Ear, Nose & Throat Health
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Transcript of Ear, Nose & Throat Health
Ear, Nose & Throat Health
SALLY DUFFINBSc Nutr.Med, MBANT, FHFI
www.nutritioninyork.co.uk
Aims of Webinar
• Look closer at the structure and detail of the ear, nose and throat passages and how they are interconnected
• Highlight common ENT disorders• Discuss key nutrients and practises for
supporting ENT health
Ear, nose & throat
• 1st line of defence against airborne microbes• Lined with sensitive mucous membranes to
trap and filter airborne particles• Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology
EarEar is divided into 3 parts: - External ear: Auricle (Pinna)External acoustic meatus (ear canal)Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
- Middle ear:Oval windowMalleusIncusStapesRound window
- Inner ear:CochleaSemicircular canals
Physiology of hearing
• External and Middle ear relate to hearing, Inner ear relates to hearing AND balance
• Hearing and sight are our 2 most dominant senses
• Our ears pick up tiny vibrations in the air = sound energy
• We developed the ability to hear 210 million years ago!
Physiology of hearing• The pinna concentrates and
directs sound waves into ear canal
• Eardrum vibrates• Vibrations transmitted by the
ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
• Fluid in the inner ear moves stimulating neuroepithelial cells to generate nerve impulses along 8th cranial nerve to the brain
Physiology of balance
• Inner ear part of balance regulation• A change in head position causes the lymph to
move which stimulates nerve endings.• Nerve impulses passed to cerebellum area in the
brain which also receives impulses from eyes, muscles, joints.
• These impulses re co-ordinated and efferent impulses sent to muscles to alter or maintain body position
What can go wrong?
• Ear infections – external and internal– Staphylococcus aureus– Bacteria– Fungi– Allergic reaction
• Otitis media• Menieres• Labyrinthitis – flu, chickenpox, rubella, mumps• Tinnitus
NoseExternal nose; bones and cartilage
Nasal cavity; nostrils septumLined with ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucous
Nasal lining extends into the pharynx
Sinuses; frontal sphenoidal maxillaryOlfactory region – our sense of smell
Physiology of nose
• Breathing! Remains open when we eat• Warms and humidifies air coming into the
lungs• Defence against microbes and airborne
particles• Smell• Speech
What can go wrong?
• Sinusitis – pre-disposing condition, fungal infection, infected tooth
• Allergies, hayfever• Rhinitis• Post-nasal drip• Loss of sense of smell• Epistaxis – risk factors include trauma, dry
membranes, medications, hypertension, alcohol abuse, clotting disorders.
ThroatPharynx; - common opening of both the digestive and respiratory systems - Connects to the respiratory system at the larynx and the digestive tract at the oesophagus3 sections - Nasopharynx contains openings from 2 auditory tubes from the middle ear and the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) - Oropharynx contains palatine and lingual tonsils - LaryngopharynxLarynx; - extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea (windpipe) - thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Physiology of the throat
• Begins as a common passageway for air and food
• Prevents us swallowing food into our lungs
• Vocal chords - speech
What can go wrong?
• General sore throat• Tonsillitis• Laryngitis• Throat infections• Diphtheria - vaccine• Sleep apnoea – muscle function in throat
Supporting ENT Health
• Inflammation• Infection• Pre-disposing
conditions• Part of a larger picture
of dis-ease
Key Nutrients
• Antioxidant nutrients– Vit C– Vit A and beta carotene– Vit E– Zinc– Selenium
• Vit C, vit e, beta carotene shown to reduce cold symptoms & duration by 20%
Key Nutrients
• How?– Anti viral– Supporting health of mucous membranes– Antioxidant– Supporting Natural Killer Cell function– Supporting T-cell maturation– Closely linked with.........
Key Nutrients
• Beneficial gut bacteria–Repress rotaviruses, inhibit pathogen growth –Modulate T-cell activity to influence
inflammatory cascade–Essential to counterbalance commonly
prescribed ENT antibiotics–Supplement with good quality, carefully
processed probiotics
Key Nutrients
• Hop alpha acids–Natural pain relief–Anti-inflammatory via selection of COX-
2 enzymes–Reduces the need for NSAIDs–No sedative or oestrogenic effects
Key Nutrients
• Vit DKey vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are
expressed by the immune system. Modulates the adaptive immune system
through its effects on T-cell activation and antigen-presenting cells.
Enhances clearance of bacteria by immune cells.
Key Nutrients
Aloe Vera• Correctly processed whole leaf preparations are rich
in polysaccharides• Enhances bioavailability of vitamins C and E• Encourages growth and proliferation of probiotic
bacteria• Anti viral• Anti inflammatory• Use as mouthwash or gargle
Key NutrientsOmega 3• Powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory
effects• Regulates eicosanoid production• Eicosanoids from arachidonic acid on the omega-6
pathway have pro-inflammatory activity; omega-3 pathway eicosanoids balance this with anti-inflammatory actions.
• Krill oil provides omega-3 fats in highly bioavailable phospholipid form as opposed to triglyceride form
• Useful for chronic ENT conditions
Supportive Holistic techniques
• Steaming• Oil pulling with coconut oil• Warm facial compresses
• Facial massage
Summary
ENT conditions can be bacterial, viral, fungal or auto-immune and involve symptoms of inflammation, pain and excess mucous
Key nutrients can be used to support anti-inflammatory pathways, pain relief
Practical techniques can also be used
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• An Alphabet of Antioxidants• Fish Oils• Alpha Acids and natural pain relief• Learn More about Vitamin D• Benefits of Krill Oil• Benefits of Vitamin C• Supporting our Immune Systems• Polysaccharides may be important in supporting our immune system• Webinars – “Managing Allergies the Naturopathic Way” “Understanding
Dysbiosis” “Eye Health” “Understanding the Omega Oil Revolution”
References
• Seeley R. et al (2008) Anatomy & Physiology Eighth Edition McGraw-Hill, New York
• http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3290 accessed online 13/03/2013
• Sleep apnoea http://www.patient.co.uk/health/obstructive-sleep-apnoea
Accessed online 12/03/13• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid accessed online 13/03/13• http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPag
e=online&aid=7948498 accessed online 14/03/13
• Micronutrients and Innate Immunity http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/182/Supplement_1/S5.short accessed online 14/03/13
References• Vitamin C Promotes Maturation of T-Cells.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23249337 accessed online 14/03/13
• Dietary and commensal derived nutrients: shaping mucosal and systemic immunity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22857854 accessed online 14/03/13
• Murray M.T. (1996) Encyclopaedia of Nutritional Supplements Three Rivers Press, New York
• Functional and Morphological Pathology of Chronic Sinusitis Mucous Membranehttp://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016488309105584
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