Ecology jt2012
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Transcript of Ecology jt2012
Ecology - C. 18The study of the interactions between
organisms and the living and nonliving components of their
environment.
Levels of Organization• Biosphere-everything living• Ecosystem-living and nonliving
in an area• Community-group of populations• Population- # same species in an
area• Organism-an individual
Theme: Interconnectedness. No organism is isolated!
Coevolution of Species
Population DynamicsPopulation: Members of the same species living in a particular place at the same time.
Measuring Population Density:The Mark-Recapture Method
Formula for calculating population size:
N = (M * C) / R
N = population sizeM = individuals marked on first sampling effortC = individuals marked on second sampling effortR = individuals captured both times
Distribution
Measuring Populations
• Demographics-study of population dynamics. How populations grow and what factors limit growth.
• Per Capita Growth: BR-DR = GR
Models of Growth
• Exponential Growth • Logistic Growth
Exponential Growth of Bacteria
Logistic Growth
Fur Seals on Saint Paul Island, off the coast of Alaska
Limiting Factors & Carrying Capacity
Population Cycles: Predation
Human Population Growth
Survivorship Curves
Ecosystem Components• Abiotic Factors: non-living components
such as sunlight, water, temperature, wind, natural disasters and rocks and soil.
• Biotic Factors: living components (or biota) such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Communities- C. 19
• All interacting organisms living in one area.
Biodiversity • The biodiversity of an area is
a way of describing how many different organisms live there
• Low biodiversity is a major problem that can occur to decrease the aesthetic and/or utilitarian value of an ecosystem
• A variety of indices can be used to describe an area’s biodiversity
Invasive Species
• An invasive species is one that when brought to a new area or part of an area is likely to cause or will cause environmental harm
• Most often, the harm caused is a loss of biodiversity or loss of some other species
• An exotic or alien species is one that is not native to an area
Dutch Elm Disease
Species Interactions
Examples of Species Interactions
• Commensalism
•Mutualism
•Parasitism
Keystone Species
Competition
Competitive Exclusion
Resource Partitioning, Anolis lizards
Creating or Repairing: Succession
Succession in Iceland
Periodic Disturbances
Increased sunlight and soil nutrients released from the tress that burned in a forest fire in Yellowstone National Park greatly contributed to the recolonization of the land.
Energy in Ecosystems
Food Chain
Food Web
Trophic Levels
Energy Pyramids
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Where do Organisms Live?Climate is a major Influence
Biomes: In General
Tropical Rain Forest
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Taiga
Savanna
Temperate Grassland
Chaparral
Desert
Tundra
Lakes
River
Wetland
Estuary
Intertidal Zone
Oceans
Coral Reefs
Benthic Zone