Early Colonial Period

The Planting of English AmericaChapter 2

Essential Question

• What happens when cultures collide?

Europeans

Native Americans Africans

Reasons for English Imperialism

1. Unification of Spain threatens England

3. Unification of Great Britain under a Protestant Queen

2. Population Explosion in England

Queen Elizabeth I

These are explained in the next slides.

Reasons for English Imperialism

4. Enclosing cropland

5. Economic depression

6. Woolen districts of Eastern and Western England hardest hit from bad economy.

7. Primogeniture

These are explained in the next slides also.

Reasons for English Imperialism

English soldiers learn to hate the “natives” of Ireland through their colonization of Ireland.

The English conquer Ireland. Irish soldiers

Reasons for English Imperialism

The unification of England gave the country an opportunity to explore and conquer other lands. Spain doesn’t like the competition.

To make matters worse, the people of Spain and Ireland are Catholic, while England is Protestant.

The tactics the English use to subdue the Irish are used against the Indians in North America.

Reasons for English ImperialismEngland discriminates against Puritans because Puritans do not follow the same version of English Protestant Christianity. Puritans are really eager to leave.

England has a population explosion. English throne doesn’t like that because there aren’t enough jobs or farmland. There is no more land to be bought in England.England’s economy is suffering. The economies in

the Woolen Districts (sheep farmers) of Eastern and Western England are hardest hit. This is where Puritans lived. Puritans were also eager to leave England to make more money.

Reasons for English Imperialism

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Sir Francis DrakeSir Walter Raleigh

They were frustrated with primogeniture.

Primogeniture means the first-born gets the parents’ inheritance.

They fought against the Irish

Became English pirates attacking Spanish ships

after the defeat of Spain they attempted to start English colonies in America.

These guys were not first-born, so how do they make their fortune?

Reasons for English Imperialism

The English defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588

Totally sweet for England because now they can solve their economic and social instability at home by colonizing the Americas.

The First English Colony: Roanoke (1585)

Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the colony of Roanoke.

Roanoke is a total flop and everyone disappears.

If you find out what happened to the colony of Roanoke you’ll totally have a million Facebook friends.

The First Successful English Colony: Jamestown (1607)

John Smith becomes the leader.

A private company, the Virginia Company, funded the colony (a joint-stock company).The Charter of the Virginia Company is significant because it

spelled out the rights of the colonists at Jamestown. It said the colonists were guaranteed the same rights as Englishmen at home. Ironically, this idea helps cause the Revolutionary War!

The First Successful English Colony: Jamestown (1607)

Lord De La Warr uses “Irish tactics” to kill the Indians.

That is, if you consider starvation and death by Indian attacks successful.

John Smith saves the colony from starvation by making everyone work for food.

No one wanted to farm because they were too busy looking for gold!

Burn the villages, torch the cornfields, and kill women and

children

John Rolfe, a Jamestown colonist, married Pocahontas and created peace with the Powhatan tribe. He also made tobacco profitable.

Don’t Believe the Disney Movie!

Pocahontas and son, Thomas Rolfe (one of the first interracial English kids in America).

John Rolfe marries Pocahontas

Captain John Smith didn’t‘ get with Pocahontas.

Anglo-Powhatan War of 1622

John Rolfe dies when the Powhatan wage war against Jamestown.

Pocahontas died in England from disease a few years earlier.

At first, the Powhatans try to use the English as allies against rival tribes.But, starving colonists steal food and land from the Indians and De La Warr ticks off the Indians with his “Irish tactics.”Also, Pocahontas died and disease was taking a toll on the tribes.

TIME FOR WAR!!

The Second Anglo-Powhatan War In1644

The Powhatan are devastated by this war. They were forced to move away from the white settlements in the Chesapeake area. This is the beginning of what is later called the reservation system.

Disease, disorganization, and disposability prevented the Indians from winning against the whites.The 3 D’s

Indian Relations with WhitesThe only remaining powerful tribes in the Appalachian Mountain area were the Creeks, Cherokees, and Iroquois.

Iroquois

Cherokee and Creeks

Indian Relations With WhitesThe Indian peoples who most successfully adapted to the European conquests were the tribes who lived on the other side of the Appalachian Mountains.

The Appalachians served as a buffer or “middle ground.”

The Algonquians became really powerful because few whites could get to them and they absorbed fleeing tribes.

Appalachian Mountains

You stay over there and we’ll stay over here –

cool?

• Horses caused Indian migration to the Great Plains.• Disease and forced migration scrambled together

different tribes.• Indian demand for rifles increased Indian

competition of hunting grounds in order to trade skins and pelts for guns (Indian-on-Indian violence).

Algonquian

England is late to the colonization game.

The struggling English colonies are stuck between a mighty Spanish empire to the South and West and French territory to the North.

Even Portugal has way more territory.

Puny English territory

Spain

Portugal

France

Virginia had the first representative government, called the House of Burgesses

Maryland was intended to secure religious freedom for Catholics and Protestants (called the Act of Toleration).

Poor whites from Virginia and religious dissenters established North Carolina.

Georgia colony wanted to help the poor by abolishing debtors prisons and banned slavery.

Georgia was supposed to serve as a buffer zone between Spain and South Carolina.

South Carolina provided food (rice) for the West Indies as well as Indian slaves. Slavery in America starts here.

Slavery

• 1619: the first Africans to North America arrive at Jamestown; courtesy of the Dutch.

• Were they slaves or indentured servants? Not sure. Slavery is not established in Virginia yet. Plenty of labor from England is available.

• The West Indies is where there’s slavery action.

The West Indies1. Sugar cane required

lots of labor (can you say slavery?).

2. Slaves outnumbered whites 4 to 1 by 1700!

3. Barbados Slave Codes were created to protect fearful whites

4. Many whites moved to Carolina (South Carolina) in 1670 because there was no more land

5. Whites brought their slaves and the slave codes with them (hello slavery in America).

A staging area for the slave system

Sugar is made here.

The Early Emergence of an American Identity

• Quiz yourself!• Can you think of at least 5 events that caused

the beginnings of a unique American identity as a result of cultures colliding?

• Some answers are on the next slide. Before you look, think about what you saw on the previous slides.

The Early Emergence of an American Identity

1. Indian-white hostilities caused Natives to be removed from their lands. Whites and Indians lived separately.

2. Poor people seeking freedom from debt and/or to create a successful life on their own came to America

3. People seeking religious freedom established colonies4. The West Indies and the encomiendas created a slave system that

migrated to America5. The colonists made their own laws in the House of Burgesses in

Virginia6. Salutary Neglect: England allowed the colonies to do their own

thing. 1. Especially while civil wars were occurring in England (heads were rolling

in the palace).

Primary Documents to Explore in Class

1. The starving time in Jamestown2. Governor William Berkeley Reports3. The Great Indian Uprising4. A West Indian Planter Reflects on Slavery in

Barbados5. A Missionary Denounces the Treatment of

the Indians in South Carolina6. Religious Strife in Maryland