SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

hota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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Literary Researches

XXX

2009

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literaturuli Ziebani

XXX

2009

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UDC (uak) 821.353.1.09(051.2) l-681

redaqtori maka elbaqiZe saredaqcio kolegia ivane amirxanaSvili amiran arabuli Tamaz vasaZe mariam karbelaSvili nona kupreiSvili Tamar lomiZe saredaqcio sabWo manana kvaWantiraZe helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio wevri) gaga lomiZe irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare) revaz siraZe gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri) rusudan ColoyaSvili rostom CxeiZe elguja xinTibiZe pasuxismgebeli mdivani soso tabucaZe

literaturuli Ziebani, 30, 2009 redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. 5. telefoni: 99-63-84 faqsi: 99-53-00 E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

Editor Maka Elbakidze Editorial Board Ivane Amirkhanashvili Amiran Arabuli Tamaz Vasadze Mariam Karbelashvili Nona Kupreishvili Tamar Lomidze

Editorial Council Manana Kvachantiradze Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary member) Gaga Lomidze Irma Ratiani (Chairman) Revaz Siradze Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member) Rusudan Cholokashvili Rostom Chkheidze Elguja Khintibidze

Responsible Editor Soso Tabutsadze Literary Researches 30, 2009 Address: 0108, Tbilisi 5, M. Kostava str. Tel.: 99-63-84 Fax: 99-53-00 E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

ISSN 1512-0732 Strixkodi - 9771512308007

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sarCevi

Contents

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba Georgian Religious Literature

lela xaCiZe

arsen iyalToelis axlad aRmoCenili Targmani

lali ruxaZe

sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da

V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

9

16

Lela Khachidze

Towards the New Translation by Arsen Ikaltoeli Lali Ruxadze

The Problem of Relationship of Life and Death and V-XVIII Centuty Georgian Literature

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani

Rustaveli Studies

lia kariWaSvili

tolerantobis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~

Tamar xvedeliani

mefe farsadanis saxis gaazrebisTvis

22

32

Lia Karichashvili

The Problem of Tolerance in The Knight in the Panthers Skin Tamar Khvedeliani

Conceptualizing King Parsadans Image

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura

XIX Century: Epoch and Literature

manana kakabaZe

nikoloz baraTaSvili

lia kiknaZe

akaki wereTlis naklebad cnobili ori leqsi

naTela Citauri

`ornairi swavla~ ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi

40

57 66

Manana Kakabadze

Nikoloz Baratashvili Lia Kiknadze

Two Less Known Verses of Akaki Tsereteli Natela Chitauri

Double Learning in Creation of Ilia Chavchavadze

5

merab RaRaniZe

vis ekuTvnis `droebis~ saredaqcio werili aTonis gamo?

julieta gaboZe

akaki wereTeli _ meigave Tu mTargmneli

Tamar nucubiZe

civilizaciisa da progresis gageba ilia WavWavaZis kritikul

naazrevSi

74 81 87

Merab Ghaghanidze

Who Is the Author of the Editorial Article on Athos in Droeba? Juli Gabodze

Akaki Tsereteli - Fabulist or Translator Tamar Nutsubidze

The Concept of the Civilization and Progress in the Works of Ilia Chavchavadze

XX saukunis mwerloba

XX Century Literature

inga milorava

`zekacis~ saxis interpretacia modernistul teqstSi

nestan kutivaZe

XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos istoriuli

realiebis mxatvruli interpretacia Sio

aragvispirelis roman `gabzarul gulSi~

maia jaliaSvili

naratorisa da personaJis teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba

(jemal qarCxaZis roman `zebulonis~ mixedviT)

95 105

110

Inga Milorava

Transformation of the Overmans Image in Modernistic Text Nestan Kutivadze

Literary Interpretation of Historical Studies in Georgia at the Beginning of the XXth Century in The Cracked Heart by Shio Aragvispireli Maia Jaliashvili

Relation of the Texts of Narrator and Personages (According the Novel "Zebuloni" by Jemal Karchkadze)

irakli abaSiZe _ 100 Irakli Abashidze 100

zoia cxadaia

poetis werilebi, sityvebi, mogonebebi

118

Zoia Tskhadaia

Poet's Publications, Speeches, Memoirs

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miTosi. rituali. simbolo Mythology. Ritual. Symbol

rusudan canava

`vefxistyaosnis~ erTi strofis

gagebisaTvis

lali osefaSvili, saba-firuz metreveli

sveti-cxovelis, viTarca sicocxlis xis gamosaxulebani

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe

mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba

qeTevan nadareiSvili

qali da sazogadoeba evripides SemoqmedebaSi

(`ifigenia avlisSi~)

gaga SurRaia

wminda basilevsi konstantine didi ierusalimur

saRvTismsaxurebo tradiciaSi

Tamar SarabiZe

saukunis niRbebi

130 138

145 152 159

195

Rusudan Tsanava

Towards the Understanding of the One Strophe in "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" Lali Osepashvili, Saba-Pirus Metreveli

Portrayals of Sveti-tskhoveli as Tree of Life Teimuraz Kurdovanidze

Artistic Speech of a Narrator Ketevan Nadareishvili

Women and Society in Euripides Tragedies (Iphigenia in Aulis) Gaga Shurgaia

The Holy Basileus Constantine the Great in the Jerusalem Liturgical Tradition Tamar Sharabidze

Century Masks

poetikuri kvlevani

Poetical Studies

Tamar barbaqaZe

qarTuli leqsmcodneoba XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleulis

presaSi (2000-2009 w.w.)

Tengiz kikaCeiSvili

sityvisa da feris harmoniuloba konstantine gamsaxurdias

poetikaSi

206 215

Tamar Barbakadze

Georgian Versification in the Press of the First Decade of the 21st Century (2000-2010) Tengiz Kikacheishvili

The Harmony of Word and Colour in Konstantine Gamsakhurdias Poetics

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literaturuli meridianebi Literary Meridians

zaza xinTibiZe

scenaTa modelireba homerosis epossa da vefxistyaosanSi

lia gugunava

Semoqmedi RmerTi `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~

venera kavTiaSvili

qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobis erTi

saintereso furceli

manana kvataia

grigol robaqiZis `portretTa~ kaleidoskopidan

Stefi xotivari

kavkasiis xalxebis literatura germanul enaze

232 238 251 259

269

Zaza Khintibidze

Modelling of Scenes in Homeric Epic and The Man in the Panthers Skin Lia Gugunava

Creator God in "Hamlet" and "Vepkhistkaosani" Venera Kavtiashvili

An Interesting Page from the Georgian Study of Literature Manana Kvataia

From a Kaleidoscope of Grigol Robakidzes Portraits Steffi Chotiwari-Jnger

The Literature of Caucasian Peoples in German

polemika Polemics

goCa kuWuxiZe

isev arCiliseuli `masas~ Sesaxeb

287

Gocha Kuchukhidze

Yet Concerning Masa from Archil

recenzia

Review

lia ClaiZe

monografia qarTuli folkloris Sesaxeb

301

Lia Chalidze

Monograph About Georgian Foklore

axali wignebi

New Books 303

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis

samecniero publikaciebis stili

311

Style of Academic Publications in Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba

lela xaCiZe

arsen iyalToelis axlad aRmoCenili Targmani

bizantiuri himnografiis II konstantinopoluri periodi xasiaTdeba axali poeturi formis kanonis SemotaniT da damkvidrebiT, romelsac, kon-dakTan SedarebiT, meti struqturuli mravalferovneba da moculoba axasia-Tebs. himnografiuli kanonis genezisi Seswavlilia e. ueleSis mier (ueleSi 1980). saeklesio poeziis cnobili mkvlevaris j. b. pitras sityviT, kanonTa avtorebs moRvaweoba uxdebodaT xatmbrZolobis mZime periodSi. maT gamud-mebiT emuqrebodaT devna, samSoblodan gadaxvewa da sikvdili, amitom nakle-bad zrunavdnen sagalobelTa daxvewaze. maT `mkacr da mgznebare~ nawarmoe-bebSi igrZnoba pirquSi suli epoqisa.

Cvens mier qarTul xelnawerebSi gamovlenili `marxvanis~ axali redaq-cia, romelic efrem mcires ekuTvnis, Seicavs berZnulidan axlad Targmnil araerT kanons, romelTa Soris gvxvdeba Teodore studielis kanoni, miZRvni-li meored mosvlisadmi:

orcielisa kriakesa. galobani meored moslvisani. Sedarebulni Tar-gmnilni. arseni. galoba a. Semwe da m. dResa gansakrTomelsa...~ 218v-219v.

`marxvanis~ am redaqciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia axlad Targmnil kanoneb-ze saTaurebis darTva, sadac miTiTebulia am Targmanebis xasiaTi (`Sedare-bulni~, `usakuTresiTa sityTa~), mTargmnelebi (arseni, Targmani efrem), ak-rostiqebi, kanonis Sesrulebis liturgikuli wesi, aRdgomis kanonze dar-Tul saTaurSi ki dasaxelebulia Targmanis SemkveTic. rogorc wesi, kanone-bis dasawyisebis gaswvriv miTiTebulia maTi avtorebic. rac Seexeba orcie-lis kviriakis kanons, xelnawerSi (an teqnikuri mizezebis gamo fotofirze) dasawyisTan aSia dazianebulia da avtoris aRniSvna ar Cans. giorgi mTaw-midelis avtografuli `marxvanis~, agreTve berZnuli da slavuri `triodio-nebis~ mixedviT, misi avtoria Teodore studieli.

Teodore studieli konstantinopoluri periodis bizantiuri himnogra-fiis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia. misi moRvaweoba qmnis mTel epo-qas, axal etaps bizantiuri himnografiis istoriaSi. Semdgomdroindeli him-nografebi, faqtiurad, misi mimdevrebi da mimbaZvelebi iyvnen. studiis mo-nasteri, sadac Teodores mouxda moRvaweoba, marTlmadideblobis Zlieri centri iyo, gansakuTrebiT xatmbrZolobis periodSi. Teodore studieli, 30 wlis asakSi, am monastris winamZRvrad airCies. marTlmadideblobis dasaca-vad gaweuli RvawlisaTvis igi iqca udides avtoritetad xatTayvanismcemel-Ta Soris. Tavisi aRmsareblobis gamo mas mouwia samSoblos datoveba, tyveo-ba, wameba. marTlmadideblurma eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa.

Teodore studielis sagaloblebis mxatvruli ena ufro rTulia, vidre romanoz melodosisa, romelic misi ideali iyo, magram Teodores sagalob-lebi gamoirCeva religiuri grZnobebis aRmafreniT da siRrmiT. e. ueleSi erTmaneTs udarebs romanozisa da Teodores kondakebs da aCvenebs maT did msgavsebas. aqve igi aRniSnavs metad sagulisxmo garemoebas, rom bizantiuri sasuliero poeziis aRqma SeuZlebelia klasikuri an Tanamedrove poeziis mi-

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xedviT: `warmovidginoT xatebi, romlebic mxolod mcire detalebiT gan-sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. frazeologiuri cvlilebebi, romlebic Teodores Seaqvs Tavis versiaSi, cotaa, magram isini sakmaod mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebi mis sakuTrebad miviCnioT~ (ueleSi 1980: 230).

analogiuri mdgomareobaa Teodores kanonebSi da, kerZod, orcielis kviriakisaTvis gankuTvnil CvenTvis saintereso kanonSic. e. ueleSi aqveynebs misi I odis berZnul teqsts inglisuri TargmaniTurT (ueleSi 1980: 230-232). igi aRniSnavs, rom didi msgavseba SeiniSneba Teodores am kanonsa da meored mosvlisadmi miZRvnil romanoz melodosis cnobil kondaks Soris. es imanac ganapiroba, rom orive maTgani gankuTvnili iyo orcielis kviriakisaTvis da, amdenad, eZRvneboda meored mosvlas: `Teodore iZulebuli iyo, miebaZa roma-nozisaTvis iseve, rogorc romanozi baZavda efrem asurs, Tavis did winapars~ (ueleSi: 230-232). Teodorem miaRwia imas, rom SeZlo ukanaskneli samsjavros poeturi xilva miesadagebina kanonis struqturisaTvis da mTeli kanoni gae-marTa ukve arsebul Zlispirebze. e. ueleSs Tanamedrove sanoto sistemiT aqvs gadmocemuli Teodores am kanonis I da III odebis melodia (ueleSi 1980: 233-234).

bizantiuri himnografiis I periodSi moRvawe himnografTaTvis damaxasia-Tebeli iyo umtkicesi, umWidroesi kavSiris dacva bibliur galobebTan, amis gamo kanonis odebs Soris kavSiri TiTqmis SeumCneveli iyo. studiis monas-terSi moRvawe himnografebis da, upirveles yovlisa, Teodores miRwevad iTvleba is garemoeba, rom maT kanoni aqcies erT mTlian poetur erTeulad, romelSic mizandasaxulad viTardeboda erTi idea.

Teodore studielis es kanoni qarTul himnografiaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba sin.5 da sin.75 xelnawerebSi (XI s). winadroindel tradiciaSi X s-is sinur iadgarebSi igi Sesuli ar aris, Tumca amave avtoris `marxvanisaTvis~ gankuTv-nili samsagaloblebi pirvelad swored aq gvxvdeba (uZvelesi iadgari 1980: 775). Teodore studielis aRniSnuli kanonis Targmna, SesaZloa, sin. 5-sin. 75 tipis marxvanis Semdgenels eqvTime mTawmidels ukavSirdebodes.

rogorc Cans, igi 3-jer uTargmniaT qarTulad. parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi qarTuli xelnaweris _ georg. 5-is I nawilSi, romelic giorgi mTawmidelis avtograful `marxvans~ warmoadgens (xaCiZe 1987: 59-74) _ Sesulia am kanonis II Targmani, sadac sin. 5-sin. 75-Tan SedarebiT, garkveu-li cvlilebebia Setanili. efrem mciris redaqciis`marxvanSi~ ki daculia originalTan misi xelaxla `Sedarebuli~ Targmani, romelic arsen iyal-Toels ekuTvnis.

Teodores es kanoni Sesulia berZnuli da slavuri `marxvanebis~ arsebu-li publikaciebSi da, amdenad, saSualeba gveZleva SeviswavloT qarTuli Targmanebis xasiaTi da mimarTeba berZnul originalTan. qvemoT movitanT ka-nonis I odis ugalobdiTsas teqsts sin. 5-is da georg. 5-Si daculi giorgi mTawmidelis avtografuli `marxvanis~ mixedviT:

sin. 5 georg. 5 33r 88v

ugalobdiTsa. ma d guerdi. ugalobdiTsa. ma d guerdi. ugalobdeT ufalsa ugalobdeT ufalsa, romelman ga

dResa mas saSinelsa dResa mas saSinelsa mosvlisa Senisasa gulisma-vhyof moslvisa Senisasa gulisma-vhyof da vZrwi, qriste macxo var, da vZrwi, qriste macxovar, raJams daSjde gankiTxvad raJams daSjde gankiTxvad cxovelTa da mkudarTa. cxovelTa da mkudarTa.

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raJams moxde, RmerTo, bevreuloTa maT Tana angelozTa, Rirs-myav meca SemTxuevad Senda RrubliTa naTlisaTa

brwyinvaled. SemaZrwunebs me cecxli igi uSreti da matli uZili da RrWena kbilTa mware, aramed Sen, qriste, Semiwyale me. ma Seni sanatreli masmine, qriste, romliTa uwode wmidaTa sixarulad, maT Tana Rirs-myav sasufevelsa Sensa.

Sen, uqorwi

raJams moxde, RmerTo, bevreulTa maT Tana angelozTa, Rirs-myav meca SemTxuevad RrubliTa naTlisaTa brwyinvaled.

isenebd, sulo Cemo, dResa mas da Jamsa gansakrTomelsa moslvisa uflisasa da iglovd mwared, raTa ipovo wmidad. SemaZrwunebs me cecxli igi uSreti da matli uZili da RrWena kbilTa mware, aramed Sen, macxovar, Semiwyale me.

ma Seni sanatreli masmine, qriste, romelTa uwode wmidaTa sixarulad da maT Tana Rirs-myav sasufevelsa Sensa.

nu eZieb sityuasa saqmeTa CemTaTs, romelni uwyni da nu Sexual saSjelsa dafarulTa CemTasa, qriste macxovar. samguamovano RmerTo dausabamoo, yovlisa mpyrobelo, guacxovnen qmnulni Senni, mamao da Zeo da sulo wmidao. mamisagan Sobili Ze RmrTisa JamTa zeSTa bunebisa hSev, qalwulo wmidao, oriTa bunebiTa RmerTi da kaci.

rogorc vxedavT, georg. 5-isa da sin. 5-is Tanxvedri troparebi teqstob-rivad identuria. giorgi mTawmideli, rogorc Cans, misaRebad Tvlida sin. 5-is tipis `marxvanSi~ arsebul Targmans. sin. 5-Tan SedarebiT, georg. 5-Si metia III, VI, VII da VIII troparebi. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom `ugalobdiTsas~ VII tropari `samebisans~, VIII tropari ki `RmrTismSoblisans~ warmoadgens.

kanonis yovel momdevno odaSic msgavsi samuSaoa Catarebuli. sin. 5-Si am kanonis yoveli oda 3 an 4 troparisagan Sedgeba (garda ukanask-

neli IX odisa, romelSic 5 dasdebelia), georg. 5-Si TiToeul odaSi tropare-bis raodenoba 7-mde an 8-mdea Sevsebuli. TiToeuli odis ukanaskneli 2 tro-pari `samebisansa~ da `RmrTismSoblisas~ warmoadgens. TiToeul odaSi georg. 5-isa da sin. 5-is Tanxvedri troparebi teqstobrivad identurni arian. amave dros, sin.5-sagan gansxvavebiT, giorgis `marxvanSi~ kanoni Seicavs II odas _ `moixilesa~.

amrigad, giorgi mTawmideli iyenebs orcielis kviriakis kanonis sin. 5-Si dacul Targmans; amave dros, misi Tanamedrove berZnuli `marxvanebis~ mixed-viT, iZleva mis axal redaqcias avsebs kanonis TiToeul odas 3-4 dasdebli-dan 7-8 dasdeblamde; rogorc wesi, mis mier TiToeuli galobisaTvis damate-buli dasdeblebis bolo wyvili warmoadgens `samebisansa~ da `RmrTismSobli-sas~; umatebs kanons II odas _ `moixilesa~.

originalTan daaxlovebas kidev ufro metad eswrafis arsen iyalToeli, romelsac qarTuli Targmani am mizniT xelaxla Seudarebia berZnulTan. mo-

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vitanT kanonis imave odis arseniseul Targmans da e. ueleSis mier gamoqeyne-bul berZnul teqsts:

georg. 5-is II nawili

berZnuli teqsti

216r galobani meored moslvisani. Sedarebulni Targmnilni. arseni. ma b guerdi. galoba a. Semwe da m. dResa gansakrTomelsa ucxosa mosvlisa Senisasa vZrwi momgonebeli, viSiSvi... mxedveli, romelsa Sina sjde gansjad

cxovelTa da mkudarTa, RmerTo, yolad Zliero. odes moxde, RmerTo, bevreulTa da aTaseulTa angelozebrTa Tana ZalTa

cisaTa, meca migebebad Senda RrubliTa, qriste RmerTo, Rirs-myav maSin ubadruki. moved, mdabalo sulo, isenebdi Jamsa da dResa, romelsa Sina cxadad warmodges

RmerTi da godebiT tirode, raTa ipoo wmidad Jamsa gankiTxvisasa. ganmakrTobs da SemaZrwunebs cecxli uSreti geheniisa, matli mware da RrWena

kbilTa, aramed milxine, mride da daawese dgomaCemi wmidaTa Tana, qriste!

salocveli ma Seni, momwodebeli wmidaTa SenTa Subad mimarT, masmine meca,

ubadruksa, raTa vpoo caTa sasufevelsa igi uoxWno netareba.

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nu Sexual Sen CemTa saSjelad momxumeli qmnaTa CemTa, sityuaTa da aRZrvaTa gamomwu-

lilveli, aramed wyalobiT Tana-warhed ZrTa CemTa da macxovne, saxier. samguamovano erTo, RmerT-mTavaro yovelTao, srulT-mTavrobiTo da arsTa mTavaro guacxovnen mamao, da Zeo da saxiero sulo yolad wmidao. vin Sva Ze mamobrivTa TeslTa Seuwynarebelad, aramed romeli igi mamaman Sva udedod ucxo niSi, romeli Sev Sen yolad ubiwoo, Tanad RmerTi da kaci.

arseniseul TargmanSi iseve, rogorc giorgisTan, I galoba 8 troparisa-gan Sedgeba. berZnulSi troparTa raodenoba Svidia, radgan VIII tropari RmrTismSoblisa araa warmodgenili. Tu giorgi mTawmidelis `marxvansa~ da sin.-5-s Soris teqstobrivad identuri troparebic gvxvdeba, arseniseuli Targmani mTlianad ganaxlebulia TiToeuli tropari sagangebodaa Sedare-buli berZnulTan.

winadroindel TargmanTan SedarebiT, I troparis dasawyisSive arseni uma-tebs sityvas `ucxosa~, rac Seesabameba berZnulis ` ~-s. es sityva winadroindel TargmanSi ucvleladaa datovebuli. slavurSi, romelic ber-Znulis zust Targmans warmoadgens, es sityva Targmnilia, rogorc `-~. amave troparis ` Zvel TargmanSi asea gadmocemu-li: `gulisma-vhyof da vZrwi~, arseni ki TviT berZnul konstruqciasac gad-mogvcems - `vZrwi momgonebeli~ (Sdr. slavuris ` ~). sin.5 ge-org.5-Si uTargmneladaa datovebuli berZnulis IV striqoni _ `k , arsenTan igi zustadaa Targmnili - `viSiSvi mxedveli~. berZnul ori-ginals zustad asaxavs arseniseuli Targmanis bolo striqonic _ ` _ `RmerTo, yolad Zliero~ (Sdr. slavuris ` ~). Zvel TargmanSi es striqoni gadatanilia III adgilze da gadmocemulia ase: `qriste macxovar~.

II troparis III striqoni ` k arsenTan zustadaa Targmni-li: `bevreulTa da aTaseulTa~. analogiuri mdgomareobaa slavurSic. ` ~. Zvel TargmanSi ki gvaqvs mxolod `bevreulTa~. amave tropa-ris arseniseul TargmanSi zustadaa gadmocemuli `ZalTa cisaTa~. Sdr. berZ-

nulis ` (slavuri ` ~). Zvel TargmanSi igi uTarg-mneladaa datovebuli.

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amave galobis III tropari sin. 5-Si ar gvxvdeba; SesaZloa, igi TviT giorgi mTawmidelis mier iyos Targmnili. igive unda iTqvas VI, VII da VIII tropareb-zec. III troparis arseniseuli Targmanis dasawyisi _ `moved, mdabalo su-

lo...~ emTxveva originals: ` , ...~ amave troparis ` . ~ giorgis mier Targmnilia, rogorc `moslvasa uflisasa~, arse-ni zust Targmans gvaZlevs: `romelsa Sina cxadad warmodges RmerTi~. gior-gis TargmanSi ucvleladaa datovebuli amave troparis ukanaskneli striqo-ni, romelsac arseni zustad Targmnis: `Jamsa gankiTxvisasa~ (Sdr. ).

IV troparis `E k ~ erTi zmniTaa gadmocemuli Zvel Targ-manSi _ `SemaZrwunebs~. arseni, originalis Sesabamisad, 2 zmnas mimarTavs:

`ganmakrTobs da SemaZrwunebs~. epiTeti `mware~ (k) berZnulSi da arseni-seul TargmanSi dakavSirebulia `matlTan~, Zvel TargmanSi ki kbilTa RrWe-nasTan. erTi sityviT (`Semiwyale~) aris gadmocemuli Zvel TargmanSi origi-

nalis 3 zmna: ` , , k ~. arsenTan Sesabamisi Targmania: `milxine, mride da daawese dgoma Cemi~.

zustadaa Targmnili arsenis mier originalis `k~ _ `mimwode-beli~ (Sdr. slavuris `~), Zvel TargmanSi gvaqvs `romliTa uwode~.

uTargmneladaa datovebuli Zvel TargmanSi originalis ` ~, romelsac arseni Targmnis, rogorc `ubadruksa~. aseve uTargmneladaa datovebuli Zvel TargmanSi amave troparis ukanaskneli striqoni, romelsac arseni zus-tad Targmnis: `uoxWno, netareba~.

VI troparis ` ~ arsenis mier Targmnilia, rogorc `nu Sexual~, Zvel TargmanSi gansxvavebuli wakiTxvaa _ `nu eZieb sityuasa~. `~ arsens uTargmnia, rogorc `momxumeli~. Zvel TargmanSi uTargmneladaa datovebu-li es sityva. Zvel TargmanSi Zalze Semoklebulia am troparis II nawilic, ar-senTan ki zusti Targmani gvaqvs.

sityvasityviTaa Targmnili arsenis mier VII troparic - `samebisani~. ori-

ginalis `~ arsenis mier Targmnilia, rogorc `erTo~, Zvel TargmanSi gvxvdeba `RmerTo~. sainteresodaa Targmnili arsenis mier originalis

`k ~ _ `RmerT-mTavaro yovelTao~. uTargmneladaa datovebuli Zvel TargmanSi `k, ~, arseni ase Targmnis am terminebs: `srul _ mTavrobiTo da zeSTa mTavarno.~ analogiuri viTarebaa kanonis da-narCen odebSic.

amrigad, bizantiuri himnografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis _ Teodore studielis himnografiuli kanoni, romelic orcielis kviria-kisaTvisaa gankuTvnili, samjeraa Targmnili qarTulad. arsen iyalToelis mier Sesrulebuli Targmani yovelTvis Zalze zustia, Zveli Targmanebi ki Zi-riTadad gadmoscemen originalis azrs, magram es araa sityvasityviTi Tar-gmanebi. mTargmnelebi saTqmels Taviseburad cvlian, uTargmnelad toveben garkveul frazebs an zogadad gadmoscemen azrs.

sagalobeli sainteresoa im mxrivac, rom eZRvneba meored mosvlas. es Tema sakmaod popularuli iyo Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi.

14

damowmebani: ueleSi 1980: Wellesz E.: A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography, Oxford: 1980. uZvelesi iadgari 1980: uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da

saZieblebi daurTes el. metrevelma, c. Wankievma da l. xevsurianma. Tb.: 1980.

T , Rome: 1879 , I II , .: 1975 xaCiZe 1987: ioane minCxis poezia, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva

daurTo lela xaCiZem. Tb.: 1987.

Lela Khachidze

Towards the New Translation by Arsen Ikaltoeli

Summary In the issue the hymnigraphical Kanon devoted to the Judgement Day and its Geogian

translations have been analized. The Kanon belongs to Theodore Studites the famous representative of Byzantine Hymnography.

The Greek original of the Kanon is studied by scientists while its Geogian translations are unknown for the scholars.

The first translation of the Hymn is preserved in Geogian manuscripts Sin.5 (1051) and Sin.75 ( XI c). Euthimius Athonite can probably be the translator of the Hymn.

An autographic Triodion by George Athonite - Georgica 5 consists the next translation of this Hymn. The translator George Athonite makes some changes .

The third Geogian translation of the Hymn was found in the new redaction of Georgian Triodion. It belongs to Arsen Ikaltoeli and it deserves attention for the ascertainment of the Greek original. In this version the Greek text, terms and even constructions are precisely reflected. This version represents Arsen Ikaltoeli as the translator of the Hymns.

15

lali ruxaZe

sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da

V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

(qronotopis sakiTxi da soflis paradigma `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~)

werili meore

anonimi hagiografis Txzuleba `martloba da moTmineba wmidisa evsta-Ti mcxeTelisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30-45) istoriuli qronotopis TvalsazrisiT axlosaa iakob xucesis `wm. SuSanikis wamebasTan~. `Zeglis Tavdapirveli deda-ni Tanamedrovis mier unda iyos Sedgenili, magram Semdeg, imave VI s-is dasas-ruls an VII s-is damdegs, moTxrobaSi cvlileba SeutaniaT~ (javaxiSvili 1987: 66). daTariRebis principisa da tropuli metyvelebis msgavsebac SeiniSneba, Tumca sruliad gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili s o f l i s a da s i k v -d i l i s saxismetyveleba.

`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ TariRis, avtoris msoflmxedvelo-bisa da saxismetyvelebis sakiTxi dResac mraval problemur kiTxvas tovebs, romlebsac Cven ar SevexebiT, Tumca `martvilobis~ qronotopisa da s o f -l i s cnebis saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba maT TavisTavad exmianeba.

qronotopis _ dro-sivrcis erTiani aRqmis problema zogadad (baxtini 2002: 6; mani 1984: 2) da, kerZod, qarTuli hagiografiis kvalobaze Seswavli-lia da miRebulia mniSvnelovani daskvnebi (siraZe 2001: 32-33; amirxanaSvili 2005: 15-19): `agiografiaSi dro aucileblad gulisxmobs sivrces, da, piriqiT, sivrce _ dros... TariRi, rogorc dro da rogorc sivrce warmoadgens isto-riuli sivrcis nawils, romelic TavisTavad aris dro. amitomaa, rom daTari-Rebisas upiratesoba eZleva sivrces da ara kalendarul dros~ (amirxanaS-vili 2005: 17), Tumca zogjer orive aspeqti mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~.

nawarmoebSi dro-sivrcis aRqma orgvaria: erTi istoriulia, romelsac qmnis meaTe weli sparseTSi xuasro anu Sirvanis (531-579 ww.) mefobisa, arvand guSnaspis marzapnoba tfilisSi, sparseTis qveyana da sofeli arSakeTi. amave aspeqtSi moiazreba gvirobandakis pirovneba da misi rwmena- mogvoba. meore qronotopi ki iwyeba gvirobandakis qalaq mcxeTaSi CamosvliT, mexamleobis SeswavliT, qristian qalTan SeuRlebiT, kaTakmevlobidan jer Rrmadmorwmu-ne qristianad, xolo Semdeg wm. evstaTi mcxeTelad qceviT da gadadis usasrulobaSi (dro maradiulobaSi, sivrce RvTaebriv saufloSi). es ukve mowamisa da hagiografis qronotopia, miT ufro, rom `xelovnebas Tavisi dro aqvs. es dro iwyeba maSin, roca nawarmoebi iwyeba da masTan erTad mTavrdeba~ (siraZe 2001: 21). es ori istoriuli da xelovnebiseuli qronotopi dasawyis-Sivea mocemuli da `martvilobis~ bolomde Tanaarsebobs. amdenad, ufro meti datvirTva aqvs, vidre TariRisa da geografiuli realiebis miniSnebaa. pir-velSi, romelic ramdenjerme meordeba, sivrcul aRqmas qmnis sofeli sparse-Ti, evi arSakeTi da qalaqi ganZaki (Zeglebi 1964: 31). am yvelafers amTlia-

dasawyisi ix.: lali ruxaZe, sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (soflis bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis wameba~, literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII, Tb., 2007, gv. 28-35.

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nebs (kravs) mogvoba gvirobandakisa da is, rom `me mamuli rCuli ara miyvarda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 35).

ramdenadac `adamianuri drois RvTaebrivad gadaqcevis umTavresi safuZ-velia sikeTe~ (siraZe 2001: 25), gvirobandakis upirvelesi mizania axali qro-notopis Seqmna, misi morgeba (gaTaviseba) da bolos masSi ganleva udidesi Sinagani ZalisxmeviT, warsulis daviwyebiT, yofiT materialurze amaRle-biT, tanjva-tkivilis miviwyebiTa da WeSmaritebasTan ziarebis dauokebeli wyurviliT. ai, es qmnis gzas gvirobandakidan evstaTamde, rac aranakleb mniS-vnelovania mowamisa da hagiografisaTvis, vidre uSualod sikvdiliT dasja tfilisel jalaTTa mier.

pirveli qronotopi mowamisa da avtoris mier erTiani ZalisxmeviTaa da-saZlevi, romelic aRar unda darCes msmenlisa Tu mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi, Tumca ramdenjerme meordeba, rogorc miniSneba mowamis did tkivilze, `mona-gebTa datevebaze~. cxadia, rac ufro didia tkivili saxl-samyofis datovebi-sa, xibli yofiT-materialurisa, miT ufro Rrmaa rwmena: `aqa vitanjo da mun ganvisueno~ (Zeglebi 1964: 21).

TiTqos hagiografma principulad uaryo s o f l i s bibliuri paradigma da ZiriTadad sparseTTan dakavSirebiT moixmobs mas (SesaZloa swored amgva-ri aRqmiT warmoaCina misi oden materialuri arsi, Tavisi uaryofiTi damoki-debuleba yovelive sparsulisadmi). mcxeTeli ustam cixisTavi ekiTxeba evstaTis: `romlisa soflisa xar, anu romlisa qalaqisa, anu romeli rCuli gipyries~? (Zeglebi 1964: 31) es mxolod qristes mgmoblis pozicia araa, Tavad mowamec amgvarad aRiqvams s o f e l s : `me soflisa sparseTisa viyav, evisa arSakeTisa, qalaqisa ganZakisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 31). mogvianebiT amave azrs ase gaimeorebs igi: `me viyav q u e y a n i s a sparseTisasa, evisa arSakeTisa, qalaqisa ganZakisa... xolo me mamuli rCuli ara miyvarda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 35). e. i. s o f e l i igive q v e y a n a a , romelic ukavSirdeba sparseTs, mogvobas sulis safrTxes, warsuls mowamisas. arada, ukve dawerilia iakob xucesis Txzuleba, warmoCenilia s o f l i s cnebis bibliuri arqetipi da hagiogra-fiuli saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba (ruxaZe 2007: 31-33). `wm. evstaTi mcxeTe-lis martvilobis~ kvalobaze ki TiTqos arc arsebobs `orgemage~ da amao sawuTro, warmavali, mravali safrTxis Semcveli Tavisi `uTvalavi feriT~, arc masTan dapirispirebaa mowamis mier martodmartod gadasatani `Wiri~, romlis Zlevaa aucilebeli piroba WeSmaritebis Sesacnobad.

hagiografi da martvili erTnairad aRiqvamen warsulsac da awmyosac (SeiZleba isini Tanamedrovenic iyvnen), miT ufro, rom Zvel qarTulSi `dro~ aRniSnavda `soflis~, `qveynis~ cnebas (meliqiSvili 1987: 13). warsuli _ s o -f e l i // q v e y a n a sparseTi da mogvoba, xosros mefoba da arvand guSnas-pis marzpanobaa, awmyo ki qalaqi mcxeTa da qristianoba. TiTqos orive sagangebod gaurbis termins s o f e l i , raTa sabolood Caklas `mamuli rCuli~, yovelive, rac sparseTs ukavSirdeba. iqneb aramarto sparseTsa da mogvobas? iqneb ufro Rrmad gaiazrebs hagiografi s o f l i s a da q v e y -n i s cnebebs da yovelive miwier keTildReobad, zecis sapirispirod aRiq-vams maT da erT saxels arqmevs s p a r s e T s ?!. s o f l i s Tanamedrove gagebiT moxmobilia cnebebi: `d a b a ~, `a d g i l i ~ (`daba erTi~, `adgili er-Ti~). xolo qveyana ZiriTadad xmeleTs aRniSnavs (Zeglebi 1964: 39-40): `garda-moda RmerTi zeciT queyanad da movida Txemsa zeda mTisa sinasa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 37).

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `s o f e l i ewodebis sruliad sa-wuTros, xolo d a b a _ erTsa, momcro qalaqsa mozRudvilsa~ (iovane 11,1). xolo q u e y a n a _ `erTi ars oTxTa kavSirTagani, meli da grili, mZime da uZravi, aramyofobisagan yofad pirvelsa dResa moyvanebuli RTisagan~

17

(orbeliani 1991: 183; orbeliani 1993: 236-237). qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikonis mixedviTac, d a b a sofelia, q u e y a n a _ xmeleTi, napiri (im-naiSvili 1986: 117; 615). amave leqsikuri mniSvnelobebiTaa moxmobili es ori termini `wm. SuSanikis wamebaSic~: `miviwie dabasa mas, romelsaca iyo netari SuSanik~ (Zeglebi 1964: 13), `Tavsa Tssa que damarT scemda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 23). sainteresoa, rom `wamebis~ HK xelnawerSi `daRmarT~ ikiTxeba. ufro adre ki q u e y a n a `zeda~ _ TandebuliTaa warmodgenili da zogadad m i w i s sino-nimad aRiqmeba: `davarda igi queyanasa zeda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 12), `idva wmida SuSanik queyanasa zeda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 17). gamonaklisia, rodesac queyana zo-gadad hereTs aRniSnavs: `moxucebuli aravin ars maT queyanaTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 25), xolo s o f e l i _ qarTls (`soflisa qarTlisani~ _ Zeglebi 1964: 27).

rac Seexeba hagiografisa da mowamis qronotops, igi uSualod mosdevs istoriuls da moicavs qalaq mcxeTas, gvirobandakis feriscvalebas evsta-Tad da Semdeg evstaTi mcxeTelad (wmindanad) qcevas. amdenad, awmyo da moma-vali (maradiuloba) erT aspeqtSia gaazrebuli (axlandeli dro maradiulis nawilia, `es~ dro da sivrce sakraluri dro-sivrcis dasawyisad, mosamzade-bel safexurad aRiqmeba).

hagiografi TiTqos sagangebod gangvawyobs am dro-sivrceSi (gvirobanda-kis sulier feriscvalebasa da mcxeTaSi) SemosabrZaneblad `ritorikuli figuris~ _ `da~ kavSiriani wyobis SemotaniT. `da movida igi (sagangebodaa miviwyebuli mogvobisdroindeli sparsuli saxeli) qalaqad mcxeTad (mcxeTa arasodes iwodeba s o f l a d an q v e y n a d ) da iswavleboda elsa meamle-obisasa... iTxova man coli qristian da TT qristeane iqmna da naTeli miiRo. xolo naTlis-cemasa missa uwodes saxeli evstaTi~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30). `d a ~ kavSiri am SemxTvevaSi mxolod berZnuli literaturis stilis gavleniT ar aris, rogorc V-XI ss-is qarTuli agiografiis stilisturi paradigmebis kvlevam cxadyo: `es is SemTxvevaa, roca makavSirebeli sityva aris ufro meti, vidre kavSiri. `da~-kavSirs avtori aRmatebuli tonis gasaformeblad iyenebs da rac ufro meti yuradReba gadaaqvs am sityvaze, miT ufro gamoikveTeba zeaweuli, wignieri paTosi... amJRavnebs miswrafebas, miizidos, moiaxlovos da TavisTvis sasurvel fokusSi moaqcios mkiTxvelis yuradReba~ (amirxanaSvili 2004: 8). sainteresoa, rom wm. SuSanikisa da wm. evstaTis `martvilobebis~ av-torebi Tavisebur mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT sistemas qmnian saTqmelis gadmosacemad da masSi msmenlisa Tu mkiTxvelis `CasarTvelad~, Tumca es mxo-lod dasawyisSi, Semdeg maTi saxismetyvelebiTi azrovneba gansxvavebulia.

amdenad, e. w. xelovnebis qronotopidan iwyeba WeSmaritebis Zieba axali mamulis, axali rwmenisa da axali saxelis mopovebis gziT. gvirobandaki mkvidrdeba mcxeTaSi, swavlobs meCeqmeobas, qorwindeba (sulieri qorwinebis wina safexuri) qristianze, inaTleba, sisxlis daTxeviT `emowmeba~ pirvelmo-wameTa Rvawls, aqve ikrZaleba misi gvami da iwodeba wm. evstaTi mcxeTelad. wm. SuSanikic TandaTan tovebs sadedoflo sasaxles da cdilobs mcire se-nakSi eklesiis gverdiT (wiaRSi), mis sulier da fizikur siaxloves yofnas. marTalia, `martvilobaSi~ araferia naTqvami mcxeTis _ rogorc axali ieru-salimis, udidesi siwmindis _ uflis kvarTis gansasveneblis _ Sesaxeb, mag-ram imdenad didia momavali mowamis fizikuri da sulieri ltolva am adgili-sadmi, rom sruliad bunebrivia mas es yovelive sparseTSive scodnoda. swo-red aq unda monaTluliyo igi. miT ufro, rom wminda jvris ZalaSi hagiogra-fi udides movlenas _ 30 wlis mogvi yrmis naTliscemasac unda gulisxmob-des, aqedan daiwyo WeSmaritebis Secnoba da masTan ziareba (sainteresoa mowamis asakis 30 wlis miniSnebac).

sparseTsa da mazdeanobasTan gvirobandaks akavSirebda siyvarulis nak-leboba, ufro zustad, usiyvaruloba, WeSmariti RmerTis Seucnobloba, rac

18

evstaTiSi sircxvilad, Sinaganad dasaZlev problemad iqca da bolos sici-lad amoskda _ rogorc ganaTebuli gonebiT Secnobili sibnele `metozikeTa tozikobisa~. swored am pasaJSi gamoikveTa mowamis mxatvruli saxe metad originaluridan (zariZe 1985: 5). evstaTis sicilTan erTad avtori Tavadac aranakleb `ganbasravs~ sparsTa `tozikobas~ da Tanamonawiled ixdis msmenels (metreveli 2008: 93-94).

rac Seexeba s i k v d i l i s cnebas, masac Taviseburad aRiqvams anonimi hagiografi. masze ganuwyveteli fiqri da gansakuTrebuli SiSi gaCenis dRidan dahyva adamians, qristianulma azrovnebam daaZlevina mas es gaurkvev-loba s i k v d i l i s _ rogorc g a r d a c v a l e b i s , aRqmiT.

ramdenadac qronotopis kategorias SuasaukuneebSi ufro metad simbo-luri datvirTva hqonda, hagiografs naklebad ainteresebda personaJis cxovrebis wesi warsulSi (TiTqos saerTod arc arsebobda), igi `axali mowame~ unda gamxdariyo, amitom misi cxovrebac im adgilidan da im droidan unda aTvliliyo, saidanac _ `keTilisaTvis baZva~ (`keTil ars baZva keTilisaTs maradis~, _ galat. 4,18). amgvari azrovnebis nimuSi saxareba gaxldaT. `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ dasawyisSi hagiografisaTvis gvirobandaki sruliad Soreuli da ucxo iyo, sparseTidan mosuli `kaci erTi~ (rasac ufro amZafrebs `erTis~ _ ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelis funqcia), romelic Tan-daTan axlovdeboda qarTvelTaTvis igi CvenTan `movida~... sainteresoa, rom avtori meore abzacsac `movidaTi~ iwyebs (`movida igi qalaqad mcxeTad~, _ Zeglebi 1964: 30). TiTqos ufro `Tbeba~ dro, urTierTobebi, kidev ufro sak-ralizdeba isedac wminda adgili da yvelasaTvis saCinovdeba WeSmariteba _ `wmidisa juarisa Zalisa Cineba~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30).

amdenad, sikvdilisadmi hagiografTa epikuri simSvide bunebrivia, Tumca `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtori saerTod ugulebelyofs sikv-dilisadmi SiSs, rogorc _ soflis amaoebasa da sawuToobas. erTaderTi wi-nadadebiT gadmoicema mowamis dasja es udidesi movlena: `sces maxliTa pa-tiosansa qedsa missa da warhkueTes Tavi misi~ (Zeglebi 1964: 45).

`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ mraval problemur kiTxvas badebs, maT Sorisaa literaturul-esTetikuri mxarec: `warmodgenili sxarti aRwe-rilobebisaTvis ucxoa tropuli metyveleba, moTxrobis ena `dokumenturia~ (CxartiSvili 1994: 14), anda: `Tavisi mxatvrul-esTetikuri... aspeqtiT uaRre-sad saintereso qmnilebaa, romelSic asaxuli sulieri samyaro ufro met sa-fiqrals gviCens~ (metreveli 2008: 101).

rogorc cnobilia, mowameni urjuloTagan sikvdvils RvTisgan boZebul gamocda-wyalobad iReben. wm. ioane oqropiris moZRvrebiT, `es seni _ sikvdi-li mowameTaTvis didi SenaZenia~. RmerTma ineba, rom xorcieli sikvdiliT misi rCeulni mowamebrivi gvirgviniT Seemko. mowamebrivi aRsasruli maT saTnoebebs ufro metad ganabrwyinvebs~ (vasiliadisi 2003: 86). asea am nawar-moebSic, magram dasjis dros evstaTiseuli simSvide mxolod amiT ver aixs-neba. udidesi sulieri da materialuri Ziebis, Wvretis, fiqrisa da Sinagani Widilis Sedegad man warsulad aqcia Tavisi cxovrebis 30 weliwadi da zeciu-ri samoTxis momlodinebeli droebiT dasaxlda miwier samoTxeSi _ mcxeTaSi. evstaTis moTmineba da hagiografis dumili sikvdiliswina gancdaTa Sesaxeb moCvenebiTia, Cveni mxridan _ `martvilobis~ zerele gadakiTxvis Sedegi. martvili cdilobs simSvidis mopovebas (SeuZlebelia am dros mSvidad yofna) da iwyebs locvas muxlmodrekili, zecas TiTqos TvalebiT `mibjenili~, uf-lis sasoebis momlodine, amqveynad martosuli (miuxedavad ojaxis wevrebisa da Tanamdgomelebisa), romelsac qristesaTvis msxverplad miuZRvnia Tavisi warsuli sulieri da xorcieli sisavsiT: dediT, mamiT, ZmaniT, naTesaviT, so-feli sparseTi da mogvoba. swored `monagebTa dateveba~ iyo yvelaze Znelad

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dasaZlevi, `Zleva sakrvel~!.. igi ukve gadatanilia, daZleulia da axla xor-cis tkiviliRa darCa, iseTive materialuri da sawuTo, rogorc Tavad amqvey-niuri arseboba. sulis tkivili dumiliT `uboZa~ (miuZRvna) ufals, xorcis tkivils rogorRa gamoxatavda martvili, anda rogor gadmoscemda mas hagi-ografi?! tkivilis dumiliT gadmocemisa da am dumilis esTetikuri aRqmis xibls SesaniSnavad gvagrZnobineben qarTveli hagiografebi da himnografebi, magram yvelaze amaRlebulad da gamWvirvaled XIX s-Si CamoiZerwa igi nikoloz baraTaSvilis bagiT: `maSa, dumilic mimiTvalen Sendami locvad!~

muxlmoyrili evstaTi tfilisel jalaTTa fonze mxurvaled loculobs, raTa pirvelmowameTa msgavsad Seiwiros ufalma misi msxverpli. aq erT saazrovno sibrtyeSi ganTavsdeba martvilobis anu `damowmebis~ gansxvavebu-li gzebi: yinulian tbaSi an zRvaSi daRupva, cecxlis an mxecisagan CanTqma (pirvelmowameTa martviloba) da gvirobandakis evstaTad qceva. `Sen ici, ufalo, Cemo, iesu qriste, rameTu aravin virCie Sensa, arca mama, arca deda, arca Zmani, arca naTesavni, garna Sen mxolo ufali Segiyuare da saxelisa SenisaTs esera Tavi warmekueTebis dRes~ (Zeglebi 1964: 44). diax, golgoTis mTis msgavsad (`RmerTo Cemo, RmerTo Cemo! rasTs damiteve me~? _ maTe 27,46), saukuneTa Semdeg tfilisSic gaitkivila adamianurma bunebam (ra Tqma unda, mxolod miaxloebiT, mimsgavsebiT!). amdenad, dasjis scenis naklebad dramatizirebiT anonimi hagiografi warmoaCens mowamis mier ukve daZleuli sulieri tkivilis simZafresac da tfilisSive movlenili uflis saswaulis sidiadesac, _ gaixsna `mowameobis sarbieli~! martvils `esma xma~, romelmac daarwmuna, rom misi gvami mcxeTaSi daefloboda, magram `raRac~ mainc unda Tqmuliyo da Cndeba saocrad tevadi fraza dumilze xmamaRali da CurCul-ze xmadabali: `da ganmxiarulda netari evstaTi da hmadlobda RmerTsa~ (Zeg-lebi 1964: 45) (isev `da~-kavSiriani wyoba! l.r). es aris fraza, romelsac e. w. xelovnebis qronotopSi awmyo gadahyavs momavalSi da maradiulobiT `kravs~ (da ara `asrulebs~) droisa da sivrcis aRqmas: gvirobandaki (SesaZlebelia ukve kaTakmeveli) Camovida mcxeTaSi da miwieri samyaro zeciuris anareklad iqca, evstaTim ganicada WeSmariteba axali samSoblo (qarTli _ nacvlad sparseTisa), sulieri dabadebis adgili (mcxeTa _ nacvlad xev (sofel) arSa-keTisa), axali sarwmunoeba da axali saxeli (`giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebas-Tan~ dakavSirebiT ix. amirixanaSvili 2005: 19).

diax, `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobisaTvis~ `ucxoa tropuli metyve-leba~ (CxartiSvili), magram gamWvirvalea azri: `sul ukanaskneli miswrafeba kacisa aris RmerTi, erToba anu cxoveli kavSiri RmerTTan~! (katexizmo 1994: 24).

damowmebani:

amirxanaSvili 2004: amirxanaSvili i. stilisturi paradigmebi V-XI ss-is qarTul agiografiaSi. literaturuli Ziebani, XXV, Tb.: `merani~, 2004.

amirxanaSvili 2005: amirxanaSvili i. agiografiuli Txzulebis dro da sivrce. literaturuli Ziebani, XXVI, Tb.: `merani~, 2005.

baxtini 2002: . . . . 6, .: " ", 2002. vasiliadisi 2003: vasiliadisi n. sikvdilis saudumloeba. Tb.: 2003. zariZe 1985: zariZe x. `xolo netarman evstaTi ganicina~. gaz. `literaturuli

saqarTvelo~, 14.VI, Tb.: 1985. imnaiSvili 1986: imnaiSvili i. qarTuli oTxTavis somfonia-leqsikoni. Tb.: Tsu, 1986. katexizmo 1994: saxelmZRvanelo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis katexizmos

Sesaswavlad. Tb.: 1994. mani 1984: mani T. `jadosnuri mTa~. germanulidan Targmna d. fanjikiZem. t. 2. Tb.:

1984. meliqiSvili 1987: meliqiSvili d. drois cneba. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTve-

lo~, 4.IX, Tb.: 1987.

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metreveli 2008: metreveli s. qarTuli agiografiis ikonografiuli saxis-metyveleba. , Tb.: `merani~, 2008.

orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 1, Tb.: `merani~, 1991. orbeliani 1993: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 2, Tb.: `merani~, 1993. ruxaZe 2007: ruxaZe l. sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-

XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (soflis bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ saxismetyveleba). literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII, Tb.: 2007.

siraZe 2001: siraZe r. dro da Jami. literaturuli Ziebani, XXII, Tb.: `merani~, 2001. CxartiSvili 1994: CxartiSvili m. martviloba da moTmineba wm. evstaTi

mcxeTelisa. wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva. Tb.: 1994. Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. ilia

abulaZis xelZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. I, Tb.: saq. ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, 1964.

javaxiSvili 1987: javaxiSvili i. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. Txzule-bani. t. VIII, Tb.: 1987.

Lali Ruxadze

The Problem of Relationship of Life and Death and V-XVIII Century Georgian Literatuire

Summary

In St. Evstaphy Mtskhetesys Martviloba chronotop (time and space) perception is of 2 kinds: historical and artistic. The firs is Khosro Anushirvans (531-579) 10-th reign in Persia, and Arvand Gushnaspis reign in Tbilisi, Persian province Arshaketi and Mahmadian fellow Gvirobandak of age 30.

In the middle ages, time and space categories had nor only straight, but ethical and symbolic meanings. Calendar time and concrete place was less interesting, also less interesting, was a persons life style before his or her Christianed or torture.

One must became Akhali Motsame, so his life oughtto be described from that very time and place. That kind of interpretation gave us Sakhareba.

An unknown hagiographic person is also interested in Gvirobadacs arrival to Mtskheta, his becoming Cristian and torture for Christ, thus the way from Persian (Mahmadian) Gviroban-dac up to Christian St. Evstaphy Mtskhetieli. So artistic (II) chronotop started in Mtskheta.

Material universe became alike transcendent Gvirobandac renamed as Evstat, he perceived the truth-new home-land (khartli-instead of Persia), spiritual place of birth (Mtskheta-instead of Arshaketi), new religion (Christian instead of Mahmadian) and a new name - St. Evstaphy Mtskheteli. Histrorical chronotop includes 30 years and the second started after 30 years and lasted endlessly.

Pay attention that this saint age is connected with Sakhareba. St. Evstaty Mtskheteli is a saint man, he tortured for Christ and was burried here. It was

supposed that he was christianed in Persia, but it might be wrong suppostition, as in Hagiography, christianing is a very important act, so the author ought to describe all the process of christianing if it took place in especially Persia. He might find out about Christian religion in Persia, but he come to Mtskheta to be cristianed there.

Village paradigm is presented in a very interesting way. It doesnt mean traditional life on the world but only inhabited places. Its synonyme is Country and it is used especially connected with Persia.

Maybe in such artistically way the Hagiography shows his negative attitude towards the country. It makes no difference to him between Village-Persia-Mischief.

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rusTvelologiuri kvlevani

lia kariWaSvili

tolerantobis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~

`arsebiTSi erToba, araarsebiTSi

Tavisufleba da yvelaferSi siyvaruli~. netari avgustine

termini tolerantoba XVII saukunidan Cndeba. igi, pirvel yovlisa, same-

dicino terminia da aRniSnavs organizmis unars Seeguos ama Tu im araxelsay-rel garemofaqtors, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki, rogorc mas iyeneben fi-losofiuri, sociologiuri Tu literaturaTmcodneobiTi semantikiT, gu-lisxmobs `sxvis azrTan, rwmenebTan, ideebTan da qcevebTan Seguebulobas (ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni 2007: 792)

miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon termini mogvianebiT gaCnda, Sinaarsobri-vad is, rogorc sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis erT-erTi aucilebeli piro-ba, kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze vlindeboda met-naklebi intensi-vobiT, xolo rogorc pirovnebis Sinagani samyaros maxasiaTebeli, mudam iyo misi arsebobis ganuyofeli nawili. tolerantoba humanizmis aucilebeli komponentia. misi qarTuli Sesatyvisia Semwynarebloba, Semwynareblobis sa-fuZveli ki _ kacTmoyvareoba. zogadad, es Tviseba qarTveli erisTvis bune-brivia da saqarTvelos istoria amis uamrav magaliTs iZleva, Sesabamisad, kacTmoyvareoba da Semwynarebloba qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erT ZiriTad Temad iqca da araerTi poeturi nimuSi swored am niSniT Seiracxa SedevrTa Soris. `giyvardes mteri Seni... _ qristianuli moZRvrebis es ZiriTadi Teza da mcneba uflisa Tavad gulisxmobs udides humanizms da kacobriobis ganvi-Tarebis is orientiria, romliskenac literatura, xelovneba da, zogadad, kultura unda ubiZgebdes adamians.

msoflmxedvelobaTa pluralizmi gansxvavebul kulturaTa Tanaarsebo-bis pirobebSi TavisTavad iTxovs tolerantul urTierTmimarTebebs. socia-luri TvalsazrisiT, tolerantoba, calke Seswavlis sagania. pirovnebis Ta-visuflebis pativiscema gamoricxavs sxva adamianTa cxovrebaSi Carevas, maT marTvas, manipulirebas da eqspluatacias. Semwynareblobis zneobrivi prin-cipi moiTxovs ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed, zogadad, adamianis pativiscemas. Semwynarebloba da siyvarulia swored is Zala, romelsac SeuZlia mteri me-gobrad aqcios. politikuri da religiuri tolerantoba socialuri Tavi-suflebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia. Tumca `tolerantoba ar exeba WeSmarite-baze pirovnebis rwmenas~ (iurgen habermasi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, tole-rantizmi martivad ar gaigeba sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebaSi. is gulisxmobs pativiscemas sxvisi aRmsareblobisadmi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi aRrevas. `rogorc qristians Tqven SegiZliaT urwmunos gamo qoneba da sicocxlec ki gaiRoT msxverplad, magram WeSmariteba arasodes, radgan igi Tqvengan damoukideblad arsebobs (Tanamedroveobis didi mamebi 2008: 18).

`visac surs, me momdios~ (maTe 16:24) brZana ufalma da am sityvebiT adamianis Tavisufali neba da arCevanis SesaZlebloba daadastura. mociqul-

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Ta epistoleebic calsaxad aRiareben adamianis Tavisufal nebas qcevasa da arCevanSi.

yvela mkvlevari, romelic rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxs Sexe-bia, aucileblad xazs usvams mis humanizms, rogorc poetis msoflmxedvelo-bis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels, misi azrovnebis renesansulobis wyaros, zogadsa-kacobrio mniSvnelobis safuZvels. rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis Tavise-burebas swored mis humanizmSi xedavdnen iv. javaxiSvili, k.kekeliZe S. nucu-biZe, g. qiqoZe, m. gogiberiZe, k. balmonti, m. boura, h. huperti da sxvani.

Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedveloba dualisturia, erTgvarad (da erTi Se-xedviT) dapirispirebulia zeca da miwa; amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri. rusTa-velma SeZlo am dapirispirebis morigeba, SeTanxmeba da am dualizmis harmo-niul mTlianobad moazreba. swored amiT aris misi Semoqmedeba renesansuli. tolerantoba rusTavelis SemoqmedebaSi vlindeba adamianur urTierTobaTa yvela doneze (am SemTxvevaSi ar viTvaliswinebT qajTa samefos, rogorc bo-rotebis simbolur gansaxierebas) iqneba es politikuri, socialuri, religi-uri, pirovnuli da enobrivic ki.

`vefxistyaosanSi politikuri Semwynarebloba Cans brZolaSi damarcxe-buli da tyvedCavardnili mowinaaRmdegis mimarT. amis sailustraciod gavix-senoT tarielisa da farsadan mefis damokidebuleba xataeTis mefisadmi, ro-melmac aRar isurva misi qveyana indoeTis moxarke yofiliyo da daumorCi-lebloba gamoucxada. rodesac tarieli Tavisi laSqriT xataeTisken saomrad gaemarTa, ramaz mefe miznis misaRwevad arc TvalTmaqcobas daerida da RalatiT apirebda tarielis damarcxebas. rodesac misi Canafiqri gamJRavnda da brZolaSi igi sastikad damarcxda, TiTqos moulodnelia is Semwynareb-loba, romelsac mis mimarT iCenen tarieli da mefe farsadani.

tariels xataeTidan miaqvs uTvalavi ganZi (Tumca xataeTis ubralo mosaxleoba ar darbeula da dazaralebula.

`qveyana Cavsxi, vubrZane:,,iyveniT Tqven ukrZalavad. mzeman ar dagwven, icodiT, dagyaren daugvalavad. (459)

ramaz mefe tyved mohyavs tariels da farsadanis winaSe waradgens. indoT

mefe lmobieria damarcxebuli mefis mimarT. misi pirovnuli Rirseba xel-Seuxebelia. ramaz mefes pativiT epyrobian: `tkbilad naxa xelmwifeman, viTa Svili saakvane~. mas ubruneben Tavisuflebas da dasaCuqrebulsac ki gamo-uSveben, Tumca xataeTi kvlav moxarke qveynad rCeba.

amgvarma damokidebulebam ramaz mefe madlierebiT aRavso. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad gulwrfelia igi, magram am momentSi is madlierebas gamoxatavs aseTi mopyrobisaTvis:

`xataelman daumadla, dadrka, mdablad eTayvana, moaxsena: `orguloba Tqveni RmerTman Semanana... . (472)

am situaciaSi mefe farsadanic da tarielic xelmZRvaneloben principiT:

`RmerTi vinaTgan Seundobs Secodebulsa.... Suasaukuneebis ideologiiT, mefe RvTivkurTxeulia da misTvis Tavganwirva didi pativia, misi sicocxlis xelyofa ki _ udidesi codva, magram ara mxolod kacTSemwynarebloba, ara-med politikuri sarCulic udevs tarielis qcevas im epizodSi, rodesac igi pirvelad naxes mefe rostevanma da avTandilma nadirobis Semdeg. tarieli daundoblad moeqca rostevanis monebs, romlebmac misi Sepyroba scades, magram rodesac dainaxa, TviTon mefe amxedrda mis winaaRmdeg, Tavi aarida mefesTan Sebmas da gaecala iqaurobas. am ambavs mogvianebiT avTandilTan saubarSi tarieli ixsenebs:

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`movixeden, momewia, ra patroni Seni vnaxe, xelmwifobiT Semebralnes, amad xeli ar Sevaxen~. (294)

am sityvebSi Cans pativiscema zogadad mefis institutisa da saxelmwifos

mimarT. socialuri tolerantoba `vefxistyaosanSi pirvel yovlisa socialur

wyobaSivea asaxuli. misi saxeldeba _ patronymoba, unda gulisxmobdes, rom igi ufro humanuria, vidre batonymoba da niSandoblivi imiT, rom socialu-rad maRali fena ara marto mbrZanebelia, aramed mzrunvelic aris, patronia daqvemdebarebuli fenisa. maT Soris megobroba da siyvaruli SesaZlebelia. amis idealuri nimuSia avTandilisa da Sermadinis urTierTdamokidebuleba. Sermadini Tavisi patronis uaxloesi da uerTgulesi adamiania. igi pirvelia, visac avTandili TinaTinis siyvaruls umxels. sagulisxmoa, rom anderZSi im umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa Semdgom, romelTa Sesaxeb avTandili mefes esaub-reba, igi erTaderT adamians, Sermadins, avedrebs mefes, masze zrunavs da misi momavali awuxebs:

`gvedreb, mefeo, Sermadins, monasa Cemsa rCeulsa, nakad aqvs Wiri samisod am weliwadsa wleulsa, nugeSinisec wyalobiT Cemgan wyaloba Cveulsa, nu daadineb TvalTagan cremlsa, sisxliTa frqveulsa. (806)

swored avTandilisa da Sermadinisa urTierTobas mosdevs rusTavelis

`komentari~. patronisa vera mWvretman ymaman ramca gaixarna. sayuradReboa rostevan mefis urTierToba xelqveiTebTan, iqnebian isini

maRali rangis moxeleebi, vazirebi, Tu ymamonebi. arabeTis brZenma monarqma icis, rogor marTos da daiqvemdebaros socialurad gansxvavebuli fenebi, rogor gaierTgulos orgulni da ra principiT ixelmZRvanelos urTier-TobebSi. am sibrZnesa da gamocdilebas igi Tavis qaliSvilsac uziarebs:

vardTa da nexvTa vinaTgan mze sworad moefinebis , didTa da wvrilTa wyaloba Senmca nu mogewyinebis, uxvi axsnilsa daabams, igi TviT ebis, vin ebis, uxvad gascemdi, zRvaTaca Sesdis da gaedinebis. (49)

mefe pirad urTierTobebSic humanuria, lmobieri da, zogierT SemTxveva-

Si, Tavmdabalic ki. amis safuZveli isaa, rom igi pativs scems sxvis pirovne-bas, SeuZlia misi mosmena da rCevis miReba. ucxo moymis naxvis Semdeg damwux-rebuli rostevanisTvis misaRebi da damajerebeli aRmoCnda TinaTinis sity-vebi ucnobis ambis gasagebad monaTa gagzavnis Sesaxeb, raTa is mainc SeetyoT, iyo igi ,,Sobili Tu uSobeli. mefis pirovnuli Tvisebebi kargad gamoCnda po-emis pirvelive epizodebSi, rodesac TinaTinis gamefebasTan dakavSirebul nadimze mefem moiwyina. sazeimo situaciiT galaRebulma vazirma da spaspetma ki xumroba Sebedes, sasmisebiT xelSi win miusxdnen da hkadres:

`dagiRrejia mefeo, aRar gicinis pirio, marTal xar: waxda saWurWle Tqveni mZime da Zvirio. (60)

mefis mowyenilobis axsna siZunwiT, ra Tqma unda, arc TviTon sjerodaT,

magram lxinisa da sayovelTao sixarulis ganwyobam ubiZgaT daRonebul me-fes Sexumrebodnen (`vkadroT rame salaRobo...). mefis pirveli reaqcia gak-virveba iyo, Tumca mouwona siTamame (`kargi hqmeno, daumadla ...). am saubars mefisa da avTandilis naZlevi mohyva saukeTeso mSvildosnis gamosavlenad, Tanac sakmaod Tamami pirobiT _ `vinca iyos uaresi, Tav-SiSveli sam dRes

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vlides. amgvari situacia warmoudgenelia indoeTis mefis SemTxvevaSi. misi damokidebulebebi garSemomyofTa mimarT ganpirobebulia mkacri, diqtato-ri mmarTvelis poziciiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom, erTi SexedviT, mamaSvilur siyvarulsa da mzrunvelobas iCens tarielisadmi, am ukanasknelis mxridanac ki gamoricxulia iseTi laRoba da Sexumreba, rogorsac rostevanis mimarT iCenen. nadirobis epizodic gamokveTs rostevan mefis pirovnebas. mas uxaria avTandilis gamarjveba, misi sikeTe. Tanmxlebi monebic piruTvnelad moaxse-neben nadirobis Sedegebs. poemis teqsti an Tundac qveteqsti, miT ufro siuJetis ganviTareba, ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mefis gulwrfelobaSi eWvi SevitanoT. mkiTxvelis gaocebas iwvevs, rogor ganicdis mefe avTandi-lis wasvlas arabeTidan, da, faqtobrivad, es erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac mSvidi da gawonasworebuli rostevani mrisxanebisgan Tavs kargavs da sasti-kad eqceva vazirs, romelmac avTandilis survili gadasca. es scena ar Seqm-nila mefis mrisxane da sastiki saxis warmosaCenad, aramed rusTavelis mizani iyo eCvenebina, ra mtkivneulad aRiqva mefem avTandilTan ganSorebis azri. xolo mas Semdeg, rac mefes anderZi gadasces da igi faqtis winaSe dadga, qveyanaSi glova gamoacxada:

`ra anderZi waikiTxes, kvla itires didi xani, merme brZana:,,mxiarulsa nu Caicmen Cemni spani, vamlocvelneT davrdomilni, obolni da qvrivni sxvani, SevewivneT, mSvidobisa nuTu miscnes RmerTman gzani. (829)

niSandoblivia mefe rostevanis pozicia poemis finalur epizodSi, rode-

sac tarieli Suamdgomlobs masTan avTandils da TinaTinis xels sTxovs. ta-rieli muxlmoyrili da mudaris niSnad yelze xelmandilmoxveuli mimarTavs mefes. rostevani Tavisi sapasuxo qceviTa da sityvebiT mxolod Tavmdablo-bas ki ar avlens, aramed did Sinagan Tavisuflebas, humanizmsa da demokrati-ul azrovnebas.

`ra tariel muxlmoyrili naxa, mefe Seuzarda, Sors ukudga, Tayvanisca, qvemiwamdis dauvarda, moaxsena: ,,xelmwifeo. lxini yovli ganmiqarda, Tqvenman agre simdableman naxva Tqveni Camadarda. (1524)

miuxedavad imisa, rom avTandili mefuri warmoSobisa ar aris, rostevani

mas afasebs pirovnuli Rirsebebis: sibrZnis, simamacis, didsulovnebis, erT-gulebisa da sxva sikeTeTa gamo, amitomac am winadadebiT gaxarebulic ki rCeba.

`gebrZanamca saxliT TqveniT, cremli arca maSin mdindes, sxva misebri vera povos, caTamdisca gacafrindes. (1525,3-4)

`me siZesa avTandilis ukeTessa vpoveb vera.... (1526) socialuri samarTlianoba da tolerantoba ,,vefxistyaosnis mixedviT,

idealuri samefos aucilebeli atributebia. swored amaze afuZneben gmirebi TavianT saxelmwifoebs. es xdeba ara romelime socialuri fenis diskredita-ciis fonze, aramed Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi, rodesac urTierTobebi emya-reba pativiscemas, maRal morals da samarTlianobis princips:

`yovlTa sworad wyalobasa, voTa Tovlsa moaTovdes, obolqvrivni daamdidres da glaxakni ar iTxovdes, avTa mqmnelTa daaSinnes, kravni cxvarTa ver uwovdes, Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes. (1664)

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rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, religiuri tolerantoba gulisxmobs pativis-cemas sxvisi aRmsareblobisadmi, gansxvavebuli konfesiebis adamianTa samoqa-laqo uflebamovaleobaTa Tanasworobas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sarwmuno-ebriv aRrevas. `vefxistyaosnis personaJebi mahmadianebi arian. prologiseu-li `ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi... `ambavs sparsulad acxa-debs. aRaravin davobs, rom es taepi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT da `sparsuli aq mianiSnebs Janrs, xasiaTs, siuJetis gamogonilobas, amsof-liurobas da semantikurad upirispirdeba qristianuls, WeSmarits. sabolo-od, es Tema poemis alegoriulobis sakiTxamde midis, magram Tu pirobiTad miviRebT, rom garemo mahmadianuria, siuJeti viTardeba mahmadianur sivrce-Si, bunebrivia, unda Seqmniliyo saTanado mxatvruli sinamdvile da qristia-nuli realiebi teqstis zedapirze ver gamoCndeboda, magram poetis msofl-mxedveloba rom qristianulia da wminda werils efuZneba, es azri karga xania damkvidrebulia. gamovlenilia siaxlove rogorc bibliasTan, ise mociqulTa naazrevTan, fsalmunur metyvelebasTan, Teologiur terminologiasTan da sxva. moqmedeba poemaSi farTo masStabiT iSleba. es aris qveyanaTa Soris, er-Ta Soris urTierToba da yvela personaJs aerTianebs erTi RmerTi anu codna imisa, rom RmerTi erTia, keTili, mowyale, usasrulo, sulgrZeli. gangeba ucvlelia, boroteba _ arasubstanciuri da xanmokle. religiuri warmodge-nebic msgavsia: adamiani Tavisi cxovrebiseuli saqmeebis kvalobaze fasdeba amqveynad da saiqioSic imisda mixedviT imkvidrebs adgils, rogor ganvlo wuTisofeli, uRirsad Tu Rirseulad. es warmodgenebi universaluria da yve-la religiuri aRmsareblobisTvis misaRebi, ramdenadac eyrdnoba saerTo fundaments _ pirovnul Rirsebebs: siyvaruls, megobrobas, erTgulebas, kacTmoyvareobas... amosavali pirovnebaa, misi Sinagani cenzori ki maRali zneoba.

rusTavelis poeturi samyarosTvis religia unda yofiliyo arakonfesiu-ri, iseve rogorc ena unda yofiliyo universaluri. poemaSi ar dgas da arc SeiZleba idges enis problema, rogorc barierisa, ufro metic, aramcTu ada-mianebi, aramed mTeli samyaro (adamianiT centrSi) saubrobs erT enaze. es samyaro mTliania da daurRveveli. SesaZlebelia saubari da gulis gadaSla mnaTobebTan; qva da mxecic ki adamianis msmeneli da misi gancdebis moziarea. es mTlianoba SesaniSnavad aisaxa cnobil strofSi:

`ra esmodis mRera ymisa, smenad mxecni movidian, misve xmisa sitkbosagan wyliT qvanica gamosxdian, ismendian, gahkvirdian, ra atirdis, atirdian, imRers leqsTa sabraloTa, Rvarisaebr cremlni sdian. (967)

Cveni azriT, `vefxistyaosnis~ `Sida~ enis universalurobam garkveulwi-

lad igulisxma da ganapiroba religiuri universaluroba pirovnebis Sina-gani samyaros, piradi Rirsebebis primatis xazgasmis mizniT. sagulisxmoa, rom aluda qeTelauri mucalis vaJkacobisa da pirovnul RirsebaTa aRiare-bis Semdeg sxvanairad uyurebs im faqtsac, rom is muslimania. erTgvarad iS-leba religiuri zRvari mis cnobierebaSi da survili uCndeba Seewios mis suls, rogorc SeuZlia, rogorc mas swams. es faqti ar SeiZleba ganixilebo-des wminda Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, radganac, jer erTi, poema Janrob-rivad ar aris sasuliero da meorec, am pasaJs Tavisi sruliad gansazRvruli mizani aqvs, aCvenos gmiris swrafva gamoxatos siyvaruli da Semweobis survi-li da ara daupirispirdes sakuTar rjuls da daarRvios wminda adaTi. am mxriv aris is relevanturi da ara im funqciiT, romliTac avtors ar daut-virTavs. aludam dainaxa mucalSi `sxva Tvisi da maT Soris erovnuli da religiuri sazRvrebi waiSala. isini arian Tanabari Rirsebis, msgavsi cnobie-

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rebis adamianebi da usityvodac erT enaze laparakoben. pirvelad mucali aRiarebs aludas Rirsebas, rodesac iaraRs utovebs. `xels ar Cavardes mtri-sasa eubneba da cxadi xdeba, rom wuTis win mtrebi ukve aRar arian mtrebi, aramed mteri axla sul sxvaa, uRirsi, ucxo, visma xelmac mucalis iaraRi ar unda SebRalos. zogadad, vaJas didbunebovani personaJebi urTules situa-ciebSi sakuTar gulisxmas usmenen da arc cdebian. maTi orientiri adamianuri Semwynarebloba da humanizmia. tarielisa da avTandilis pirovnuli urTi-erTSecnobac xom wuTebSi xdeba da meyseulad ibadeba siyvarulic:

`man miugo ucxos ucxo agre viTa Segiyvardi, gasayrelad geZnelebi iadonsa viTa vardi. (666)

msgavsi msgavss Seimecnebs. amave niSniTaa aRbeWdili tarielisa da fri-

donis, avTandilisa da fridonis Sexvedrebic. isini sakuTar Tavs pouloben erTmaneTSi da urRvevi sulieri kavSiriT ikvrebian (`sWirT erTmaneTis moneba).

pirovnuli tolerantobis magaliTia avTandilis mimarTeba garesamya-rosTan. arabeTis saxiT idealuri samefoa naCvenebi, brZeni monarqiT saTa-veSi. `arabeTis karis ambavs gviambobs Tavad avtori, romelic Semoqmedis kvalze qmnis arabeTs, rogorc srulyofili qveynis xatebas.... arabeTis kari harmoniuli samyaros saxea, xolo misi mefe RvTisa (kiknaZe 2001:5). TinaTi-nic da avTandilic imTaviTve arian aRWurvilni sibrZniT, gonierebiT da sxva sikeTeebiT. sainteresoa, rom rodesac avTandili arabeTis sivrcidan ga-dis, igi moqmedebs im garemoebaTa mixedviT, romlebSic xvdeba. mas kargad SeuZlia adaptireba garemosTan, cxovreba im wesebiTa da stiliT, romlebsac mocemuli sivrce da saWiroebani karnaxobs. amas adasturebs misi cxovreba gulanSaroSi, vaWarTa sazogadoebaSi. avTandils kargad esmis am sazogado-ebis av-kargi, misi buneba da Rirebulebebi. igi daufaravad eubneba baRdadel moqaravneebs: `Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni (1040,1). Sina-ganad mkveTrad emijneba maT, magram SeuZlia Seeguos da TviTonac icxovros imgvari wesiT, damajerebeli iyos misi saxe, rogorc vaWarTa ufrosisa. es, rasakvirvelia, avTandils sruliad garkveuli miznisTvis sWirdeba da mis cxovrebaSi gulanSaros epizodi, Cveni azriT, erTgvari zneobrivi kompro-misia, romelmac, sabednierod, fatmanis keTili nebis wyalobiT, gaamarTla, magram misi unari gardaisaxos, miiRos da Seeguos mocemul garemos, iurTi-erTos sazogadoebis yvela fenasTan, daumegobrdes da gamonaxos saerTo ena, mis sxva TvisebebTan erTad, pirovnul tolerantobazec metyvelebs.

zogadad, unda aRiniSnos, rom rusTaveli ar qmnis srulyofil gmirTa saxeebs. misi mizania dadebiTi personaJi iyos orientirebuli maRali idea-lebisken da miiswrafvodes srulyofisaken. ,,vefxistyaosnis personaJebi miuxedavad hiperpolizaciisa, Seqmnilni arian erTgvari realizmiT. maT aqvT adamianuri sisusteebi, Secdomebi, Secodebani, romelTac ukeTes SemTxve-vebSi acnobiereben da inanieben, isini ar arian unakloni. rusTavels Tavisi gmirebi uyvars, TanaugrZnobs maT, mtkivneulad ganicdis maT beds da es Tanagancda prologSive sacnaurdeba: `mo, davsxdeT tarielisTvis cremli gvdis SeuSrobeli, an `davje, rusTvelman gavleqse, misTvis gullaxvar-sobili...

rusTavelma adamianis Sinagani buneba asaxa Tavisi sirTuliTa da mraval-ferovnebiT da daayena samyaros centrSi ise, rom is Tavisi jansaRi cnobiere-biT da sibrZniT samyaros gvirgvinia, uflis xatia, misi morCili da msasoebe-li. mas aqvs Tavisufali neba da arCevani, magram Zlieria maSin, rodesac eq-vemdebareba gangebas, Tavis nebas RvTis nebas uTanxmebs da mis uzenaesobas aRiarebs yvelaze mtkivneul momentebSic ki. es aris RvTisa da adamianis

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energiaTa da nebelobaTa damTxveva, sinergia, da adamianis swor sulier mi-marTebas gulisxmobs RvTisa da gare samyarosadmi. `vTqvi, Tu RmerTsa veras vkadreb, raca swaddes, agre vyoca, _ ambobs yvelaze mZime wuTebSi nestanis dakargviT SeZruli tarieli.

amdenad, rusTavelisTvis adamiani aris is, rac aris sinamdvileSi, Seula-mazeblad. `vefxistyaosnis personaJebs arc sWirdebaT Selamazeba. isini mSvenierni arian im mxatvruli sinamdviliTa da damajereblobiT, romelic maT rusTavelma mianiWa da maTi Sinagani buneba iseTive gansxvavebuli da mravalferovania, rogorc `qveyana ... uTvalavi feriTa.

sainteresoa rusTavelis damokidebuleba enis sakiTxisadmi. al. baramiZe SeniSnavda, rom rusTavelis damokidebuleba enisadmi humanisturia, poetma uaryo saeklesio-sqolastikur normebi da saliteraturo ena xalxis sasaub-ro enas dauaxlova. `humanisturad udgeba rusTaveli enis sakiTxs. amis sabu-Tia poetis mxriv enis xalxurobisaken midrekileba, saeklesio-sqolastikuri samwignobro normebis uaryofa da xalxis sametyvelo sasaubro enis sali-teraturosTan daaxloeba~ (baramiZe 1966: 229).

rusTavelis cnebaTmetyveleba humanisturi da tolerantulia im Tval-sazrisiTac, rom moicavs farTo semantikur vels, binarulia da aerTianebs saRvTo da saero mniSvnelobebs. am SemTxvevaSic poeti mTlianobis momxrea, TumcaRa am mTlianobaSi aris garkveuli mimarTebebi. magaliTad, mijnuroba asaxavs rogorc saRvTo, aseve adamianur siyvaruls. poemaSi gadmocemulia miwieri siyvaruli, rogorc saRvTo siyvarulis alegoria, ramdenadac is siwmindiT saRvTo siyvaruls baZavs da sulieri mimarTebis imave veqtorze Zevs.

`mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian, ena daSvrebis msmenlisa yurnica davaldebian, vTqvne xelobani qvenani, romelni xorcTa xvdebian, marT masve baZven, Tu oden ar siZven, SoriT bndebian. (21)

am konteqstSi sayuradReboa baZvis cneba. samecniero literaturaSi

`baZvas sagangebo yuradReba mieqca. is neoplatonizmis erTerTi mniSvne-lovani cnebaa. baZvis ontologiuri safuZveli arsis safexurTa erTianobaa, kerZod, qveda safexuris monawileoba zedaSi, amitom baZva gulisxmobs qvemo-dan zemoT mimarTebas. prologis mixedviTac baZva dabali rangis siyvaruli-dan sazeo mijnurobisken aris mimarTuli. rogorc Salva nucubiZe SeniS-navda, rusTaveli `arsad ar uSvebs kavSiris gawyvetas zecasa, rogorc amaR-lebulis, bednierebisa da siyvarulis simbolos, da miwas, rogorc realuri, xorcieli adamianisaTvis bednierebis, siyvarulisa da netarebis miniWebis simbolos Soris (nucubiZe 1947: 244.). am sakiTxze msjelobisas z. gamsaxur-dia imowmebs ieroTeoss (`trfialeba gina Tu saTmrTo... gina sacnaurebri, gina mSvinvierebri... erTobiTsa rasme da SezavebiTsa Zalsa gulisxma-vhyof-dT...~), solomonis `qebaTa qebas~ da sxvaTa, sadac adamianur siyvarulSi gamo-sWvivis saRmrTo siyvaruli. `arsTa kibis romel safexurzec ar unda vlinde-bodes trfialeba, igi arsTa Soris mizidulobaa da amave dros maTi aRzevebaa mibaZvis gziT (gamsaxurdia 1984: 100-101). revaz siraZis TqmiT, baZva gulisx-mobs gansaxovnebasac. ase rom, amqveyniuri, amaRlebuli, adamianuri siyvaru-li SeiZleba zeciurs ganasaxovnebdes. `rusTavelis tolerantobis maCvenebe-lia, rom is TviT saRvTo siyvaruls aRniSnavs arabuli terminiT ,,mijnuroba pirveli, aseve, Sairobac SeiZleba iyos saRvTo (siraZe 2008: 126). amis Semdeg mkvlevari asabuTebs, rom rusTvelisTvis saero da saRvTismetyvelo sibrZ-nec mTlianobaa, radgan yovelgvari adamianuri sibrZne, misi nebismieri saxe, substanciurad erTia. sibrZnis nebismieri gamovlineba ukve adamianurobis

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RvTiurobiT gamsWvalvas cxadyofs. rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, `vefxis-tyaosanSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara RvTaebrivi da adamianuri sibrZne, aramed sibrZne da umecreba. yovelgvari sibrZne RvTaebrivia, umecreba ki RvTaebriobis antipodi.

rusTavelis humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis wyaroebad, pirvelyovlisa miCneulia saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvile da erovnuli zneoba. cxadia, miuxedavad siuJetis alegoriulobisa, poema rusTavelis Tanadroul sinamd-viles emyareba. daviTisa da Tamaris istorikosebis cnobiT, saqarTveloSi Tavisuflad TanamSromlobdnen qristianebi da mahmadianebi, sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi. am yvelaferma ki asaxva pova `vefxistyaosanSi. amave azrs asabuTebs viktor nozaZe, romelic detalurad ganixilavs im sazoga-doebriv urTierTobebs, zne-Cveulebebsa da cxovrebis wess, romelsac `vef-xistyaosanSi vxedavT. avtori axasiaTebs aRmosavleTis qveynebis Sua sau-kuneTa sazogadoebriv wyobas, aseve warmoadgens masalas evropuli feoda-lizmis warmosaCenad. mkvlevris daskvniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom poemis ga-regnuli suraTi, personaJTa samoqmedo asparezi ucxouria, poemaSi arsebi-Tad qarTuli sazogadoebis mxatvruli suraTia mocemuli.

rogorc cnobilia, rusTavelis humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis safuZv-lad miiCnevdnen TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad moZRvrebas, filosofiur da Teo-logiur mimdinareobas: aristotelizms, platonizms, panTeizms, neoplato-nizms, areopagitikas, qristianobas, maniqeizms, mahmadianobas, sufizms.... am-gvari mravalferovneba rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis wyaroebis Tvalsaz-risiT, mowmobs imas, rom rusTavelma Seqmna universaluri mxatvruli sam-yaro, romelmac yvela filosofiur-Teologiuri mimdinareobis elementebi gaamTliana, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, yvela maTganma dainaxa masSi saTaviso ram. igi ar SezRudula erTi romelime konfesiiT, ar gauvlia zRvari dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris, piriqiT, man kulturaTa erTgvari sinTezi moaxdina. amasTan dakavSirebiT g. qiqoZe naSromSi `SoTa rusTaveli~ werda, rom `vef-xityaosani warmoadgens klasikuri kulturis, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli dasavleTisa da muslimanuri aRmosavleTis elementebis originalur sin-Tezs. religiuri Semwynareblobis mxriv qarTulma sazogadoebam bevrad ga-uswro Tavis Tanamedrove evropul da bizantiur ideologias (qiqoZe 1985: 256).

aleqsandre TvaraZe ganixilavs ra laTinuri dasavleTis, bizantiis, is-lamuri samyarosa da iudaizmis masalebs tolerantobis TvalsazrisiT, war-moaCens qarTul kulturul samyaroSi arsebul viTarebas da aRniSnavs, mose xonelisa da rusTavelis sruli adamianuri da religiuri tolerantoba ara-Tu Sua saukuneebSi, axal droSic ki iSviaTia.

sainteresoa, rom cnobili qarTveli Teologisa da sazogado moRvawis, grigol feraZis azriT, rusTavelma SeZlo aristokratizmisa da demokra-tizmis morigeba. man kargad icoda Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi, misti-cizmi, paganizmi, neoplatonizmi, sufizmi, mahmadianoba, zaraTuStra da Tavi-si geniis prizmaSi gaatara am religiaTa saukeTeso ideebi da maT safuZvelze Seqmna Semoqmedis, rogorc keTili sawyisis gageba. araerTi ucxoeli mkvle-vari da `vefxistyaosnis mTargmneli usvams xazs poemis mniSvnelobas qarTu-li da msoflio poeturi kulturisaTvis da rusTavelis damsaxurebad miiC-nevs dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis azrovnebis daaxloebas.

amdenad, Semwynarebloba rusTavelis mxatvruli samyaros organuli maxa-siaTebelia da vlindeba urTierTobaTa yvela doneze, agreTve tolerantu-lia rusTavelis midgoma msoflmxedvelobrivi pluralizmisadmi, ramac SeaZ-lebina universaluri mxatvruli samyaros Seqmna. sivrce, romelic am samya-rom moicva, erTgvarad jvarsaxovania (zogadad teqstis jvarsaxovnebaze

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saubrobs r. siraZe werilSi `istoria mkiTxvelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyve-lebiTi periodizacia~. `teqstis horizontalur ganzomilebebSi vgulisx-mobT mis amqveyniur Sinaarss, xolo vertikalurSi mis sulierebas~ (siraZe 2005: 9). man SeZlo Seejerebina dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi (horizontali), xolo saRvTo da miwieri moiazra, rogorc erTi mTlianobis sxvadasxva sa-fexuri (vertikali) da mTlianobaSi mogvca suraTi erTiani, daurRveveli samyarosi, romelic saubrobs erT enaze, cnobs erT RmerTs, rogorc absolu-tur sikeTes da eocnebeba erTi sulieri samSoblo `mkvidri mamuli samoTxe.

damowmebani:

baramiZe 1966: baramiZe al. SoTa rusTaveli da misi poema. Tb.: `mecniereba, 1966. gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia z. vefxistyaosani inglisur enaze. Tb.:

`mecniereba~, 1984. Tanamedroveobis didi mamebi 2008: tolerantoba (rogor ganvasxvaoT

erTmaneTisgan kacTSemwynarebloba da rjulTSemwynarebloba). Tanamedroveobis didi mamebi. Tb.: 2008.

TvaraZe 2006: TvaraZe al. religiuri tolerantobis problema Sua saukuneebsa da adreul axal droSi. `kavkasiis macne, 5, 2006.

kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z. avTandilis anderZi. Tb.: `merani~, 2001. nadiraZe 2006: nadiraZe g. rusTavelis esTetika. meore gamocema, Tb.: 2006. nozaZe 1958: nozaZe v. `vefxistyaosnis~ sazogadoebaTmetyveleba. santiago de

Cile: 1958. nucubiZe 1947: nucubiZe S. rusTaveli da aRmosavluri renesansi. Tb.: 1947. rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani. al. baramiZe, k. kekeliZe, a. Sani-

Zis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1951. siraZe 2008: siraZe r. istoria `mkiTxvelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyvelebiTi

periodizacia. sjani, 6, Tb.: 2005. siraZe 2008: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `inteleqti~, 2008. leqsikoni 2007: ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni. Semdg. s. TezeliSvili. Tb.:

`meridiani, 2007. feraZe 1937: feraZe g. Religia Szoty Rustaweliego, wignSi Szotha Rusthaweli. Warszawa:

1937. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia 1986: tolerantoba. qarTuli sabWoTa

enciklopedia. 10, Tb.: 1986. qiqoZe 1985: qiqoZe g. werilebi, esseebi, narkvevebi. Tb.: `merani, 1985. habermasi 2004: habermasi i. rodis unda viyoT tolerantulni? J. `Tavisuf-

leba~, 11, 2004.

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Lia Karichashvili

The Problem of Tolerance in The Knight in the Panthers Skin

Summary

The term Tolerance dates back to the 17th century, and even from the very beginning it determined civilized relationships. The researchers of Rustavelis creative work, naturally enough, highlight tolerance as a characteristic feature of his viewpoint, a distinct sign indicating the Renaissance nature of the poem.

Rustavelis tolerance is displayed on each level of relationships in his artistic world, from political, social, and religious to simply personal ones. Humanism is revealed in Rustavelis attitude towards language; he had overcome scholastic-literary norms and came close to folk colloquial speech. Besides, Rustavelis concept is tolerant from the point of view that it is binary and unites ecclesiastical and secular meanings (however, in this unity there exist particular relations and stages). For example, amour depicts not only divine but earthly love as well. We can say the same about Rustavelian Quatrain. Primarily, it is ecclesiastical wisdom and at the same time secular.

It is acknowledged that all major doctrines, philosophical and theological tendencies like Aristotelianism, Platonism, Pantheism, Neo-Platonism, Areopagitism, Christianity, Manichaeism, Mohammedanism and Sufism form the basis for Rustavelis humanistic viewpoint. Such wide variety serves as a proof that Rustaveli created a universal artistic world, which has unified each element of these philosophical-theological tendencies. To be more precise, each of them has spotted something peculiar for them in his work. He has not limited himself with one concrete confession. We consider that the universal nature of the language in The Knight in the Panthers Skin has to some extend conditioned religious universality with the aim of underlining a persons inner world, private dignity.

Therefore, tolerance is an organic characteristic of Rustavelis artistic world. The poet managed to mix not only the West and the East, but he considered religious and secular as different stages of a whole. Rustaveli depicted a whole, integral world, which uses one language for communication, where there exits a common God, and he is regarded as an absolute kindness and he dreams about one spiritual home-country heaven.

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Tamar xvedeliani

mefe farsadanis saxis gaazrebisTvis

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sruliad gamorCeuli datvirTvis matarebelia mefe-patronis saxe. igi warmodgenilia RvTisgan qmnil arsebad, mis xatad da msgavsad dabadebulad da rameTu `xelmwifeni ufal-yvna RmerTman queyanasa gangebasa~ (merCule 1986: 49), mefe yovelmxriv misabaZi da samagaliTo pi-rovneba unda yofiliyo, zneobis xati. misgan unda eswavla ers `samamaconi znenia~, sarwmunoebis siyvaruli, qveynis dacvis aucilebloba, saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis piradulis gawirva. xelmwife sanimuSo msaxuri unda yofiliyo RvTisa (igi xom Tavad moiazreboda zneobis orientirad) da erisa. unda yofiliyo xalxis uflebebis mcveli da patroni, am sityvis WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT. `mefis msoflmxedveloba, zneobrivi saxe saxelmwifos xat-saxea, igi gansazRvravs eris raobasa da sulier-zneobriv cxovrebas. mefem adamianur sisusteebs unda sZlios, raTa eris winaSe marTlad wardges da codvaTagan ganwmendilma Rirseulad marTos RvTisgan rwmunebuli qveyana~ (sulava 2009: 112). zogadad, xelmwife miCneulia keTil mwyemsad, romelsac srulad aqvs Secnobil-gaazrebuli am sityvebis WeSmariti arsi da daniSnuleba.

sulxan-saba orbelianis azriT: `mefe eseTi xams: glaxakTa, monaTa, glex-Ta, msaxurTa, aznaurTa, TavadTa, didebulTa...wesi, rigi, Sroma, Wiri, muSako-ba, saqme... icodes~ da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba mefe WeSmarit patro-nad, Tu Seicnobs `yovelTa glaxakTa, uRonoTa da mdabalTa Wirs~ (orbeliani 1959: 30), anu Tu Seismens uflis sityvas da eris xmas.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ mefe-patronTa metad gansxvavebuli da STambeWdavi saxeebia warmodgenili, maT Soris gamorCeulia arabTa xelmwife-rostevani da indoT mefe farsadani. isini garkveulwilad hgvanan kidec erTmaneTs. orive asakovania, Tumc jer kidev ZaluZT qveynis patronoba, orives erTad-erTi asuli hyavs, orives mSvenivrad moexseneba, rom `mama yoveli Zisagan iTavseboda~, ar hyavT metoqe, taxtis mocile da gvirgvini sakuTar asulebs memkvidreobiTi wesis dacviT unda gadascen, magram rostevani da farsadani erT sakiTxSi Zireulad gansxvavdebian. esaa damokidebuleba taxtis memkvidrisadmi.

mkvlevari n.sulava mefisa da memkvidris urTierTobis vefxistyaosni-seul models miTosidan da bibliidan momdinared miiCnevs, romelic ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba:

1. mefe Tanxmdeba asulis gamefebas da sasiZosac Tavad arCevs sakuTar qveyanaSi. igi nebiT Tmobs taxts.

2. mefe asuls memkvidred miiCnevs, magram mas ar amefebs, zrdis dedof-lad, sasiZos ki saxelmwifos gareT eZebs, Tumca igi ver egueba asulis game-febasa da gaTxovebas, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi kargavs Zalauflebas (sulava 2009: 114).

rostevan mefe Tavidanve samefod zrdis TinaTins, uwodebs mas `Zes~, ar iSorebs gverdidan, gamudmebiT wvrTnis da STaagonebs, rom misi asuli aris `brZnad mqmneli saqmisa~, qali `wynari da cnobili~. TinaTinic `mamisa swav-lasa brZnad moisminebda..., wvrTasa ar moiwyinebda~, icoda, rom qveynis moma-vali mmarTveli iyo, mSvidad eloda Tavis dros, odnavadac ar Cqarobda da garkveul dromde `mamisa taxtsa sajdomad Tavi ar eRirseboda~. TinaTini gonieri qalia, `goniers ki mwvrTeli uyvars~, es jer kidev SeeZlo rostevans, arc saCqaro iyo rame.

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gansxvavebuli viTarebaa indoeTSi. Tu rostevan mefis daxasiaTebisas poeti saubrobs mis pirovnul Tvisebebze (sviani, uxvi, mowyale, Tavmdabali, miukerZoebeli mosamarTle, enamaxvili, SorsmWvreteli da mxolod gakv-riTaa naxsenebi misi `laSqarmravloba~ da uebro meomroba), farsadanis daxa-siaTebisas piriqiT, xazgasmuli swored misi mebrZoli bunebaa (eqvsi samefos mpyrobeli, ukadri, mefeTa zeda mflobeli, tanad lomi, omad mZle, razmTa mwyobeli).

erTi sityviT, marTalia, lakonurad, magram STambeWdavadaa daxatuli mefe-mebrZoli, mudam saomrad mzadmyofi TviTmpyrobeli mmarTveli. mas uwodeben sruliad indoeTis mefes (saridanma SesTvala: `Sen gaqvs mefoba indoeTisa srulisa~ (309), farsadani sakuTar Tavs `xmelTa mflobels~ uwo-debs (`RmerTsa madloba Sevswire xmelTa mflobelman~ (310), mas eaxlebian vasali saxelmwifoebis mefeni (`yovlgniT movidnen mefeni niWiTa mravalgva-riTa~ (317). es yovelive, bunebrivia, mefes Tavdajerebas hmatebs da sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi arwmunebs, amdenad gasagebia tarielis mokrZalebuli toni, roca ambobs: `TviT mefeman mama-Cemi daiWira sworad Tavsa~ (312).

swored amis gamo gadawyvita saridan mefem, gadaedga udavod swori politikuri nabiji da Tavisi kuTvnili samflobelo (indoeTis meSvidedi) farsadanis `eqvsi samefosTvis~ SeeerTebina. man savsebiT sworad ganWvrita, rom Tu is daicavda Tavisi samefos damoukideblobas, maSin istorias Semor-Ceboda, rogorc indoeTis gaerTianebis procesis xelisSemSleli da qveynis mTlianobis mowinaaRmdege xelmwife, xolo Tu qveynis sasargeblod uars it-yoda sakuTar interesebze, maSin datovebda saxels patrioti, qveynis TviT-myofadobis mosurne mmarTvelisa.

saridan mefis udavod patriotuli nabiji jerovnad Seafasa farsadan mefem: `raTgan ege hqmen mefeman Cemebr indoeTs mpyrobelman, aw, modi, asre pativ gce, viTa Zmaman da mSobelman~ (309) da udidesi pativi miago_ saxmele-To da sazRvao jarebis mTavarsardloba uboZa, faqtobrivad, mTeli indoe-Tis usafrTxoeba ando, misi vaJi iSvila da nestanis dabadebis Semdegac Tavi-si asulisgan ar ganurCevia iqamde, sanam tarielSi taxtis mocile ar dainaxa da roca nestansac gauCnda mefobis survili (`mefe qalsa viT xedvida mefo-bisa qmnisa mwTomsa~ (318), farsadanma Tavisi mTavari mowinaaRmdege, erTi Se-xedviT, daamcira da mefis Svilobili indoeTis amirbaris Svilobas daajera (`mamisave xelTa mimces, ra Seviqen ama zomsa...(321), TiTqos iqamde kmayofili ar acxadebda: `Cemebri amirbari, naZlevi var, vismca hyavsa~ (312) da tarielsac Svilad ar Tvlida (`Svilad gavzrdi, TviT Cemive gvari arsa~ (313).

vfiqrobT, tarielis sityvebi: `sapatronod mzrdides srulTa laSqarTa (es sardlobaa _ T.x.) da qveyanaTad (es mefobaa _ T.x.), brZenTa mimces sas-wavlelad xelmwifeTa qceva-qmnaTad~ (314) metyvelebs, rom indoeTis mefe-dedofals, masTan dakavSirebiT, sakmaod Sorsmimavali gegmebi hqonda, mog-vianebiT tarieli aRqmul iqna metoqed, amasobaSi nestan-darejanmac scada ganecxadebina Tavisi kanonieri pretenzia memkvidreobaze da farsadan mefe Zalauflebis dakargvis realuri safrTxis winaSe dadga.

farsadan mefe samefod ar zrdida asuls, Tavad ar aziarebda morWmiT mefobis saidumlos, misi aRzrda davars hqonda mindobili, magram is xom ve-rasodes aswavlida mefobas? (gavixsenoT arabi vazirebis Sexeduleba Tina-Tinze. icis mefoba _ gadaWriT ganacxades maT. sakiTxavia, visgan icis? rasakvirvelia, mamisgan), magram nestanis gamefeba arasodes yofila farsada-nis mizani. misi azriT, indoeTs brZeni dedofali sWirdeboda, aseTis aRzrda ki savsebiT xelewifeboda davars, qajeTis sibrZnes naziareb qals, magram ara qajeTis mefes, vazirs, dedofalsac ki (davari xom qajeTis dedofali ar yofila).

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vfiqrobT, `mamisave xelTa micema~, tarielis mxridan, mtkivneulad aRq-muli ar yofila swored am mizeziT, farsadanma xom sakuTari asulic davaris `xelTa misca~. Tan, vfiqrobT, saridanTan dabruneba niSnavda imas, rom tariels indoeTis memkvidred aRar miiCnevdnen. saridanis sikvdilis Semdeg misi amirbarad daniSvnac uTuod amiT unda yofiliyo nakarnaxevi.

tarieli yovelTvis aRniSnavs farsadanis mamaSvilur damokidebulebas mis mimarT (mefe-dedofalma...makoces pativiT, viTa mSobelTa~ (330); farsa-dani `pativs mcemdes Zisa darad~ (331); `mefe mzrdida, viTa Svilsa~ (325), mag-ram paralelurad daJinebiT sTavazoben amirbarobas (farsadani mimarTavs: `Sen gqondes amirbaroba~... (329): tarielma uari rom hkadra `ar momeSvnes, davmorCildi, Tayvanis-mces amirbarad~ (331).

farsadansa da mis meuRles gulwrfelad uyvarT tarieli, mtkivneulad ganicdian mis SeuZlod yofnas, maS, ra Seicvala mogvianebiT?

rogorc aRvniSneT, nestanma siyrmeSive gamoavlina, rom iyo `mefobisa mwTomi~ (mefobis msurveli da qveynis marTvis unaris mqone), axla mas iseTi sando da erTguli adamiani sWirdeboda gverdiT, vinc mis nebismier ini-ciativas swor mimarTulebas miscemda, magram rogorc ki igrZno, rom mamamisi didebulebis winaSe misi, rogorc kanonieri memkvidris, wardgenis process ayovnebda, iseTi nabiji gadadga, ramac dagvarwmuna `brolze mzis mosxle-tili sxivis~ (T. bagrationi) msgavsi asulis pirovnul simtkicesa da gambedaobaSi.

gandgomili moxarke qveynis kvlav dasamorCileblad nestani tariels ixmobs da xataeTSi indoeTis uflebebis aRsadgenad gzavnis:

`xataeTs myofni yovelni Cvenni saxarajonia, aw maTni javrni Cvenzeda Cvengan ar dasaTmonia~ (370).

da zustad uniSnavs samoqmedo asparezs: `wa, Seebi xataelTa, Tavi kargad

gamaCvene~ (372); ` wa, Seebi xataelTa, ilaSqre da inapire~(407). sagulisxmoa, rom am mniSvnelovan politikur nabijs nestani mamasTan yo-

velgvari winaswari SeTanxmebisa da TaTbiris gareSe dgams. poemaSi ar das-turdeba, rom farsadanma icis tarielis salaSqro samzadisis Sesaxeb. SesaZ-loa, mis yuramde xataelTa gadametebuli kadnierebis maCvenebeli `laRi da ukadro~ SemonaTvalic ar misula: `vin aris Tqveni xelmwife? Cvenzeda ra patronia? (393).

Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb upirvelesad swored amirbarma unda moaxse-nos mefes, poemaSi ki mciredi miniSnebac araa imis Sesaxeb, rom saomrad mi-mavali laSqari daloca qveynis kanonierma mmarTvelma da gamarjvebiT dab-runeba usurva. arada ra STambeWdavadaa aRwerili es samzadisi:

`igi varskvlavTa uricxvi mokrbes indoTa spania, erTob laSqriTa aivso mindori, klde, kapania~ (395). `avmarTe droSa mefisa, almiTa wiTel-SaviTa, dilasa vbrZane gamarTva laSqriTa uTvalaviTa~... (397). ` dilasa Sevje, vubrZane: `hkariT buksa da nobasa! srulTa spaTasa ver giTxrob...~ (413).

nuTu farsadanisTvis SeumCneveli darCa yovelive es? Tu gangeb arafers

imCnevs, sanam masTan, rogorc mefesTan, wesisamebr, ar gamocxaddeba sazRvao da saxmeleTo jarebis sardali da saqmis viTarebas ar gaacnobs?

tarieli ar gamocxadda. farsadansac ar daulocavs laSqari... arc ki gamoCenila.

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Tumc radikalurad gansxvavebulia misi Sexvedra omidan gamarjvebiT dabrunebuli tarielis mimarT. siyvaruliT Seegeba da, ramdenadac gasaoca-ri ar unda iyos, moRalate vasalic ise miiRo, `viTa Svili saakvane~: `mas me-fesa xataelsa umaspinZla, ualersa...~ (462), Semdeg tariels `sityviTa lmobi-eriTa~ hkiTxa: `Seundobo xataelsa, mas aqamdis Senamtersa?~ (462), bolos ki `asjer asi drahkaniT~, xatauriTa da stavra-atlasiT xeldamSvenebuli iseTi wyalobiT gagzavna ukan, TiTqos mas ar SemoeTvalos ramdenime xnis win `sity-vani laRni da ukadronia~. mefis saqcieli, pirvel rigSi, swored tarielisT-vis iqneboda auxsneli da amitom `orgulisa da moRalatis~ `namsaxurad~ warmoCena `mamacis metismet sigulvaned~ miiCnia.

vfiqrobT, `mamacisa metismeti sigulvane~ da saqebi saqcieli sulac ar aris omSi mopovebuli warmatebis gaufasureba, moRalate vasalis mimarT daumsaxurebeli siTbosa da keTilganwyobis gamovlineba. `metismeti sigul-vane~ Semdeg sityvebSi ufro ikveTeba: `odes mtersa moerio, nuRar mohklav, daayovne~. damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis mimarT lmobiereba da Semwynareb-loba yovelTvis iyo keTilSobili raindis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba da samkauli, magram ratom avlens farsadan mefe aseT keTilganwyobas ramazis mimarT? miT ufro, rom igi indoeTis moxarke qveynis mmarTvelis flid bunebas kargad icnobs. ase rom ar yofiliyo, tariels vezirebi ar urCevdnen, ar ndoboda mis SemonaTvals da ase erTmniSvnelovnad da uaryofiTad ar daaxasiaTebdnen xataelebs: `arian metad muxTalni, _ Cven erTxel kvlaca vnaxeniT, aramca mogkles Ralatad...~ (417).

vezirebi saomari moqmedebis Jams Tan axlavan tariels, savaraudod, Tavadac meomrebi arian, romlebic erTxel (da, vin icis, iqneb ara erTxel) darwmunebulan ramaz mefis simuxTleSi. aq sakvirveli araferia, damonebuli qveynis mefes mudmivad unda ebrZola Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis mosapoveblad da gamoricxuli ar aris, am brZolaSi akrZaluli meTodebic gamoeyenebina.

rac Seexeba farsadanis ramaz mefesTan pirmSo Svilis xilvis tolfardi sixaruliT Sexvedras, vfiqrobT, amiT man tarielis gamarjveba erTgvarad gaauferula da gaaubralova, magram mizezi?

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom esaa pirveli damoukidebeli politikuri nabiji, nestanis mier Cafiqrebul-gaazrebuli da tarielis mier ganxorcielebuli. es iyo erTgvari ganacxadi indoeTis politikur cxovrebaSi da swored am ganacxads daukarga sxivi mefe farsadanma Tavisi gulgrilobiT. sadac Tavad ar Caeria, mniSvnelovani iq TiTqos araferi momxdara. magram, migvaCnia, rom farsadanma erTi umniSvnelovanesi ram aRmoaCina. man igrZno, rom asulisa da Svilobilis saxiT mis mefobas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra, romelsac maTi sruli ignorirebiT ver aicilebda Tavidan, amitom tarielsa da nestans erT-gvari gamocda mouwyo, riTac pozicia gaimyara da ganimtkica. tarielis pa-tivsacemad didi nadimi moawyo da nestanic warudgina didebulebs, rogorc indoeTis momavali dedofali.

Seiqmna viTareba, romelic tariels `lxinsa uqadebda~. nadimze mis piris-pir ijda narinjisferi jubiT Semosili nestani, erTmaneTs malviT uWvret-dnen da tarielisTvis naTliT ivseboda `saxli, Suka da ubani~ (473).

SeuZlebelia yovelive es SeumCneveli darCenoda mefe-dedofals. miuxe-davad amisa, meore dRes, dilaadrian (dilasa adre) farsadanma daufiqre-beli, politikurad aSkarad araswori nabiji gadadga, rac indoeTs did ubedurebad Semoutrialda.

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`aw qalisa CvenisaTvis qmari gvinda, sad movnaxoT, rome mivsceT taxti Cveni, saxed Cvenad gamovsaxoT, samefosa vapatronoT, saxelmwifo SevanaxoT, ar amovwydeT, mterTa CvenTa xrmali CvenTvis ar vamaxoT~ (502).

amiT mefem, rogorc Can