Early Civilizations of Ancient India
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Transcript of Early Civilizations of Ancient India
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World History Libertyville High School
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Geographic Considerations• World’s tallest
mountains to North (Himalayas)
• Thar Desert to East
• Indus & Ganges Rivers– Bounded large,
1,700 mile wide fertile plain
– Rivers brought silt to river valleys and water for irrigation
• Problems facing settlers?– River flooding– Monsoons
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Monsoons• Seasonal winds
blowing across India– June – Sept: from
sea to interior –Oct – May: from
mnts to sea• Helped with
growing seasons BUT were unpredictable, destructive
• Wetter climate 6000 years ago – how do we know?–Seals of tropical
animals–kiln fired bricks
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The Harappan Civilization
3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
• Man first arrived around 7000 BC
• Cities suggest a highly centralized, organized government, society
• 1400 towns, cities discovered (compare to Sumerians & Egyptians!!!)
• Peaceful civilization
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Harappan Cities• Had strong walls
built around cities (Why?)
• Cities laid out in grid pattern–Neighborhoods w/
walls around them–Wide streets–Excellent sewer
system• Cities built with
kiln fired bricks that were standardized by size, weight
• If city destroyed, build over ruins
Map of Mohenjo Daro
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Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
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Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro
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The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
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A side Street, Mohenjo-Daro
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Granary, Mohenjo-Daro
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Drain, Harappa
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Bull Figurine, Harappa
Art & Technology• Historians believe
that animals were important to civilization (so many depictions of them)
• Written language was pictographic– We can’t translate it
b/c we have no dual translation
• Spoken language thought to be Dravidian, similar to that spoken in S. India, Sri Lanka
• Metallurgy based on copper, bronze
• Used wheel, boats w/ 1 mast
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Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.
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Harappan Seals• Stone seals with
animals carved on them–Carved from small
block of light colored stone
–After carving, surface glazed and fired
• Uses : Student brainstorm!!!–Signatures?–Heraldry?–Show ownership
• Carried on string; found in Mesopotamia
Bison Seal, Mohenjo-DaroA Horned-God Seal
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Harappan Seals
Unicorn Seal, Harappa Reverse of a harappan seal
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Other Harappan seals
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Harappan Religion• Unknown,
because we can’t translate their writing
• Assumed to be theocracy, polytheistic
• Dead buried with tools, jewelry
• Little overtly religious artwork
A Priest-King, (front) A Priest-King, (back)
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Male Skeleton, Harappa
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Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa
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Burial Pottery, Harappa
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Trade• Gold and silver
from Afghanistan
• Gems from Persia were made into jewelry by Harappans
• Indus river served as a highway
• Harappans grew cotton and exported the cloth
• Traded extensively with Mesopotamia, Egyptians
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Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro
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Female Figures, Harappa
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Two theories to End of Harappan civilization
• Invasion by Aryans, c. 1750 bc– Indo European
people migrating into India from Caucasus mountains
–Nomadic warriors–Used chariots–Cultures fused
following conquest
–Brought own religion (primitive form of Hinduism)
• Aryans in later history
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Indo European “language
tree”• Language originated in Caucasus Mnts
• Closely related to Iranian
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2 theories to End of Harappan civilization
• Massive geological event–Earthquake caused change in Indus river’s course
–Change in river’s course would kill off cities and cause their abandonment
• Indian nationalists prefer this theory (why?)
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Vedic culture & language• Vedic = fusion of Aryan
and Harappan cultures• Vedes believed to be
pastoral agriculturalists– Depended on cattle and
farming– Cows held in high
esteem (productivity in vegetarian society)
• Sanskrit emerged– Language of religion,
intellectuals– Example: the VedasSanskrit writing
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The VedasWritten between
1200 & 600 BCE. Religious texts representing oldest of Hindu beliefs
Included: hymns and poems religious prayers magical spells lists of the gods and goddesses
Rig Veda oldest work still used in active religion today
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Varna (Social Hierarchy)
Shudras
Vaishyas
Kshatriyas
Harijan (Untouchables)
BrahminsPriests
Rulers
Traders
LaborersOutcasts
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During The Vedic Age
The foundations for Hinduism were
established!