Dutch Trading Routes in the 17Dutch Trading Routes in the 17thth--century Spice Tradecentury Spice Trade

1652: The first white settlers, led by Jan van 1652: The first white settlers, led by Jan van Riebeeck, arrive on three Dutch ships. Riebeeck, arrive on three Dutch ships. Encounter the Khoikhoi and San peoples.Encounter the Khoikhoi and San peoples.

The Dutch East India Company controls the The Dutch East India Company controls the Cape of Good Hope until 1795; British gain Cape of Good Hope until 1795; British gain control of the Cape in 1795.control of the Cape in 1795.

Anglo-Boer (Dutch Word for “Farmer”) War: Anglo-Boer (Dutch Word for “Farmer”) War: 1899-1902; British win, but suffer great 1899-1902; British win, but suffer great losses.losses.

1910: British colonies and the Boer republics 1910: British colonies and the Boer republics joined to form South Africa. joined to form South Africa.

19121912: : African National Congress (ANC) African National Congress (ANC) founded. founded.

1948: National Party comes to power; 1948: National Party comes to power; “Apartheid” (Afrikaans for ‘separation’) “Apartheid” (Afrikaans for ‘separation’) implementedimplemented

Demographic Facts of South Africa Demographic Facts of South Africa

47 million (2006 census)47 million (2006 census) 80% Black80% Black 9.5% white (during apartheid, the white 9.5% white (during apartheid, the white

population was at 11%)population was at 11%) 9% Colored9% Colored 2.5% Indian 2.5% Indian Afrikaner: South Africans of Dutch descentAfrikaner: South Africans of Dutch descent Xhosa, Zulu, English, Afrikaans– 3 of 11 Xhosa, Zulu, English, Afrikaans– 3 of 11

languageslanguages

19501950 - Population classified by race. Group areas act - Population classified by race. Group areas act passed to segregate blacks and whites. Communist passed to segregate blacks and whites. Communist party banned. ANC responds with campaign of civil party banned. ANC responds with campaign of civil disobedience, led by Nelson Mandela. disobedience, led by Nelson Mandela.

19601960 - Seventy black demonstrators killed in - Seventy black demonstrators killed in Sharpeville Massacre for protesting Pass Laws. ANC Sharpeville Massacre for protesting Pass Laws. ANC banned. banned.

19611961 - Mandela heads ANC's new military wing, which - Mandela heads ANC's new military wing, which launches sabotage campaign. On 16th December, launches sabotage campaign. On 16th December, 1961, 1961, Umkhonto We SizweUmkhonto We Sizwe: “Spear of the Nation.”: “Spear of the Nation.”

19641964 - ANC leader Nelson Mandela sentenced to life - ANC leader Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment. imprisonment.

19761976 - More than 600 killed in clashes between black - More than 600 killed in clashes between black protesters and security forces during uprising which protesters and security forces during uprising which starts in Soweto. starts in Soweto.

1984-891984-89 - Township revolt, state of - Township revolt, state of emergency. emergency.

19891989 – F.W. de Klerk replaces P.W. – F.W. de Klerk replaces P.W. Botha as president, meets Mandela. Botha as president, meets Mandela. Public facilities desegregated. Many Public facilities desegregated. Many ANC activists freed. ANC activists freed.

19901990 - ANC unbanned, Mandela - ANC unbanned, Mandela released after 27 years in prison.released after 27 years in prison.

April 1994: First non-racial elections; April 1994: First non-racial elections; ANC wins; Mandela becomes ANC wins; Mandela becomes President of a democratic South President of a democratic South Africa Africa

Truth and Reconciliation Truth and Reconciliation Commission Commission

Chaired by Archbishop Desmond TutuChaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu ““Reconciliation” – the Reconciliation” – the opposite opposite of of

revengerevenge ““Third Way”: not blanket amnesty; not Third Way”: not blanket amnesty; not

punishment; punishment; remembrance with remembrance with forgivenessforgiveness

To avoid a bloody transition and to heal a To avoid a bloody transition and to heal a nation nation

Past enemies must live together and move Past enemies must live together and move forward (unlike in Nuremberg Trials)forward (unlike in Nuremberg Trials)

UbuntuUbuntu: one’s humanity emerges in : one’s humanity emerges in relation to the humanity of others.relation to the humanity of others.

Conditions for Amnesty ApplicationConditions for Amnesty Application

Period covered: 1960-1994Period covered: 1960-1994 Individual applicationsIndividual applications Politically motivated human rights Politically motivated human rights

violationsviolations Full disclosure and in open hearingsFull disclosure and in open hearings Application had to be submitted before Application had to be submitted before

May 1997May 1997

Over 7,000 applications for amnesty were Over 7,000 applications for amnesty were received received

Testimonials from VictimsTestimonials from Victims

Over 23,000 testimonials receivedOver 23,000 testimonials received Many were delivered in open hearings that Many were delivered in open hearings that

were broadcast (through radio, television, were broadcast (through radio, television, and print media) throughout the country; 4 and print media) throughout the country; 4 hours/ day for 2 years; in all 11 languageshours/ day for 2 years; in all 11 languages

17 TRC commissioners17 TRC commissioners Transparent and open processTransparent and open process Dignity of sufferers restored; their suffering Dignity of sufferers restored; their suffering

acknowledgedacknowledged Impossible to say anymore “We did not Impossible to say anymore “We did not

know.” know.”