f nAl dZi

English 306A; Harris

/t/

[t][t˘][/][tH]

/f nAl dZi/√ √


/water/

[water][steam][ice]


/water/

[water][steam][ice]

Prototype


/t/

[t][t˘][/][tH]

/t/ & [t]phones, phonemes, allophones


Phonemic - phonetic

[pH√k|]/p√k/


/t/[t]

[t˘][t|]

[tH]

Phone, phoneme, allophone

[/]

[R]=



Phone: a speech sound

[tH]/t/

Phoneme: set of related speech soundsAllophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme)



PhonemeRepresented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceableA critical diagnostic: the minimal pair

pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil


English


Allophone[tH] is not “an allophone”, it is “an

allophone of /t/ (in English)”

[tH]/t/



AllophoneA phone can be an allophone of more

than one phoneme (in a given language).

[R]/t/ /d/

English


Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear

[R], [d], [D]

SpanishEnglish


Phoneme*: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear

[R], [d], [D]

* Phonemicdistinctions


Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone*: hard to hear

* Allophonesof the samephoneme

[R], [d], [D]



English Spanishsoda [soR´] toro [toRo]

dough [do] donde [dAnde]

though [Do] todos [toDos]



English Spanisheasy hard easy hard

[d] vs [D]

[d] vs [R]

[d] vs [R]

[d] vs [D]

[R] vs [D]

[D] vs [R]


English Spanish


/D/ [D]

[R] [d]/d/ [D] [d]/d/

[R] [r]/r/



AllophoneA critical diagnostic: complementary distributionPhonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods

[pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|]


Phonological processes

Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds

Phonological rulesExpressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations

[pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl

X Y ⁄ W Z



Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds

[tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|][pHIl] [spIl]

[lIp|]

[kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|]



PhonesVoiceless stops

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]



PhonesVoiceless stops

PhonemesVoiceless stops

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

/p/ /t/ /k/



Allophones

PhonemesVoiceless stops

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

/p/ /t/ /k/

and phonesand voiceless stops



Phonological rules

X Y ⁄ W Z

Express allophonic regularities

Have the form:


[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English

+stop-voice

+syllabic+stress +aspirated /


[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]


+stop-voice -release ⁄ #


??? ???? ⁄ ??? ???

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]


NO rule



Some English rules

Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables

Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words

[+stop] [-released] ⁄ #

-voice+stop [+aspirated] / +syllabic

+stress

This rule applies to ALL English stops, not just the voiceless one



What’s the rule?


[+nasal]



What’s the rule?


⁄ [+nasal]



What’s the rule?


[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]



What’s the rule?




What’s the rule?

[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]



[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]

[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.

English vowel allophones

˘ ˜


[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]

[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.

/V/ [V:] / [+voice]

[V] / [+nasal]

[V] / elsewhere

˜


˘ ˜

˜i.e., V, V:, V


/V/ [V:] / [+voice][V] / [+nasal]

[V] / elsewhere

˜



[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]


Nasalization: Scots Gaelic

[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]

(wet)



[bQ‚˘n] (ban) [mu)] (about)[gA‚˘n] (gone) [ne)˘l] (cloud)

Nasalization

English Scots GaelicRegressive

Progressive

A S S I M I L A T I O N


Nasalization: Scots Gaelic


What’s the rrrrrrrule?

[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]

(wet)


Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)

[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)



Minimal pairs




i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/




i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/

What’s the rule?




None!There is no allophonic

variation in the data.

What’s the rule?



Aspiration: Khmer

[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)


Aspiration: Khmer

Minimal pairs



Aspiration: Khmer

Minimal pairs

/p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/



(Phones), Allophones, PhonemesMinimal pairsComplementary distributionPhonological processes/rules

/f nAl dZi/√ √

f nAl dZi

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