Chapter 52 Ecology & Biosphere. Fig. 52-2 Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology...
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Transcript of Chapter 52 Ecology & Biosphere. Fig. 52-2 Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology...
Chapter 52
Ecology & Biosphere
Fig. 52-2Organismalecology
Populationecology
Communityecology
Ecosystemecology
Landscapeecology
Globalecology
Studies in Ecology
The Biosphere
Ecology = the study of the interaction of organisms with their environments.
The word "ecology" coined from Greek word "oikos", which means "house" or "place to live”.
It involves understanding biotic and abiotic factors influencing the distribution and abundance of living things.
Biotic Factors• Competitors
• Disease
• Predators
• Food availability
• Habitat availability
• Symbiotic relationships
Abiotic Factors• pH
• Temperature
• Weather conditions
• Water availability
• Chemical composition of environment
• nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, O2, pollution
• population growth
• competition between species
• symbiotic relationships
• trophic (=feeding) relationships
• origin of biological diversity
• interaction with the physical environment
• The entire proportion of the earth that is inhabited by life.
• Includes communities and ecosystems.
The BiosphereThe Biosphere
What are Biomes?
Biomes are regions in the world that share similar plant structures, plant spacing, animals, climate and weather.
How are Biomes Classified?
Terrestrial or aquatic.
Climate- long term weather patterns
Weather- momentary conditions of the atmosphere; created by the unequal heating & cooling of the earth’s surface.
I. Climate
Temperature & Precipitation- major factors that determine an areas climate.
Humidity- the amount of water vapor air holds, which is dependent upon temperature.
Fig. 52-10c
March equinox
60ºN30ºN
0º (equator)
30ºSJune solstice
Constant tiltof 23.5º
September equinox
December solstice
Fig. 52-10b
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun directly overhead at equinoxes
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Atmosphere
90ºS (South Pole)60ºS
30ºS
23.5ºS (Tropic ofCapricorn)
0º (equator)
30ºN
60ºN
23.5ºN (Tropic ofCancer)
90ºN (North Pole)
Climate
Convection cell model
Non-rotating Earth
Add rotation and add landmasses unequal heating and cooling of the Earth
Fig. 52-10f
0º(equator)
30ºS
60ºS66.5ºS(Antarctic Circle)
30ºN
66.5ºN(Arctic Circle)
60ºNWesterlies
Northeast trades
Doldrums
Southeast trades
Westerlies
Tradewinds
Fig. 52-11
Labradorcurrent
Gulfstream
Equator
Cold water
Warm water
Thermohaline Circulation
Fig. 52-13
Winddirection
Mountainrange
Leeward sideof mountain
Ocean
Rain Shadow Effect
Biomes
Species composition is not the same in different areasSpecies composition is not the same in different areas
Plant & animal communities
Occupy large regions
Function & structure similar to those in similar environments elsewhere
tundra
grassland
taiga
chaparral
desert scrub
desert
deciduous forest
savannah
rainforest
alpine
Biomes of the World
Tundra
Taiga
Grasslands
Deserts
Deciduous Forests
Tropical Rainforests
Biomes
• Chaparral• Savanna• Tropical Deciduous
Rain Forest• Marine• Antarctic
Primary BiomesOther Biomes
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Tropical
Temperate
Temperate
Arctic
Antarctic
Deciduous Forest Biome
• Moderate climate• Temperatures range between –30oC and 30oC• Averages from 75 to 150 cm of precipitation• Broadleaf plants; seasonal
• Complex biome
• Good canopy & understory
• Fairly rich soils; productive
• US: early ag. - abandoned
Deciduous Forest Biome
Temperate deciduous forest
• Deciduous trees lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter
• Mid-latitude forests in Europe, East China, Eastern North America
• Fertile soils• Forests: oak, beech,
maple
deer
black bear
Grasslands Biome
Temperate grasslands• More extreme temperature
difference between winter and summer
• Less precipitation• Also called steppe or prairie
– Once widespread throughout parts of North and South America and much of central Asia
– Much was converted for agriculture
– Bison, prairie dogs, antelope, and ground-nesting birds
groundhogs
bison
Savanna
• Tropical grassland interspersed with trees
• Africa, South America, Australia, India
• Precipitation only during rainy season
• Water holes
• Zebras, gazelles, giraffes, lions, hyenas
giraffes
Temperate rainforest
• Coastal Pacific Northwest region
• Great deal of precipitation
• Coniferous trees: cedar, spruce, hemlock, fir
• Moisture-loving animals– Banana slug
• The fertile soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides.
• Overharvesting has driven species to extinction and ruined human communities.
Tropical Rainforest Biome
Tropical Rainforest• Typically found near the equator• Receives more than 200 cm of
rain annually• Temperatures typically fall
between 20oC and 25oC for the entire year
• As many as 50% of all the world’s animal species may be found here
Tall, stratified tree canopy= dark on forest floor (seedlings?)
Good drainage
Rapid decomposition = nutrients in plants
Tropical Rainforest Biome
Tropical rainforest
• Central and South America, southeast Asia, west Africa
• Year-round rain and warm temperatures
• Dark and damp
• Lush vegetation
• Highly diverse species, but at low densities
• Very poor, acidic soils
• Nutrients contained in plants
Understory
Canopy layer
Emergent layer
Forest floor
Tropical dry forest• Tropical deciduous
forest
• India, Africa, South America, northern Australia
• Wet and dry seasons
• Warm, but less rainfall
• Converted to agriculture
• Erosion-prone soil
Desert Biome
Desert• Widely spaced plants
• Thorn bushes, succulents
• Many types of animals, well adapted
• Typically found between 25o and 40o latitude
• Receives less than 25 cm of rain each year
• Temperatures typically range between 20oC and 25oC but some extreme deserts can reach temperatures higher than 38oC and lower than –15oC
Desert Biome
Spade-foot ToadsSpade-foot Toads
playa (temporary lake)
Tundra Biome
Very short growing season
Mosses, lichens, sedges, no trees
Permafrost layer
Abundant water; sponge
Mammals, lemmings
Flies, mosquitoes, birds
Tundra Biome
Tundra• Canada, Scandinavia, Russia
• Minimal precipitation– Nearly as dry as a desert
• Seasonal variation in temperature– Extremely cold winters
• Permafrost: permanently frozen soil
• Few animals: polar bears, musk oxen, caribou
• Lichens and low vegetation with few trees
watervegetation
permafrost
soil
Structure of the Tundra
soil
caribou
snowyowl
Taiga Biome
• Evergreen conifers
• Typically found between 45o and 60o North latitude
• Cold climate with summer rains• Very few reptiles• Limited understory• Snow is primary form of precipitation (40 – 100
cm annually)• Seasonal cycle: migrations
• Abundant, open water
• Nutrient rich soils
Taiga (Boreal) Biome
Boreal forest (taiga)
• Canada, Alaska, Russia, Scandinavia
• Variation in temperature and precipitation
• Cool and dry climate– Long, cold winters – Short, cool summers
• Poor, acidic soil• Few evergreen tree species• Moose, wolves, bears,
migratory birds
Chaparral• Mediterranean Sea,
California, Chile, and southern Australia
• High seasonal– Mild, wet winters– Warm, dry summers
• Frequent fires• Densely thicketed,
evergreen shrubs
Marine Biome
• The ocean is the largest of all ecosystems.• Consists of oceans, coral reefs, and
estuaries, hydrothermal vents, salt marshes, coastal zones
• The ocean contains a diverse array of plants and animals at various depth zones.
The Water Planet
Fig. 52-16b
(b) Marine zonation
2,000–6,000 mAbyssal zone
Benthiczone
Aphoticzone
Pelagiczone
Continentalshelf
200 mPhotic zone
0
Oceanic zoneNeritic zone
Intertidal zone
Marine Biome
Questions
• The area used as the basis for defining a biome is:
• An important function of permafrost is to:
• In which biome would you expect to find the fewest trees?
• Limitations for primary production in the ocean include:
• The ocean is a desert because: