Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.
-
Upload
juliet-obrien -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
3
Transcript of Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.
![Page 1: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Early Civilizations of India and China
2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.
![Page 2: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cities of the Indus Valley
India’s first civilization in the Indus River Valley
![Page 3: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Subcontinent
• Large landmass that juts out from a continent• India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh,
& Bhutan
![Page 4: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mountains
• Hindu Kush• Himalaya
![Page 5: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Monsoons
• Seasonal wind• Defining feature of Indian life• October– Hot, dry air that withers crops
• May– Wet summer rains– Daily downpours
• Each year monsoons are needed– Too much rain resulting in floods– Too little rain leading to famine
![Page 6: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cultural Diversity
• Many different people and languages• Hard to unify the subcontinent
![Page 7: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Indus Valley Civilization
• 2500 B.C.• Urban civilization characterized by large cities
such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro• Uniformity of city planning and cultural
elements suggests presence of a strong central government
• Traded goods with people of Central Asia, Arabia, and Mesopotamia
• Writing system never translated
![Page 8: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
• High defensive walls• Large temples• Grain warehouses• Citadels– Fortress
• Carefully planned– Lain out on a grid– Uniform house construction– Modern plumbing– Community wells
![Page 9: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Most were farmers
• Wheat, barley, melons, dates• Firsts to weave cotton into clothing
![Page 10: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Merchants and Traders
• Traded along Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea
![Page 11: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Religious Beliefs
• Polytheistic• Mother goddess• Holy animals– Veneration of cattle• Special regard for something
![Page 12: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Decline & Disappearance
• 1750 B.C.• Quality of life declined– Damage to the environment?– Volcanic eruption and flood?– Earthquake?
• 1500 B.C.– Aryan invasion– Horse drawn chariot and superior weapons
![Page 13: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Kingdoms of the Ganges
Aryan warriors invaded India
![Page 14: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Aryan Civilization
• Unsure where they came from• Warlike people• Communities lead by rajas• Divided society into four varnas and hundreds
of smaller castes• Religious beliefs outlined in the Vedas
![Page 15: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vedas
• Collection of prayers, hymns, and religious teachings
• Not written down for 1,000s of years
![Page 16: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vedic Age
• 1500 – 500 B.C.• Warriors who fought from chariots with
bows/arrows• Loved eating, drinking, music, chariot races,
etc
![Page 17: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Nomadic herders
• Valued cattle• Later became farmers
![Page 18: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Aryans Society
• Aryans felt they were superior to the Dravidians– The people they conquered
• Divided people by occupation– Varnas (classes)– Subgroups you are born into and cannot change
![Page 19: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Brahmins
• Highest ranking varna• Smallest group– Priests – Teachers
![Page 20: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Kshatriyas (ksha-TREE-uhs)
• Warriors • Rulers• Had highest status in the beginning– Then priests moved up
![Page 21: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vaisyas (vysh-yuhs)
• Common people– Traders– Farmers– Herders– Artisans
![Page 22: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sudras
• Non-Aryans • Dravidians
![Page 23: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aryan religious beliefs
• Polytheistic• Gods were of natural forces– Sky, sun, storms, fire
• Brahmins offered sacrifices of food and drink to gods– Rituals and prayers
![Page 24: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Indra
• Fierce god of war
![Page 25: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Varuna
• God of order and creation
![Page 26: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Agni
• God of fire• Messenger for the gods
![Page 27: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Animal gods
• Monkey• Snake
![Page 28: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Brahman
• Single spiritual power in all things
![Page 29: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mystics
• People devoted to seeking spiritual truth– Meditation– Yoga
![Page 30: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Rajahs
• Aryans tribal chiefs• Elected by the warriors• Some rajahs rose to power and controlled
many cities
![Page 31: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
From nomads to farmers
• Gradually gave up nomadic lifestyle for farming
• Breeding cattle
![Page 32: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Expansion
• Colonized Ganges basin• 800 B.C. learned to make iron tools
![Page 33: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
New Indian Civilization
• 500 B.C.• Acculturation– Blending of cultures• Aryan• Dravidian
• Sanskrit– Written language
![Page 34: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Epic Literature
• Mahabharata• Ramayana– Long oral tradition before the creation of Sanskrit
![Page 35: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mahabharata
• India’s greatest epic– 100,000 verses
• Pandava brothers loose kingdom to cousins– After an 18 day battle they regain their kingdom– This brings peace back to India
• Bhagavad-Gita– One episode• The immortality of the soul• The importance of duty
![Page 36: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ramayana
• Shorter but just as important• Ravana
– Demon who kidnaps Sita• Rama rescues her with help from Hanuman, a monkey• Rama
– The hero– Model of virtue– Ideal ruler
• Sita– Rama’s bride– Ideal woman– Obedient and loyal to her husband
![Page 37: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Early Civilization in China
Early Chinese developed a complex civilization
![Page 38: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Zhongguo
• Middle Kingdom– Ancient name for China– Center of the Earth– Source of civilization
![Page 39: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Geographic barriers
• West & Southwest– Mountains• Tien Shan• Himalayas
• North– Gobi Desert
• Southeast– Jungles
• East– Pacific Ocean
![Page 40: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Isolated Civilization
• There was some contact with the outside world– Mainly nomadic raiders
![Page 41: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Main Regions
• Huang He River Valley• Yangzi River Valley• Xinjiang– Harsh climate– Rugged terrain– Nomads and subsistence farmers
• Manchuria
• Mongolia– Harsh climate– Rugged terrain– Nomads and
subsistence farmers• Xizang– Tibet
![Page 42: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
“River of Sorrows”
• Chinese history began in the Huang He River Valley
• Loess– Fine, windblown yellow soil
• Nickname because of constant flooding due to the amount of loess
![Page 43: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Shang Dynasty
• Started in Huang He River Valley• Ruled by emperors• Religion centered on ancestor worship• Skilled at working with bronze• Developed China’s first writing system & a
lunar calendar
![Page 44: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Government
• Capital of Anyang• Shang kings only controlled a small area• Clans– Loyal princes and nobles– Groups of families with common ancestry
![Page 45: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Social classes
• Emperor• Nobles• Warriors• Artisans & merchants• Peasants
![Page 46: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Peasant life
• Small farming villages– Pit houses
• All family members worked in the fields– Stone tools
• Repairing dikes and irrigation system• Fight for the nobles if war broke out
![Page 47: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Religious Beliefs
• Complex religion• Many gods and natural spirits• Shang Di– Heavenly teacher– King was a link to Shang Di
![Page 48: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ancestor Worship
• Praying to ancestors• Only spirits of the greatest mortals could talk
to the gods– At first only the upper class ancestors were worthy
of this honor– Eventually all classes began to pray to their
ancestors
![Page 49: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Yin & Yang
![Page 50: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Oracle bones
• Earliest form of Chinese writing– Animal bones and turtle shells
• Asked the gods a question– Heated bones or shell until it cracked– Look at cracks for answers from the gods
![Page 51: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Writing
• 4,000 years ago• 10,000 characters• Only the well to do could afford the years of
study it took to master reading and writing• Calligraphy– Fine handwriting
• A Force of Unity
![Page 52: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Zhou Dynasty
• 1027 B.C.– Overthrew the Shang
• The Mandate of Heaven– Divine right to rule– Used to justify the overthrow of the Shang• The gods had chosen to overthrow the Shang• Mandate was then passed to the Zhou
![Page 53: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Feudal State
• Zhou rewarded supporters by granting them control over certain areas
• Feudalism– Local lords governed their own lands and owed
military service to the ruler• In theory Zhou ruled China– For 250 years this was true– After 771 B.C. the noble had the real power
![Page 55: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Economic Growth
• 500 B.C. ironworking– Iron tools and farm implements led to more food
• New crops like soybeans• Large scale irrigation projects made farming
even more productive
![Page 56: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Commerce Grows
• Began to use money• Merchants benefited from new roads and
canals built by the nobles
![Page 57: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Yangzi Valley
• Increase in population• People expanded from the Huang He valley
into the Yangzi valley
![Page 58: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Achievements
• Astronomy– Studied movement of planets– Recorded eclipses of the sun– Accurate 365¼ day calendar
• Silk making– 1000 B.C.– Silk worms and mulberry
trees– Women did the work of
harvesting the silk• Wove silk into cloth
– Only royalty could afford the silk
– China’s most valuable export• Kept process of silk making a
state secret
![Page 59: Early Civilizations of India and China 2500 B.C. – 256 B.C.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949ef27c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The First Books
• Thin strips of wood or bamboo• Book of Songs– Poems• Lives of farming people• Praising kings• Court ceremonies• Tender or sad love songs