Early Civilizations of Ancient India
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Transcript of Early Civilizations of Ancient India
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World History Libertyville High School
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Geographic Considerations• Isolation!
– World’s tallest mountains to North (Himalayas)
– Thar Desert to East
• Indus & Ganges Rivers– Bounded large,
1,700 mile wide fertile plain
– Rivers brought silt to river valleys and water for irrigation
• Problems facing settlers?– River flooding– Monsoons
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Monsoons• Seasonal winds
blowing across India– June – Sept: from
sea to interior –Oct – May: from
mntns to sea• Helped with
growing seasons BUT were unpredictable, destructive
• Wetter climate 6000 years ago – how do we know?–Seals of tropical
animals–kiln fired bricks
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The Harappan Civilization
3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
• Man first arrived around 7000 BC
• Cities suggest a highly centralized, organized government & society
• 1400 towns, cities discovered (compare to Sumerians!)
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Harappan Cities• Built strong walls
built around cities (Why? Consider challenges…)
• Cities laid out in grid pattern–Neighborhoods w/
walls around them–Excellent sewer
system• Cities built with
kiln fired bricks that were standardized by size, weight
Map of Mohenjo Daro
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Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
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Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro
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The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
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A side Street, Mohenjo-Daro
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Sewer Drain, Harappa
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Bull Figurine, Harappa
Art & Technology• Historians believe
that animals were important to civilization b/c there were so many depictions of them
• Written language was pictographic– We can’t translate it
b/c we have no dual translation
• Metallurgy based on copper, bronze
• Used wheel & boats w/ 1 mast
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Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.
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Harappan Seals• Stone seals with
animals carved on them–Carved from small
block of stone–After carving, surface
glazed and fired• Uses : Student
brainstorm!!!–Signatures?–Heraldry?–Show ownership?
• Carried on string; seals found in Mesopotamia
Bison Seal
A Horned-God Seal
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Harappan Seals
Unicorn Seal, Harappa Reverse of a harappan seal
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Other Harappan seals
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Harappan Religion• Unknown,
because we can’t translate their writing
• Assumed to be theocracy, polytheistic
• Dead buried with tools, jewelry
• Little overtly religious artwork
A Priest-King, (front) A Priest-King, (back)
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Male Skeleton, Harappa
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Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa
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Burial Pottery, Harappa
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Trade• Gold and silver
from Afghanistan
• Gems from Persia were made into jewelry by Harappans
• Harappans grew cotton and exported the cloth
• Traded extensively with Mesopotamia, Egyptians
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Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro
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Female Figures, Harappa
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Vedic culture & language• Vedic = new, post
Harappan culture• Vedes believed to be
pastoral farmers– Cows held in high
esteem (productivity, in vegetarian society)
• Sanskrit emerged– Language of religion,
intellectuals– Example: the Vedas
Sanskrit writing
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Indo European “language
tree”• Language originated in Caucasus Mntns
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The VedasWritten between
1200 & 600 BCE. Religious texts representing oldest of Hindu beliefs
Included: hymns and poems religious prayers magical spells lists of the gods and goddesses
Rig Veda oldest work still used in active religion today
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Varna (Social Hierarchy)
Shudras
Vaishyas
Kshatriyas
Harijan (Untouchables)
BrahminsPriests
Rulers
Traders
LaborersOutcasts
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During The Vedic Age
The foundations for Hinduism were
established!