Biodiesel Update Biodiesel Update Biodiesel Update Biodiesel Update

Eagle Core Team Eagle Core Team Eagle Core Team Eagle Core Team

April April April April 25252525stststst, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006

Edward J. Lyford-Pike

Advanced Engineering,

Advanced Alternative Fuels group

BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL

• Outline

• Definition

• Fuel Characteristics

• Voice of the Customer

• Voice of the Business

• Voice of the Technology

• Summary

BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long

chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,

designated B100

• Biodiesel blend, n. – a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-

based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume

percent of biodiesel

• Biodiesel is NOT raw vegetable oil

BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL

• Process Reaction

100 pounds + 10 pounds = 10 pounds + 100 pounds

Triglyceride Alcohols Glycerin Mono-alkyl Esters

(oil or fat) (usually methanol) (biodiesel)

(catalyst)

Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100Fuel Characteristics B100

• Methyl/ethyl ester-based oxygenates

• Vegetable oils / animal fats / used cooking oils

• SME (Soy Methyl Ester) most common in US

• RME (Rape Methyl Ester) most common in Europe

• Higher cetane number than diesel

• Higher lubricity than diesel

• Almost no sulfur, no aromatics

• Lower energy content than #2 diesel (~10% gallon basis)

• Higher viscosity than diesel

• Higher cloud point than diesel

Key Processing IssuesKey Processing IssuesKey Processing IssuesKey Processing IssuesKey Processing IssuesKey Processing IssuesKey Processing IssuesKey Processing Issues

• Complete Reaction

• Unconverted and partly converted vegetable oil, and glycerin will cause

injector coking, filter plugging, sediment formation

• Residual Catalyst

• May cause injector deposits and/or filter plugging

• Residual Alcohol

• Compatibility with elastomers / gaskets, fuel tank cleansing, corrosion

• Contaminants / Oxidation Products

• Fuel system deposits, pump and filter operation

Fuel QualityFuel QualityFuel QualityFuel QualityFuel QualityFuel QualityFuel QualityFuel Quality

• Oxidized Fuel

• Sludge formation

• Deposits

• Filter plugging

Deposits from

oxidation in a B20

field test

Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer Voice of the Customer

• B2, B5

•Available in many states, supported by

farmers, sold as premium fuel due to

the lubricity benefits of biodiesel

• B20

•School buses (becoming de facto fuel,

PM and odor reduction), Transit fleets

•Military ground support (mandatory

and strategic)

•Municipal, State and Federal fleets

(mandatory alternative fuel use)

Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.) Voice of the Customer (cont.)

• B100

•Marine (bio-degradable in case of

spills)

•Parks (same as above, renewable)

•Power Generation (green power,

renewable)

•Passenger Vehicles (especially

California)

Voice of the Voice of the Voice of the Voice of the

Customer (cont.) Customer (cont.) Customer (cont.) Customer (cont.)

� DCX promoting B5. Launched its Jeep

Liberty diesel with B5 factory fill. Will

offer B20 capable products for 2007 MY

� CNH wants to promote B20. Actively

involved developing B100 capability for

Europe

� Strong support from DOE and other

funding agencies

� Consumer awareness of renewable and

environmentally friendly fuel increasing

Voice of the BusinessVoice of the BusinessVoice of the BusinessVoice of the Business

� 2003 sales were approximately 25 million gallons

� Production exceeded 80 million gallons by Q3 2005

� Claimed near term (5 yrs) supply potential in US is 1 billion gallons - this

equals about 3% of today’s on-highway diesel use

� Under EPA regulations it is a commercial and legal fuel

� B100 price has dropped but it is still approx. $1.00/gallon more expensive

than diesel fuel.

� World wide interest growing (Europe, Brazil, Malaysia, etc.)

� Various countries have different motivation and drivers

Voice of the Business (cont.) Voice of the Business (cont.) Voice of the Business (cont.) Voice of the Business (cont.)

� Legislation (Federal/State)

– “Jobs Bill” tax credit of $0.01 per % biodiesel blend sold (Feb 2005)

makes the price comparable to diesel fuel

– Minnesota, 2% biodiesel mandatory on all diesel sold by July 2005

– Washington, Ohio, Michigan, NY to follow (2006/2007)

– Practically every state has some kind of legislation in the works

� Energy Policy Act qualifies 20% biodiesel utilization as alternative fuel

vehicle

Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology Voice of the Technology

• Cummins today allows B5 blends (biodiesel used to

make the blend must meet ASTM D6751 or

European EN14214)

• Work is on-going for approval of B20 blends in the

next 1 to 2 years on a platform specific basis

• Key Challenges for higher blends than B5

• Cost

• Fuel quality (few certified suppliers)

• Fuel oxidation stability

(NOT in current ASTM spec.)

• Contamination, microbe growth

Fuel pump hsg deposits and

corrosion

Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.) Voice of the Technology (cont.)

• Key Challenges for higher blends (cont.)

• Materials interaction

• NOx increase

• Fuel filter water separation efficiency

• Cleansing effect on fuel systems upon initial use, contamination

• Potential increased fuel dilution of engine oil due to higher viscosity

• Long term durability effects unknown

• Joint Fuel Injection Equipment statement limiting use to B5 blends

only

Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)Voice of the Technology (cont.)

• Materials Impact

• Degradation/swelling of elastomers (natural and nitrile rubber), Nylon 66

• Attacks brass, bronze, copper, lead, tin and zinc

• Bosch pump overpressure valve, removal of zinc coating after 1 yr stand-

by genset operation with B20 (300 hrs):

#2 Diesel B20 blendZinc coating

removed by the

fuel

Engine PerformanceEngine PerformanceEngine PerformanceEngine PerformanceEngine PerformanceEngine PerformanceEngine PerformanceEngine Performance

• Typical Performance and Emissions vs. #2 diesel

20% Blends 100%

BSFC, % +2/3 +10/15

NOx, % +2/3 +10/15

HC, % -20/30 -20/50

CO, % -10/25 -25/35

PM, % -15/30 -30/50

Smoke, % -20/40 -60/80

SummarySummarySummarySummarySummarySummarySummarySummary

• Fuel quality is critical for best engine performance

• Key elements such as water, oxidation, acid level, glycerin content

will negatively affect engine life/performance

• Fuel quality is not just meeting the spec. at the production

location. It also involves maintaining quality through:

• Handling, Transportation and Storage

• Cummins allows use of B5 biodiesel blends. Work is on-going for

approval of higher blends up to B20 in the 1 to 2 year timeframe

• The speed at which Cummins supports higher levels of biodiesel

than B5 is a business decision

PEANUT

SESAMESUNFLOWER

RAPESEED

COTTON

CASTOR OIL

SOY BABASSU (Brazil)

PALM