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Earthquake Damage and Earths Interior

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Factors contributing to damage Duration Intensity Building Design reinforced/flexible buildings best Materials built on hard, dense material the best Liquefaction - when loose sediments are saturated with water, during an earthquake, shaking creates a liquid like material not able to support structure structure sinks

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Tsunamis sea waves caused by an earthquake that displaces the ocean floor vertically water is pushed upwards and toward the land speeds of 500-950 km/hr low waves in open water as wave nears shore water builds upwards Tsunami warning system world wide - alerts about danger

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Other Dangers Fires - from broken gas pipes and falling power lines Landslides rock and soil slide downhill from shaking

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Predicting Earthquakes No predicting devices Only measurements stress along faults, water level in wells, gas emissions from fractures Seismic gap time between earthquakes

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The Earths Interior Knowledge of Earths interior comes from Earthquake waves By measuring the speed of a wave - able to determine the composition of the Earth P waves travel through liquids and solids S waves travel only through solids

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As P waves travel they bend as they enter new material - bending shows change of material S waves not traveling through the outer core also shows change in material Conclusion Earth is made up of different states of material

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Layers of the Earth Crust: Thin rocky layer oceanic crust +/- 7 km thick continental crust 8km -75 km thick Mantle: Solid, rocky shell depth of 2890 km 80% of Earths volume

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Core: Iron and nickel center Outer Core 2260 km thick - liquid - Earths magnetic field produced here Inner Core sphere with radius of 1220 km - solid because of the pressure

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