Ecology: Species Interactions Ch. 8-2. Community Ecology Just as populations contain interacting...
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Transcript of Ecology: Species Interactions Ch. 8-2. Community Ecology Just as populations contain interacting...
Ecology: Species Ecology: Species InteractionsInteractionsCh. 8-2Ch. 8-2
Community EcologyCommunity Ecology Just as populations contain interacting Just as populations contain interacting
members of a single species, communities members of a single species, communities contain interacting populations of many contain interacting populations of many species.species. There are 5 major interactions between There are 5 major interactions between
species:species: PredationPredation CompetitionCompetition ParasitismParasitism MutualismMutualism CommensalismCommensalism
PredationPredation
An individual of one species, called a An individual of one species, called a predatorpredator, , eats all or part of an individual of another eats all or part of an individual of another species, called the species, called the prey.prey.
Predation is powerful in a communityPredation is powerful in a community Influences the size of each population and how each Influences the size of each population and how each
species livesspecies lives Examples of Predators:Examples of Predators:
CarnivoresCarnivores HerbivoresHerbivores (all heterotrophs are either predators, parasites, or (all heterotrophs are either predators, parasites, or
both)both)
Predator AdaptationsPredator Adaptations
What makes a good predator? What makes a good predator? Natural selection favors the evolution of predator Natural selection favors the evolution of predator
adaptations for finding, capturing, and consuming adaptations for finding, capturing, and consuming preyprey
Ex:Ex: RattlesnakesRattlesnakes WolvesWolves SpidersSpiders CheetahCheetah TigersTigers
Adaptations in Animal Adaptations in Animal PreyPrey
What are some adaptations that organism’s What are some adaptations that organism’s use to avoid predation?use to avoid predation? Natural Selection favors traits that allow prey to Natural Selection favors traits that allow prey to
escape, avoid, or ward off predatorsescape, avoid, or ward off predators Some fleeSome flee Others escape by hiding or resembling other Others escape by hiding or resembling other
objectsobjects Deceptive markings (false eyes or heads)Deceptive markings (false eyes or heads) Chemical Defenses and bright colorsChemical Defenses and bright colors
Prey AdaptationsPrey Adaptations
MimicryMimicry Mimicry: this is a defense where a Mimicry: this is a defense where a
HARMLESS species mimics a dangerous HARMLESS species mimics a dangerous or distaste full speciesor distaste full species
It does this so that its predators will think it is poisonous It does this so that its predators will think it is poisonous or distasteful. It is protected because it looks like or distasteful. It is protected because it looks like someone else who is dangerous!someone else who is dangerous!
Can you guess which Can you guess which snake is the MIMIC? snake is the MIMIC?
"Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, won't "Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, won't hurt Jack." hurt Jack."
Scarlet king snake on the left is the mimic, and Scarlet king snake on the left is the mimic, and the coral snake on the right is the venomous onethe coral snake on the right is the venomous one
Adaptations in Plant PreyAdaptations in Plant Prey
Plants cannot run from predators so they Plants cannot run from predators so they have developed their own defenses.have developed their own defenses. Sharp thorns, spikes, sticky hairs, or tough Sharp thorns, spikes, sticky hairs, or tough
leavesleaves Chemical defenses (secondary compounds)Chemical defenses (secondary compounds)
Plant DefensesPlant Defenses
COMPETITIONCOMPETITION
A Niche is an organism’s role in its A Niche is an organism’s role in its environment (where it lives, what it eats, what environment (where it lives, what it eats, what resources it uses etc).resources it uses etc).
Competition happens when two organisms Competition happens when two organisms have overlapping niches or when resources have overlapping niches or when resources are limited. are limited.
The competitive exclusion principle says “no The competitive exclusion principle says “no two organisms can survive with the same exact two organisms can survive with the same exact niche”… one has to be eliminated by the niche”… one has to be eliminated by the competition. competition.
CompetitionCompetition
If 2 species share the same niche, If 2 species share the same niche, something has to happen:something has to happen: One will get killedOne will get killed Share (Resource Partitioning)Share (Resource Partitioning) One species will be pushed out One species will be pushed out
or leaveor leave Evolve to be different (Character Evolve to be different (Character
Displacement)Displacement)
What are symbiotic What are symbiotic relationships?relationships?
They occur when there are close, long-They occur when there are close, long-term interactions between two term interactions between two organisms! organisms! Parasitism (+, -)Parasitism (+, -) Mutualism- (+,+)Mutualism- (+,+) Commensalism (+,0)Commensalism (+,0)
PARASITISMPARASITISM(+,-)(+,-) One organism is harmed while the other One organism is harmed while the other
benefits.benefits. The __________ feeds on the The __________ feeds on the
_____________._____________. Usually parasitism does not result in Usually parasitism does not result in
the _____________________________ of the _____________________________ of the host. The parasite wants to keep the the host. The parasite wants to keep the host alive to feed off of it. host alive to feed off of it.
ParasiteHost
Immediate death
ParasitesParasites
A physician pulls a 19-foot tapeworm A physician pulls a 19-foot tapeworm from a man who has been treated with from a man who has been treated with deworming medication. The Worm deworming medication. The Worm Project helps to provide funds used for Project helps to provide funds used for the manufacture of 5-cent pills that the manufacture of 5-cent pills that
provide deworming treatment.provide deworming treatment.
Mutualism (+,+)Mutualism (+,+)
Is cooperative…. where both species Is cooperative…. where both species benefit!benefit!
Ex. Pollination, Cleaner WrasseEx. Pollination, Cleaner Wrasse
COMMENSALISM (+, 0)COMMENSALISM (+, 0) One benefits and the other is not affected. One benefits and the other is not affected.
Ex. Cattle egret birds eat the insects that are forced Ex. Cattle egret birds eat the insects that are forced out of their hiding places when buffalo move through out of their hiding places when buffalo move through the grass. the grass.
(who benefits?_______________________ (who benefits?_______________________ Who is not affected? _______________)Who is not affected? _______________)
Commensalism: RemorasCommensalism: Remoras