Eb Intro To Biotechnology 49
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Transcript of Eb Intro To Biotechnology 49
IntroductiIntroduction to on to
BiotechnolBiotechnologyogy
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyBiotechnology helps Biotechnology helps to meet our basic to meet our basic needs.needs.
Food, clothing, Food, clothing, shelter, health and shelter, health and safetysafety
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyImprovements by Improvements by using scienceusing science
Science helps in Science helps in production plants, production plants, animals and other animals and other organismsorganisms
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyAlso used in Also used in maintaining a maintaining a good environment good environment that promotes our that promotes our well beingwell being
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyUsing scientific Using scientific processes to get new processes to get new organisms or new organisms or new products from products from organisms.organisms.
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyLarge areaLarge areaIncludes many Includes many approaches and approaches and methods in science methods in science and technologyand technology
Office of Tech Office of Tech Assessment Assessment
DefinitionDefinition Any technique that Any technique that uses living organisms uses living organisms or substances from or substances from those organisms to those organisms to make or modify a make or modify a product, to improve product, to improve plants or animals….plants or animals….
Cont.Cont.Or to develop Or to develop microorganisms for microorganisms for specific uses.specific uses.
Agricultural Agricultural ViewView
All of the applied All of the applied science based science based operations in operations in producing food, producing food, fiber, shelter, and fiber, shelter, and related productsrelated products
Agricultural Agricultural ViewView
Milk productionMilk productionNew horticultural and New horticultural and
ornamental plantsornamental plantsWildlife, aquaculture, Wildlife, aquaculture,
natural resources and natural resources and environmental environmental managementmanagement
MultidisciplinMultidisciplinaryary
Involves many Involves many disciplines or disciplines or branches of learningbranches of learning
Includes all areas of Includes all areas of Life SciencesLife Sciences
Organismic Organismic BiotechBiotech
Working with Working with complete, intact complete, intact organisms or their organisms or their cellscells
Organisms are not Organisms are not genetically changed genetically changed with artificial meanswith artificial means
Organismic Organismic BiotechBiotech
Help the organism live Help the organism live better or be more better or be more productiveproductive
Goal – improve Goal – improve organisms and the organisms and the conditions in which conditions in which they growthey grow
Organismic Organismic BiotechBiotech
Study and use Study and use natural genetic natural genetic variationsvariations
Cloning is an Cloning is an example of example of organismic biotechorganismic biotech
CloningCloningProcess of producing Process of producing
a new organism from a new organism from cells or tissues of cells or tissues of existing organism.existing organism.
1997 cloned sheep – 1997 cloned sheep – “Dolly” in Edinburgh “Dolly” in Edinburgh ScotlandScotland
Molecular Molecular BiotechBiotech
Changing the Changing the genetic make-up of genetic make-up of an organisman organism
Altering the Altering the structure and parts structure and parts of cellsof cells
Complex!Complex!
Molecular Molecular BiotechBiotech
Uses genetic Uses genetic engineering, engineering, molecular mapping molecular mapping and similar and similar processesprocesses
Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineering
Changing the genetic Changing the genetic information in a cellinformation in a cell
Specific trait of one Specific trait of one organism may be organism may be isolated,cut, and isolated,cut, and moved into the cell of moved into the cell of another organismanother organism
TransgenicTransgenicResults of Gen. Eng. Results of Gen. Eng. Are said to be Are said to be “transgenic”“transgenic”
Genetic material in Genetic material in an organism has an organism has been alteredbeen altered
Biotech Biotech examplesexamples
MedicineMedicine AgricultureAgriculture EnvironmentEnvironment ForestryForestry Food and beverage Food and beverage
processingprocessing
MedicineMedicine Some new Some new developments delve developments delve into the hereditary into the hereditary material of humans material of humans known as gene known as gene therapytherapy
MedicineMedicine Therapeutant - product Therapeutant - product
used to maintain health used to maintain health or prevent diseaseor prevent disease
Biopharmaceuticals – Biopharmaceuticals – drug or vaccine drug or vaccine developed through developed through biotechnologybiotechnology
Called designer drugsCalled designer drugs
MedicineMedicine Biopharming – Biopharming –
production of production of pharmaceuticals in pharmaceuticals in cultured organismscultured organisms
Combination of the Combination of the agriculture and agriculture and pharmaceutical pharmaceutical industriesindustries
MedicineMedicine Certain blood – Certain blood – derived products derived products needed in human needed in human medicine can be medicine can be produced in the milk produced in the milk of goatsof goats
EnvironmentEnvironment Any biotechnological Any biotechnological
process that may promote process that may promote a good environmenta good environment
Organisms developed Organisms developed during the gulf war to during the gulf war to “eat” oil“eat” oil
Organism used in gold Organism used in gold mining to “eat” mining to “eat” contaminantscontaminants
EnvironmentaEnvironmentall
Problems naturally Problems naturally solved by solved by microorganisms microorganisms such as bacteria, such as bacteria, fungi break down fungi break down contaminant into a contaminant into a form less harmful or form less harmful or not harmfulnot harmful
Ag and Ag and ForestryForestry
Plant biotechPlant biotech Animal biotechAnimal biotech
Plant biotechPlant biotech Improve plants and the Improve plants and the
products produced from products produced from themthem
Insect and disease Insect and disease resistanceresistance
Engineered to have Engineered to have desired characteristicsdesired characteristics
Plant biotechPlant biotech Corn plant produced Corn plant produced with high levels of with high levels of the amino acid the amino acid LysineLysine
Animal Animal BiotechBiotech
Improve animals or Improve animals or the products they the products they produceproduce
Animals may be used Animals may be used to produce products to produce products that promote human that promote human healthhealth
Animal Animal BiotechBiotech
Increase Increase productivityproductivity
Pigs engineered to Pigs engineered to produce human produce human hemoglobinhemoglobin
Food and Food and BeveragesBeverages
Use of technology in Use of technology in producing and producing and processingprocessing
Some biotech Some biotech principles have been principles have been employed for hundreds employed for hundreds of yearsof years
Yeast in baking breadYeast in baking bread
Food and Bev.Food and Bev. Genetically altered Genetically altered cropscrops
rBGH milkrBGH milk
BiotechnologyBiotechnology Helps meet human Helps meet human
needsneeds Food, clothing and Food, clothing and
sheltershelter Plants and animals are Plants and animals are
used in manufacturing used in manufacturing food, clothing and food, clothing and materials for sheltermaterials for shelter
BiotechnologyBiotechnology Used to make Used to make products more products more useful or desirableuseful or desirable
Ex: conversion of Ex: conversion of milk into cheese or milk into cheese or yogurtyogurt
EfficiencyEfficiency Must keep the cost Must keep the cost of improving of improving products as low as products as low as possiblepossible
Biotech results in Biotech results in greater efficiencygreater efficiency
EfficiencyEfficiency Inoculating legume Inoculating legume
seeds with bacteria seeds with bacteria that allow the plant to that allow the plant to pull nitrogen out of the pull nitrogen out of the air and put it into the air and put it into the soilsoil
Saves the producer the Saves the producer the cost of applying N cost of applying N fertilizerfertilizer
EfficiencyEfficiency Results in trees that Results in trees that grow faster and grow faster and produce wood that is produce wood that is more desirablemore desirable
Greater Greater ProductionProduction
Increases yieldsIncreases yields bST use in cows to bST use in cows to
produce more milkproduce more milk Higher crop yields Higher crop yields
from drought, disease from drought, disease & insect resistant & insect resistant cropscrops
Health Health Promoting Promoting
FoodsFoods Food with unique Food with unique traitstraits
Some contain Some contain therapeutantstherapeutants
Some designed with Some designed with nutrient enrichmentnutrient enrichment
SafetySafety Consumers want foods Consumers want foods
to provide needed to provide needed nutrients and in some nutrients and in some cases, enhanced foodscases, enhanced foods
Do not want side Do not want side effects from those effects from those enhanced foodsenhanced foods
Easy Easy preparationpreparation
Flavr-Savr TomatoFlavr-Savr Tomato Reached the market Reached the market in early 1990’sin early 1990’s
Engineered to have Engineered to have a longer shelf lifea longer shelf life
Flavr-SavrFlavr-Savr No soft spotsNo soft spots No rotten spotsNo rotten spots Tomato resists Tomato resists spoilagespoilage
Synthetic Synthetic biologybiology
Creating lifelike Creating lifelike characteristics characteristics through the use of through the use of chemicalschemicals
Based on creating Based on creating structures similar to structures similar to those found in living those found in living organismsorganisms
Synthetic Synthetic BiologyBiology
Need for synthetic Need for synthetic cells lead to the cells lead to the development of the development of the vesiclevesicle
Vesicle – tiny rounded Vesicle – tiny rounded structure with cell like structure with cell like traitstraits
VesicleVesicle Tiny structures similar Tiny structures similar
to soap bubbles were to soap bubbles were created to serve as created to serve as the cell membranethe cell membrane
Visible only with Visible only with powerful microscopepowerful microscope
VesicleVesicle Once the cell Once the cell membrane has been membrane has been successfully successfully developed, developed, development of the development of the materials with the materials with the cell is initiated.cell is initiated.
Synthetic Synthetic biologybiology
Is important because it Is important because it brings science closer brings science closer to creating life in the to creating life in the lablab
Cells and tissues may Cells and tissues may be developed to treat be developed to treat human injury and human injury and diseasedisease