ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE1500-1800

Chapter 21

SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM

Section 1

Absolutism

Philip II

Northern Dutch

United Provinces of the Netherlands

Monarchs

Absolutism

A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority.

Philip II

Accomplishments defended Roman Catholicism helped stimulate the arts

Northern Dutch

Gained their freedom from Spain United Provinces of the Netherlands

Established a republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands Differed from neighboring states

elected governors power depended on landowners and

merchants

Absolutism

Monarchs Believed in Divine Right

God created the monarchy Monarch acted as God’s representative on

Earth Answers only to God; not subjects

THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIVSection2

French Civil Wars

Henry of Navarre

Edict of Nantes

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIV

Cardinal Mazarin

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Versailles

Spanish Empire

French Civil Wars

1562-1598 Main cause

Religious differences

How did religious and political turmoil in France encourage absolutism? Skepticism?

Absolutism Skepticism

Henry of Navarre

Protestant prince Catholic King First king of the Bourbon dynasty

Edict of Nantes

Issued in hopes of bringing an end to violent religious conflicts in France

Cardinal Richelieu

Minister to Louis XIII Increased the power of the Bourbon

monarchy Moved against the Huguenots Weakened the power of the nobles

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King France’s most powerful ruler Boasted, “I am the state”

Cardinal Mazarin

Minister to Louis XIV Policies drove nobles to rebel against

king

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Minister of Finance under Louis XIV Mercantilism policies

Caused France’s economy to grow and prosper

Versailles

Palace built for Louis XIV Political purpose

Showed the power of Louis XIV Was the envy of other monarchs

Spanish Empire

Weakened Experienced a period of severe inflation

and heavy taxes

CENTRAL EUROPEAN MONARCHS CLASH

Section 3

Peace of Augsburg

Thirty Years War

Peace of Westphalia

Maria Theresa

Prussia

Fredrick the Great

Peace of Augsburg

German rulers agreement to settle religious differences

Thirty Years War

A war in Europe between 1618 and 1648

Developed into a struggle for dominance between various powers, notably France, Spain, Sweden, and the Holy Roman Empire

Began as a war between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and some of his Protestant German states.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War

Austria

Maria Theresa Inherited the Austrian thrown

Only after Charles VI had European power sign an agreement declaring they would recognize the heir

Prussia

Austria’s greatest enemy under Maria Theresa

Fredrick the Great

King of Prussia Believed a ruler should be a father to

his people

Maria Theresa

War of Austrian Succession fought over the possession of lands that

belonged to Maria Theresa

ABSOLUTE RULERS OF RUSSIA

Section 4

Ivan the Terrible

St. Petersburg

Ivan the Terrible

First Russian ruler to adopt the title of czar

Ivan the Terrible

Why he was called terrible: Organized a police force that murdered

people he considered traitors

Ivan the Terrible

Boyers Landowning nobles Suffered the greatest loss of power

Peter the Great

Peter the Great

Serfs Essential part of the Russian economy

Peter the Great

Liked visiting the west Wanted to learn about Western customs

and technology

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia Raised the status of women Made nobles wear western fashion

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great Why?

Wanted a city on a seaport Near water routes to Europe Made it easier to travel west

PARLIAMENT LIMITS THE ENGLISH MONARCHY

Section 5

Constitutional Monarchy

James I

Charles I

Puritans

Oliver Cromwell

Restoration

James II

William of Orange

Absolute Monarchy

English Bill of Rights

Constitutional Monarchy

1600s England’s system of government

Monarch Conflicts with Parliment

James I

King of Scotland Inherited Elizabeth I’s throne and her

conflicts with Parliament

Charles I

King of England Lost the English Civil War Tried and put to death

Puritans

Won the English civil war How?

Cromwell Defeated the Royalists

Puritans held the king prisoner

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan leader Ruled England after the end of the

English Civil War Abolished the monarchy

Ruled as a military dictator

Restoration

“Restored” the monarchy, as an institution, to power in England

Began when Charles II took the throne

James II

Catholic King Replaced by William and Mary

William of Orange

King of England Came to power as a result of the

Glorious Revolution

What were some of the most important political changes that resulted from the Glorious Revolution?

Absolute Monarchy

Parliament’s financial power was an obstacle

English Bill of Rights

Significance Made clear limits of royal power