (non-living) is interacting w/ organisms (living things)
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Pyramids of Trophic Levels
• Trophic level each step in a food chain/ “feeding” level that exists w/in an ecosystem
• 5 trophic levels typically recognized: 1. Primary producers = autotrophs/ usually photosynthetic2. Primary consumers = herbivores that consume primary producers (ex: plants and algae)
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• 3. Secondary consumers = carnivores that eat herbivores 4. Tertiary consumers = carnivores that eat other carnivores 5. Decomposers = consumers that derive energy from detritus (organic wastes) and dead organisms from other trophic levels
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Decomposers recycle matter
• Energy flow through an ecosystem is unidirectional (not returned to ecosystem)
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Practice
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Ecological Pyramid
• Ecological pyramid- diagram showing relationships between organisms making up an ecosystem
• Looks at trophic efficiency percentage of production (available energy) transferred from 1 trophic level to the next
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3 Kinds of Ecological Pyramids • 1. Pyramid of Numbers
– Numbers of organisms in each trophic level
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Cont. 3 Kinds of Ecological Pyramids2. Pyramid of Energy
o Measures the amount of energy available to higher trophic levels
o Greatest amount of energy is present in the “producer” level
o Only a small portion of this energy (10%) is passed on to primary consumers, and only a small portion of the energy (10%) in primary consumers is passed on to secondary consumers
o Used to show the LOSS of energy (10% LAW) at each level
o Considerable energy (in the form of heat/ 90%) is LOST to the environment at each successive feeding level
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Cont. Pyramid of Energy
Producers 100%
10%
1%
.1%
.01% Respiration HeatWasteAssimilationMovement100%
SUNLIGHT
Energy lost:a. Sunlight is reflected off leaves instead of being used for
photosynthesis b. Through respiration as heat c. Excretion and defecation d. Energy used for movement and transport
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Cont. Pyramid of Energy
Ex: a. Humans cellular respiration
6 O2 + glucose -------- 36 ATP (energy molecules)
(100%) --------- 55% lost as heat b. Cycles: C, O2, N2 ------- recycled through respiration and photosynthesis
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Cont. Pyramids of Trophic Levels
3. Pyramid of Biomasso Total dry weight of ALL organisms
at EACH trophic levelo Low trophic efficiency a
decrease in available energy at higher feeding levels
o Therefore, less organic matter/ biomass can be supported at each higher level
a) Total mass of producers MUST be > total mass of primary consumers
b) Total mass of primary consumer MUST be > total mass of secondary consumers
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Pyramid of Biomass
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Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of NumbersShows the relativenumber of individualorganisms at eachtrophic level
Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level/ typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid
Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level/ organisms use about 10% of this energy for life processes and the rest is lost as heat
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Competitive Relationship
• A change in the size of 1 population affects all other organisms w/in the ecosystem
• Predation (+/-) relationship in which 1 species kills and eats the preya. Predator animal that hunts, kills
and eats other animals for food -Need to be adapted for efficient
hunting if they are to catch enough food to survive
b. Prey organisms that predators kill for food
- Must be well adapted to escape their predators if enough of them are
to survive for the species to continue
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Cont. Competitive Relationships
1. Niche how an organism lives/ how it does its jobs; affects the energy flow w/in ecosystem
2. Competition when 2 species uses the same resources/ when the resource is in limited supply
3. Character displacement response to competition; some changes may by physical or behavioral
4. Competitive exclusion species that is the better competitor may drive the other outa. No 2 species can occupy the same nicheb. Local elimination of 1 competing speciesc. Species using resource more efficiently eliminates the other
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Cont. Competitive Relationships
5. Coevolution 2 species interacting w/in an ecosystem; some work in opposition to each other, others cooperate w/ each other
6. Coevelution “arms race”a. Selection pressure on each other- 1 must defend itself and the other must overcome the defenseb. Predator counter-attack measures Ex: stealth, camouflage, avoiding repellants
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Bay-Breasted WarblerFeeds in the middlepart of the tree
Yellow-Rumped WarblerFeeds in the lower part of the tree andat the bases of the middle branches
Cape May WarblerFeeds at the tips of branchesnear the top of the tree
Spruce tree
Section 4-2
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches3 SPECIES OF WARBLERS & THEIR NICHES
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Camouflage/ Cryptic Coloration
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Aposematic/Warning Coloration
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Mimicry
Venomous Coral Snake Red Milk Snake
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• The monarch (left) and viceroy (right) butterflies exhibiting Müllerian mimicry
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Symbiosis
• 2 different species living together in some (unusual) way
• 3 Patterns1. Mutualism (+/+)o Both species benefit from each other
2. Commensalism (+/0)o 1 specie benefits while the other is neither helped
nor harmed3. Parasitism (+/-)o 1 specie benefits while the other is harmed o Parasite steals nourishment from host
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Cont. Symbiosis
RELATIONSHIPS: WHO WINS? (+) WHO LOSES (-)
Interactions Effect on One Effect on Other
Competition
Parasitism
Predation
Mutualism
Commensalism
Neutral relationship
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Guess the relationship?
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Guess the relationship?Tick in a dog
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Guess the relationship?Barnacles on whale
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Condensation
Seepage
Runoff
Precipitation
TranspirationEvaporation
RootUptake
Section 3-3
The Water Cycle
THE WATER CYCLE
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CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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NITROGEN
• 79% OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS (N2) IS NITROGEN
• UNUSABLE AS GAS – PLANTS & ANIMALS MUST HAVE IT FOR THEIR PROTEINS
• ANIMALS EXCRETE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AS METABOLIC WASTE (BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS): URIC ACID, UREA, AND AMMONIA (LISTED FROM LEAST TO MOST TOXIC)
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Nitrogen Cycle
Compound Converts To By (Which Bacteria)
N2 Ammonia/Protein N2 Fixing
NH3 Nitrites NO2- Nitrifying
NO2- Nitrates NO3
- Nitrifying
NO3- Nitrogen N2 Denitrifying
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Nitrogen Cycle
Convert N2 to proteins in plants called legumes clover Nitrifying bacteria:
convert NH3 to nitrites & convert nitrites to nitrates
Nitrates (Usable: can be absorbed by roots)
Reduces nitrates to nitrogen, restoring N2 to atmosphere
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3-
and NO2-
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PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
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WHICH THINGS CYCLE THROUGH THE BIOSPERE? WHICH ONES DO SO WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE?
WATERPHOSPHOROUS
SULFUR CARBON
NITROGENOXYGEN
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PopulationGrowth
can be
represented bycharacterized by characterized by represented by
which cause a
Exponentialgrowth
Logisticgrowth
Fallinggrowth rate
S-shapedcurve
Limits ongrowth
No limits on growth
J-shapedcurve
Constantgrowth rate
Unlimitedresources
Section 5-1
Concept Map
POPULATION GROWTH
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3 Factors that Affect Pop Size:
1. # of births2. #s of deaths3. #s of inds that enter or leave the pop (IMMIGRATION & EMIGRATION)
POPULATION ….• Grows when BIRTHRATE > DEATH RATE• Stays more/ less the same when BIRTHRATE = DEATH RATE• Shrinks when DEATH RATE > BIRTHRATE
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EXPONENTIAL GROWTH• Occurs when inds in a pop reproduce at a constant rate
• Under ideal conditions with a UNLIMITED RESOURCE, a pop will grow exponentially
• J-shaped curve
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Nu m
ber
of Y
east
Cel
l s
Time (hours)
Carrying capacity
Section 5-1
Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast Population
LOGISTIC GROWTH• As resources become less available, growth of pop slows or stops• CARRYING CAPACITY # of inds that a given environment can support• S-shaped curve
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LIMITING FACTORS (CAUSES POPULATIONS TO
DECREASE)• DENSITY-INDEPENDENT: AFFECT ALL POPULATIONS
REGARDLESS OF SIZE- UNUSUAL WEATHER, SEASONAL CYCLES, & CERTAIN HUMAN ACTIVITIES
• DENSITY-DEPENDENT: DEPENDS ON POP SIZE- (AFFECT LARGE & DENSE POPULATIONS, NOT SMALL & SCATTERED POPULATIONS)- COMPETITION, PREDATION, PREDATION, PARASITISM, & DISEASE
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Growth of Aphids
Exponential growth
Steady populationsize
Peak populationsize
Rapid decline
Steady populationsize
Section 5-2
A Density-Dependent Limiting Factor A DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR
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60
50
40
30
20
10
01955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
2400
Moose Wolves
Section 5-2
Figure 5-7 Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle RoyaleA DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING
FACTOR
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Agriculturebegins
Plowingand irrigation
Bubonicplague
IndustrialRevolutionbegins
Section 5-3
Human Population Growth
HUMAN GROWTH POPULATION
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U.S. Population Rwandan PopulationMales MalesFemales Females
Section 5-3
Figure 5-13 Age DistributionHUMAN POPULATION GROWTH(AGE- STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS)
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Protists
Insects
BacteriaFungi
Plants
Other Animals
54.4%
4.2%
18%
3.4%0.3%
19.7%
Section 6-3
Species Diversity
SPECIES DIVERSITY
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Fish-Eating BirdsMagnification ofDDT Concentration
10,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000,000
1
1000
LargeFish
Small Fish
Zooplankton
Producers
Water
Section 6-3
Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION/AMPLIFICATION
•CONCENTRATIONS OF A HARMFUL SUBSTANCE INCREASE IN ORGS AT HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS IN A FOOD CHAIN/ WEB
• TOP CARNIVORES AT HIGHEST RISK
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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESIONSERIES OF PREDICTABLE CHANGES THAT OCCURS IN A COMM OVER TIME
A.PRIMARY SUCCESION- occurs on an area of newly exposed rock or sand or lava or any area that has not been occupied previously by a living (biotic) community
• Pioneer species LICHEN
B. SECONDARY SUCCESION-takes place where community has been removed ex: in a plowed field or a clear cut forest
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PRIMARYSUCCESION
SECONDARYSUCCESION