EcologyThe study of living organisms in the natural environment, how they interact with one another and how they interact with their nonliving environment

How are organisms classified? 2 Latin namesHomo sapiensHomo = genusHomo sapiens = species

Genus= initial capital letter Specific name = lower case Always italic

Helianthus annuus

Sunflower

Panthera tigris tigrisBengal Tiger

Panthera tigris altaicaSiberian Tiger

Canis familiaris

Dog

Canis lupusWolf

BINNOMIAL SYSTEM

Animal Kingdom

Invertebrates: Porifera Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes Roundworms

Mollusks Annelida

Arthropods Echinoderms

Vertebrates: Fish

Amphibian Reptiles

Birds Mammals

ALL heterotrophic: get food from environment(plants are AUTOTROPHS = MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD)

Porifera Sponges Pores Filter water Asymmetrical Do not move Eat plankton

Cnidaria Jellyfish, anemones,

coral Stinging cells in

tentacles Radial symmetry Eat: small and large

organisms like fish Portuguese Man of War

Caravela Portuguesa

Brain coral

Platyhelminthes Tapeworm, planaria Bilateral symmetry Eat other animals Some parasites: steal

food from host Taenia – parasite tapeworm

Annelids Earthworms, Leeches Terrestrial, marine,

parasites “Rings” – segmented

body Bilateral symmetry

earthworm

leeches

Mollusks Clams, Snails,

Slugs, Squid, Octopus

Soft body Shell Bilateral symmetry Primitive brain

Arthropods Crabs, lobsters, shrimp,

spiders, mites, scorpions, centipedes, insects

Articulated legs Hard exoskeleton Segmented body Shed exoskeleton in order

to grow Bilateral symmetry

crab spider Praying mantis

millipede

“kissing bug” - barbeiro

centipede

More arthropods...

Walking stick

scorpion cockroach

Blue lobster

Echinoderms Sea urchin, sea

cucumber, sand dollar, starfish

Marine Radial symmetry

red knobbed starfish

Sea cucumberSand dollar

Sea urchin

Vertebrates

Cold-blooded animals - Ectothermic

Warm-blooded animals - Endothermic

Ecology Vocabulary: Autotroph = Producer =

makes its own food (plants, algae)

Heterotroph = Consumer = gets food from the environment (animals, fungi)

Decomposers = eat dead organic matter (bacteria, fungi)

Consumers can be: Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore

Ecology VocabularyEcosystem: Area in which living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors interact

Biotic factors: living things (animals, plants, microorganisms, etc)

Abiotic factors = non-living things like water, temperature, soil, light, air...

Habitat = place in which an organism lives

SpeciesPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiosphere

Food Chains/Food Webs Represent the flow of energy from the sun to autotrophs to

heterotrophs

Let’s classify the organisms into:- Producers- Primary consumers- Secondary

consumers- Tertiary consumers- Quaternary

consumers

Energy transfer• As you go up trophic levels, organisms lose

energy.• An ecosystem can support more primary

consumers, than tertiary consumers

Symbiotic Relationships MUTUALISM: Both species benefit (+/+)

Pollination: bees + flowers

Cleaner shrimp

Birds + rhino

Clownfish + anemone

Symbiotic Relationships PARASITISM: One species benefits at the expense of

another (+/-) Host/Parasite

tick

leech

tapeworm

lamprey

Roundworm

Symbiotic Relationships COMMENSALISM: One species benefits, other is

unaffected (+/0)

Bacteria - common in the intestine

Bird gets insects that fly away while the cow is grazing

Symbiotic Relationships PREDATION: One species benefits at the

expense of another (+/-)

Lion hunting zebra

Camouflage - Adaptations

Owl FrogCrabspider

Hare Horned Lizard