Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments...
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Transcript of Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments...
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Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918
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1919: Versailles, art. 231:
The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
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Duitse Keizerrijk
Bondsstaat (statenbond?) Hegemonie Pruisen
ambtenarenstaat
Reichstag ‘Made in Germany’ – Tweede
Industriële Revolutie chemie, elektriciteit, techniek
Germania docet
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Duitse historiografie na 1945
Het verleden als probleem
Vergangenheitsbewältigung
“Vergangenheitspolitik”? (Norbert Frei)
staatsdoctrine BRD: bewuste omgang met Duitse schuld (na 1960)
nieuwe geschiedenis (na 1960)
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Stadia Duitse geschiedwetenschap na 1945
continuiteit?:1945: het „tragisch historisme“ (Meinecke/Ritter)
breuk met historisme: Gesellschaftsgeschichte vanaf 1960 (Wehler/Kocka) SONDERWEGTHESE
Revisie/herwaardering Duitse geschiedenis? Na 1980Polemiek grote debatten: Historikerstreit/Bombenkrieg
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FISCHERKONTROVERSE Fritz Fischer, Deutschlands Griff nach der
Weltmacht. Die Kriegzielspolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschlands 1914/1918 (1961)
these: continuïteit → Derde Rijk
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Kritische kentering 1960 FISCHERKONTROVERSE (1961)
nieuwe generatie historici uitbreiding universiteiten/
leerstoelen ideologische verbreding einde tijdperk Adenauer revolutie jaren ‘60
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Gesellschaftsgeschichte
methodische & politieke breuk Marx én Max Weber
Bochum, Bielefeld assimilationistisch wetenschapsideaal(breuk
met historistisch autonomisme) nieuwe onderwerpen, soc. ec. & politieke
geschiedenis 1800-1933 = structuurgeschiedenis engagement: Verfassungspatriotismus
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De mislukte Duitse ontwikkeling=omkering historisme & ideaalbeeld Duitse cultuur! Germania docet
I. Ideologische Sonderweg-these na 1945: Le malade allemand
A.J.P.Taylor, The course of German History (1945)
Fritz Stern, The failure of illiberalism. Essays on the culture of modern Germany (1972)
Sonderwegthese
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II. Structuralistische Sonderweg-these Nationaal-socialisme= logische uitkomst
mislukte modernisering van Duitsland
Moderniseringstheorie: historisch voorgeschreven route industrialisatie/moderne parlementaire democratie
= Doppelrevolution/ dual revolution
traditionele → → moderne maatschappij
Sonderwegthese = Gesellschaftsgeschichte
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Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1973)
Sonderwegthese
Pathologie Duitse ontwikkeling: economishe modernisering, géén
politieke/sociale modernisering
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Sonderwegthese =Historische Sozialwissenschaft
analyse economie Wachstumsstörungen/organisierter
Kapitalismus
analyse machtstructuren pseudokonstitutioneller Semi-
Absolutismus/ autoritäre Polykratie ohne Koordination
analyse sociale verhoudingen vorindustrielle Eliten/Obrigkeitsstaat
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“Revolution von oben”
mislukte revolutie 1848
Hegemonialkriege (1864-1870) + binnenlandse politiek Pruisen!
‘Charismatische Herrschaft’ Bismarck Polykratie na 1890:
Keizer/Reichstag/Leger/Bureaucratie
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Ideologie Keizerrijk
Integrationsklammern und strukturelle Demokratiefeindschaft
Nationalisme + Staatsideologie Religie Autoritäre Gesellschaft Antisemitisme/minderheden Militarisme
Sozialimperialismus
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Die Flucht nach vorn (WO I)
Wilhelminische ‘Weltpolitik’ als Innenpolitik
Sozialdarwinismus + Pangermanismus = Sozialimperialismus
= Schuldvraag WO I !
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Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931) Sonderwegthese
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1700-1989 (1987-2008) Strukturbedingungen der Wirtschaft Strukturbedingungen sozialer Ungleichheit Strukturbedingungen politischer Herrschaft
Tijdschrift:(Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Jürgen Kocka)
Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für Historische Sozialwissenschaft (1975)
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Kritiek Sonderweg:possibilistisch perspectief
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Kritiek Sonderweg: anti-these
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The pecularities of German History
All national histories are peculiar, but some appear to be more peculiar than others
Germany was much more the intensified version of the norm than the exeption
Age of Modernity (Blackbourn)
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Kritiek Sonderweg: stedenproject Lothar Gall
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Gesellschaftsgeschichte:de natiestaat voorbij?
Gesellschaftsgeschichte:fixatie/kritiek op de natie-staat (Deutsches Reich)(=anti-these Pruisische School)
BRD = democratisch einde van Duitse geschiedenis