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21. Possessive Adjectives

Singular Plural

mijn(m'n)

jouw

(je)

uw

myyour

(informal)your

(polite)

ons /onze

jullie

(je)

uw

ouryour

(informal)your

(formal)

zijn

(z'n)

haar

zijn

hisher

itshun their

Ons is used before singular neuter nouns, and onze is used elsewhere (before singularcommon nouns, and all plural nouns.) Je, the unstressed form ofjouw, is commonly used

in spoken and written Dutch, unless the speaker/writer wants to stress the pronoun. In theplural,jullie is the norm, unless jullie has already been used in the sentence. Then je is

used to avoid the redundancy. The other unstressed forms are not commonly written, butare commonly spoken.

Like in English, Dutch possessive adjectives are used in front of a noun to show

possession: mijn boek(my book). There are a few ways to express the -'s used in Englishtoo. -s can be added to proper names and members of the family: Jans boek(John's

book) The preposition van can be used to mean of: het boek van Jan (the book of John= John's book) And in more colloquial speech, the unstressed forms in parentheses above

(agreeing in gender and number) can be used in place of the -s: Jan z'n boek(John'sbook)

To form the possessive pronouns, add -e to the stressed forms (except for jullie) and usethe correct article. The only way to show possession with jullie is to use van jou (literally

meaning "of you"), although all the others can be used with van too.

de/het mijne, jouwe, uwe, zijne, hare, onze, hunne (mine, yours, yours, his/its, hers,ours, theirs)

22. To Do and to Make

doen - to do maken - to make

doe doo doen doon maak mahk maken mah-kuh

doet doot doen doon maakt mahkt maken mah-kuh

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doet doot doen doon maakt mahkt maken mah-kuh

Expressions with doen:

doen alsof - to act as though

doen denken aan - to remind ofdichtdoen - to closeopendoen - to open

doen pijn - to hurt, cause pain

23. Work

actor acteur

actor (stage) toneelspelerauthor/writer schrijver

baker bakker

bookkeeper boekhouder

bookseller boekhandelaar

butcher slager

cashier kassameisje

dentist tandarts

doctor dokter

engineer ingenieur

hairdresser kapper

journalist journalist

judge rechter

lawyer advocaat

mail man postbode

mechanic monteur

musician muzikant

nurse verpleger

office workerkantoormedewerker

officer officier

painter schilder

photographer fotograaf

salesperson verkoper

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secretary secretaris

singer zanger

soldier soldaat

surgeon chirurg

teacher leraar

24. Prepositions

about

above /over

accordingto

afteragainst

alongaround

atbecause of

beforebehind

betweenby

duringexcept for

forfrom

over

boven / over

volgens

na

tegen

langsrond(om)

bij, om, aan

vanwege

voor

achter

tussen

met, door

gedurende,

tijdens

behalve voor

voor

van, uit,

vandaan

in

in front ofinside /

withinin spite of

nearnext to

ofon top of /

onopposite

out (of)since

throughto

underuntil

withwithout

in, over (used with time)

voor

binnen

ondanks

bij

naastvan

op / aan

tegenover

uit

sinds, sedert

door

aan, naar(toe) (direction

towards something)

onder

tot, totdat

metzonder

Attranslates as bij when it's a personal location, such as ik ben bij Jan (I'm at Johns

place/I am with John). Om refers to time: om 12 uur (at noon); and aan refers to an

impersonal location: aan tafel (at the table).By is met in the sense ofik doe het met dehand (I do it by hand) orik ga met het vliegtuig (I go by plane).From is van when it

refers to a person, een kado van jou (a gift from you); and uit when it is a location, ikkom uit Japan (I come from Japan.) Vandaan indicatesfrom where, as in waar kom jij

vandaan (where are you from?)

25. Countries and Nationalities

Country Nationality (masc. / fem.)

Africa Afrika Afrikaan / Afrikaanse

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America Amerika Amerikaan / Amerikaanse

Argentina Argentini Argentijn / Argentijnse

Asia Azi Aziaat

Austria Oostenrijk Oostenrijker / Oostenrijkse

Belgium Belgi Belg / Belgische

Brazil Brazili Braziliaan / Braziliaanse

China China Chinees / Chinese

Denmark Denemarken Deen / Deense

England Engeland Engelsman / Engelse

Europe Europa Europees / Europese

France Frankrijk Fransman / Franaise

Germany Duitsland Duitser / Duitse

Great Britain Groot Brittani Brit / BritseGreece Griekenland Griek / Griekse

Holland Holland Hollander / Hollandse

Hungary Hongarije Hongaar / Hongaarse

India India Indir / Indische

Ireland Ierland Ier / Ierse

Italy Itali Italiaan / Italiaanse

Japan Japan Japanner / Japanse

Netherlands Nederland Nederlander / Nederlandse

Norway Noorwegen Noor / Noorse

Poland Polen Pool / Poolse

Portugal Portugal Portugees / Portugese

Russia Rusland Rus / Russin

Spain Spanje Spanjaard / Spaanse

Sweden Zweden Zweed / Zweedse

Switzerland Zwitserland Zwitser / Zwitserse

Turkey Turkije Turk / Turkse

United States Verenigde Staten Amerikaan / Amerikaanse

The feminine form of many occupations and nationalities is indicated by one of five

endings. For most nationalities, -e is added, as in Nederlandse (Dutch woman). The

endings -in, -es, -esse and -ster are also used to form female counterparts. -ster is addedto verbs while -esse replaces the -is ending of some nouns.

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boer - boerin (farmer - femalefarmer/farmer's wife)

leeuw - leeuwin (lion - lioness)koning - koningin (king - queen)

Rus - Russin (Russian man -

Russian woman)leraar - lerares (male teacher -female teacher)

prins - prinses (prince - princess)

student - studente (male student - femalestudent)

secretaris - secretaresse (male secretary -female secretary)

bibliothekaris - bibliothekaresse (male

librarian - female librarian)schrijf - scrijfster (write - female author)

verpleeg - verpleegster (nurse - female

nurse)

26. Negative Sentences

The word niet (not) is used to negate sentences, and is generally placed at the end of the

clause. However, niet precedes a preposition, an adjective that follows a noun, and thewords binnen (inside), buiten (outside), beneden (downstairs), boven (upstairs) and

thuis (at home).

Een is usually not preceded by niet or any phrase ending with niet (ook niet - not either,

nog niet - not yet). Instead, geen, ook geen and nog geen replace the article. Geen istranslated by not a, not any orno when followed by a noun in English. Geen also negates

nouns that cannot be counted, such as water, bier and wijn.

Jan leest niet. Jan does not read.

Hij werkt volgende week ook niet. He is not working next week either.

Ik wil geen kopje koffie. I don't want a cup of coffee.Zij hebben nog geen huis gevonden. They have not found a house yet.

27.To Come and to Go

komen - to come gaan - to go

kom kawm komen koh-muh ga gah gaan gahn

komt kawmt komen koh-muh gaat gaht gaan gahn

komt kawmt komen koh-muh gaat gaht gaan gahn

Expressions with komen and gaan:

How komt het dat.. ? How is it that.. ?

Hoe gaat het met u? How are you?Het gaat me goed. I am fine.

gaan zitten - to sit down, be seated

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28. To and From Countries and Cities

to

from

naar

uit

Ik kom uit Nederland. I come from the Netherlands.Zij gaat naar New York. She's going to New York.

29. Conjugating Regular verbs

English has three ways of expressing the present tense, such as I run, I am running, I do

run. All three of these tenses are translated as one tense in Dutch. Most verbs are regular

in Dutch in the present tense, and it is formed by using the verb stem (the infinitive minusthe -en), and adding these endings (Note that there is no ending for the first personsingular form, and all the plural forms are identical to the infinitive):

Verb

endingsdrinken - to

drink

--t-t

-en-en-en

drinkdrinktdrinkt

drinkendrinkendrinken

There is, however, an alternative present tense to express an action that is currentlyhappening: use zijn aan het with the infinitive. Ik ben aan het koken would translate as

I am cooking (right now.)

The perfect tense in English of expressions of "for," "since" and "how long?" arerendered by the present tense in Dutch:

Ik woon hier al vijf jaar. I have lived here for five years.Hij werkt sinds april met zijn broer. He has been working with his brother since April.

Graag is an adverb used with verbs to express "to like to.." instead of using the verb

houden van, which literally means to like or love.

To form questions, simply invert the subject and verb. For the second person singular

form (jij), the -t ending of the conjugated verb is dropped. Dutch does not have anequivalent of the English "do" in questions, so Woon jij in Rotterdam? means Do you

live in Rotterdam? although it literally isLive you in Rotterdam?

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30. Irregularities in Regular verbs

When you add the present tense endings, you must observe the regular spelling rules in

Dutch. Words with long vowels (aa, ee, oo, and uu) drop the one vowel when anothersyllable is added. Words with the short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) double the following

consonant to keep the vowels short. The letters f and s occur at the end of words or beforeconsonants, while the letters v and z occur in the middle of words before vowels.

Infinitive Stemik

formjij, hij,

etc.ij, jullie,

etc.

betalen

blijvenhopen

radengeloven

schrijvenkiezen

hatenleven

lezenpraten

rijdenwassen

gaan

staanslaan

to pay

to stayto hope

toguess

to

believetowrite

tochoose

to hateto live

to readto talk

to rideto

washto go

tostand

to hit

betaal

blijfhoop

raadgeloof

schrijfkies

haatleef

leespraat

rijdwas

ga

stasla

betaal

blijfhoop

raadgeloof

schrijfkies

haatleef

leespraat

rijdwas

ga

stasla

betaalt

blijfthoopt

raadtgelooft

schrijftkiest

haatleeft

leestpraat

rijdtwast

gaat

staatslaat

betalen

blijvenhopen

radengeloven

schrijvenkiezen

hatenleven

lezenpraten

rijdenwassen

gaan

staanslaan

One verb that does not follow the spelling rule is komen. The singular forms are all

written and pronounced with the short o, while the plural forms are written andpronounced with the long o: kom, komt and komen. (According to the spelling rules, the

singular forms should be the long o, but they are not.)

There are five verbs whose ending is only -n: gaan (to go), staan (to stand), slaan (tohit), doen (to do) and zien (to see); the first three change according to the spelling rules.

If a stem ends in -t, you do not add another -t for the second and third person singularforms. zitten - to sit; hij zit - he sits

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Verb stems that end in -oud and -ijd drop the -d in the first person singular and inquestion forms of the second person singular form. The -d can be written, but it is not

pronounced. rijden - to ride; ik rij(d) - I ride; rij(d) jij? - do you ride?

31. Modal Verbs

In Dutch, there are four modals: kunnen - to be able to, can; moeten - to have to, must;

mogen - to be allowed to, may; and willen - to want to. Modals can be used with other

infinitives without the use of prepositions.

kunnen moetenmogenwillen

ikjij / uhij / zij /

hetwij

julliezij

kankan /kunt

kankunnen

kunnenkunnen

moetmoetmoet

moetenmoeten

moeten

magmagmag

mogenmogen

mogen

wilwil /wilt

wilwillen

willenwillen

The -t of kunt and wilt are dropped in inversions with jij, but not with moet. Kan and kuntare used interchangeably for the second person singular form of kunnen.

Common verbs, such as doen and gaan, can be omitted in Dutch after modals, but not inthe English translation. In addition, impersonal constructions with het/dat + modals areused. Dat kan. That's possible/can be done.

Het moet. It must be done.

When modals are used with other verbs, the other verb is in the infinitive and placed at

the end of the clause or sentence.

32. Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs express an action that reciprocates back to the subject. In other words,whoever is speaking is doing an action to himself. Examples in English would be: I wash

myself, he hurts himself, we hate ourselves. The reflexive pronouns always follow thesubject and verb.

Reflexive Pronouns

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me

je / u

zich

ons

je

zich

The reflexive pronoun u is often replaced by zich to avoid the double occurrence of u.

Verbs that are always reflexive

zich afvragen

zich bevinden

zich ergeren

zich gedragen

zich generen

zich haasten

zich

herinneren

zichherstellen

zich schamen

voor

zich vergissen

in

zich

verheugen op

zich

verslapen

zich

voorstellen

ask oneself

find oneselfget annoyed by

behavebe embarrassed

hurry

rememberrecoverbe ashamed of

be mistakenabout

look forward tooversleep

imagine,introduce

oneself

Verbs that can be reflexive or used with other direct objects

aankleden

amuseren

bewegen

ergeren

opwinden

scheren

snijden

uitkleden

verbazen

verdedigen

verkleden

verontschuldigen

verschuilen

get dressedenjoy oneself

movemake angry

get excitedshave (oneself)

cut oneselfundress (oneself)be amazed

defend oneselfchange clothes

excuseoneself/apologize

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vervelen

voelen

wassen

hide (oneself)to be bored

feelwash (oneself)

Emphatic Forms

mezelf

jezelf

zichzelf

onszelf

jezelf

zichzelf

The emphatic forms of the reflexive pronouns can only be used with the verbs that can be

reflexive or used with other direct objects, and never with verbs that are always reflexive.

Elkaar is used when there is a reciprocal meaning of "each other" in English.

33. Verbs followed by Prepositions

afhangen van depend on

bang zijn voor be afraid of

deelnemen aan take part in

denken aan think of/about

feliciteren met congratulate on

gebrek hebben aan be short of

herinneren aan remind

houden van like, love (things or people)

huilen om cry at/about

kijken naar look at/watch

lachen om laugh at

letten op pay attention to

lijden aan suffer from

luisteren naar listen topraten/spreken met talk to

reageren op react to

rekenen op rely on

sterven aan die of

trek/zin hebben in want

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trouwen met marry

twijfelen aan doubt

vragen om ask for

weten van know about

zeggen tegen say to

zorgen voor care for

34. Separable Prefixes

aan- af- binnen- in- na- onder- over- toe- voor-

achter- bij- door- mee- om- op- tegen- uit- -weg

When verbs with separable prefixes are conjugated, the prefixes go to the end of the

clause or sentence. For example, uitgaan (to go out) and weggaan (to go away):

Gaan jullie niet meeruit? Don't you go out anymore?Hij gaat vandaag weg. He's going away today.

35. Inseparable Prefixes

be- ont- ge-

her- ver- er-

These prefixes always remain attached to their infinitives. The inseparable prefixes are

unstressed syllables, as compared to the separable prefixes, of which most can standalone as prepositions. -ann, -onder, -over, -door, -voor and -om can also be inseparable

prefixes if they are unstressed.

36. Present Perfect or Past Indefinite Tense

This tense is used more often than the simple past, especially in conversation, and is

equivalent toI have askedorI asked. Regular verbs use a form of hebben or zijn and apast participle. Past participles are made by adding ge- to the beginning of the verb stem

and -t or-d to the end. Verb stems are the infinitives minus the -en, with the appropriatespelling changes. The stems are identical to the first person singular present tense form.

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-t is added to stems ending in t, k, f, s, ch, and p (note that if the stem ends in -t already,you do not double the consonant), while -d is added to all other stems, except those

already ending in -d. (If a stem ends in -f or -s, but the infinitive contained -v or -z, thenstill add a -d)

Verbs with inseparable prefixes do not add ge- in this tense. Verbs with separableprefixes add the ge after the prefix and before the stem (afgemaakt).

Verb Stem Past Participle

hopenmaken

blaffenmissen

dromen

bellenlovenvrezen

pratenkoken

blaffenkuchen

bouwenhoren

brandenbedoelen

bepratengeloven

verhuizenafmaken

to hopeto make

to barkto miss

to dreamto ring

to praise

to beafraidto talk

to cookto bark

to coughto build

to hearto burn

to meanto

discussto

believeto move

houseto finish

hoopmaak

blafmis

droom

belloofvrees

praatkook

blafkuch

bouwhoor

brandbedoel

bepraatgeloof

verhuisaf...maak

gehooptgemaakt

geblaftgemist

gedroomd

gebeldgeloofdgevreesd

gepraatgekookt

geblaftgekucht

gebouwdgehoord

gebrandbedoeld

bepraatgeloofd

verhuisdafgemaakt

Hebben vs. ZijnSome verbs of motion can take either hebben or zijn depending on whether it is the action

that is stressed (hebben) or the destination/direction (zijn.) Verbs taking zijn are generallyintransitive (they do not take direct objects) and denote a change in motion/position or

change in state/condition. Most verbs derived from zijn verbs also take zijn in the perfecttense.

ModalsThe past participles of the modals (kunnen: gekund; moeten: gemoeten; mogen:

gemoogd, willen: gewild) are only used when the modal is used independently of anotherverb.

Ik heb het gemoeten. I had to (do it).

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If the perfect tense of a modal is used with another verb, then the past participle of themodal is replaced by its infinitive. This double infinitive construction (infinitive of modal

+ other infinitive) is always placed at the end of the clause or sentence.Ik heb gisteren kunnen komen. I was able to come yesterday.

37. Irregular Past Participles

Infinitive Past Participle

begin beginnen begonnen

understand begrijpen begrepen

offer bieden geboden

remain blijven gebleven

break breken gebrokenbring brengen gebracht

think denken gedacht

do doen gedaan

drink drinken gedronken

eat eten gegeten

go gaan gegaan

give geven gegeven

have hebben gehad

help helpen geholpen

be called heten geheten

hold houden gehouden

look kijken gekeken

come komen gekomen

buy kopen gekocht

get krijgen gekregen

can, be able to kunnen gekund

let laten gelatenread lezen gelezen

lie liggen gelegen

walk lopen gelopen

must, have to moeten gemoeten

may mogen gemogen

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call roepen geroepen

write schrijven geschreven

sleep slapen geslapen

hit slaan geslagen

stand staan gestaan

speak spreken gesproken

die sterven gestorven

forget vergeten vergeten

lose verliezen verloren

find vinden gevonden

ask vragen gevraagd

know weten geweten

show wijzen gewezenwant willen gewild

become worden geworden

say zeggen gezegd

see zien gezien

be zijn geweest

sing zingen gezongen

sit zitten gezeten

look for zoeken gezocht

38. Zijn Verbs

A few common verbs take zijn instead of hebben in the present perfect tense:

blijven

blijken

gaan

gebeurenkomen

to stayto

appear/seemto go

to happento come

stoppen/ophouden

verdwijnen

verschijnen

wordenzijn

to stopto

disappearto appear

tobecome

to be

39. Food and Meals

breakfast ontbijt (n) bread brood (n)

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lunch middagmaal (n), lunch pepper peper

dinner avondeten (n) salt zout (n)

glass glas (n) ice ijs

fork vork vinegar azijn

spoon lepel oil olie

knife mes (n) sugar suiker

napkin servet (n) butter boter

plate bord (n) table tafel

silverware bestek (n) dish schotel

tea thee juice sap

steak biefstuk water water

cake taart / cake / koek wine wijn

ice cream roomijs (n) beer bier (n)coffee koffie beverage drank

pie vlaai milk melk

mustard mosterd egg ei (n)

rice rijst honey honing

jam jam snack snack, tussendoortje

soup soep cheese kaas

salad salade cookies koekje

40. Fruits, Vegetables and Meats

fruit vrucht cabbage kool

pineapple ananas pumpkin pompoen

apple appel olive olijf

apricot abrikoos radish radijs

banana banaan lettuce sla

pear peer tomato tomaat

strawberry aardbei onion ui

raspberry framboos meat vlees (n)

cherry kers veal kalfsvlees (n)

lime limoen lamb lam (n)

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lemon citroen beef rundvlees (n)

orange sinaasappel ham ham

peach perzik pork varkensvlees (n)

grapes druif bacon bacon

vegetables groente sausage worst

cauliflower bloemkool poultry pluimvee (n)

bean boon duck eend

pea erwt goose gans

cucumber komkommer chicken kip

carrot wortel, peen turkey kalkoen

potato aardappel fish vis

The National Anthem of the Netherlands: Wilhelmus van NassouweBy Marnix van St. Aldegonde (2 stanzas out of 15)

Wilhelmus van Nassouwe ben ik van Duitsen bloedden vaderland getrouwe blijf ik tot in den dood.

Een Prinse van Oranje ben ik, vrij onverveerd,den Koning van Hispanje heb ik altijd geerd.

Mijn schild ende betrouwen zijt Gij, o God mijn Heer,

op U zo wil ik bouwen, verlaat mij nimmermeer.Dat ik doch vroom mag blijven, uw dienaar t'aller stond,

de tirannie verdrijven die mij mijn hert doorwondt.

William of Nassau am I, of Dutch blood;True to the fatherland I remain until death.

Prince of Orange am I, free and fearless.To the King of Spain I have always given honour.

You, my God and Lord, are my shield, on You I rely.On You I will build; never leave me,

So that I may remain pious, your servant at all moments,Dispelling the tyranny that wounds my heart.

The National Anthem of Belgium: De BrabanonneBy Alexandre Dechet, 1830

O dierbaar Belgi

O heilig land der vaad'renOnze ziel en ons hart zijn u gewijd.

Aanvaard ons hart en het bloed van onze adren,Wees ons doel in arbeid en in strijd.

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Bloei, o land, in eendracht niet te breken;Wees immer u zelf en ongeknecht,

Het woord getrouw, dat ge onbevreesd moogt spreken:Voor Vorst, voor Vrijheid en voor Recht. (x3)

O beloved Belgium,sacred land of our fathers,Our heart and soul are dedicated to you.

Our strength and the blood of our veins we offer,Be our goal, in work and battle.

Prosper, O country, in unbreakable unity,Always be yourself and free.

Trust in the word that, undaunted, you can speak:For King, for Freedom and for Law. (x3)