Dual Revolution The Industrial Revolution which began in England around 1780. The French Revolution...

Dual Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution which began in England around 1780.

• The French Revolution which rocked France in 1789.

Socialist Concerns

• Early French socialist thinkers were already aware that the political revolution in France, the rise of laissez faire economics and the emergence of modern industry in Britain were transforming society.

• They were disturbed because they saw these developments as promoting selfish individualism and splitting the community into isolated fragments.

• There was they believed, an urgent need for further reorganization of society to establish cooperation and a new sense of community.

Economic Planning

• Early French socialists believed in economic planning.

• Inspired by the emergency economic measures of 1793 and 1794 (the terror) in France.

• They argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job

• Socialists believed that private property should strictly regulated or that it should be abolished and replaced by state or community ownership.

Henri de Saint Simon 1760-1825

• The key to progress was proper social organization

• The parasites (the court, aristocracy, churchmen) should give way to the doers- the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists.

• The doers would carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking vast public works projects and establishing investment banks.

Charles Fourier 1772-1837

• Saw a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self sufficient communities made up of 1620 people.

• Fourier called for the abolition of marriage.

Louis Blanc 1811-1882

• Urged workers to organize for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully.

• Blanc believed that the state should set up government sponsored workshops and factories to guarantee full employment.

Joseph Proudhon 1809-1865

• What is Property?• Nothing but theft.• Property was profit that was stolen from the

worker. • The worker was the source of all wealth.

Karl Marx 1818-1883• 1848 Marx co-authored the communist manifesto with

Friedrich Engels• Engels had previously written the condition of the working

class in England in 1844.• Marx argued that the interests of the middle class and the

industrial working class were inevitably opposed to each other.

• History of all previously existing society is the history of class struggle.

• With the coming of modern industry, society was split more clearly than ever before; between the middle class (bourgeoisie) and the modern working class (Proletariat)

Bourgeoisie vs. workers

• Just as the middle class had triumphed over the feudal aristocracy, Marx predicted that the proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie through a violent revolution.

3 Streams leading to Marxism

• French Revolution– Abrupt, total revolution– Success of Bourgeoisie

• British Industrial Revolution– Position of labor– “condition of Working Class” Engels

• German Philosophy of Hegel

Philosophy of Hegel

• Dialectics– Thesis vs. Antithesis=synthesis

• Historic change comes through the clash of antagonistic elements.

• History is a process of development through time, logical and deterministic, everything happens in sequence by cause.

• Hegel saw primacy of ideas that cause change, Marx focused on economic reality.

Marxian view of Historical Development

• Material conditions give rise to economic classes.

• Each class develops ideology suited to its needs.– Prevailing religion, government, law, morals

reflect the outlook of these classes

Class antagonism

• Agrarian Conditions produce landholding class• Changes in trade routes, money, productive

techniques, leads to rise of Bourgeoisie • Eventually Bourgeoisie and landholding class

clash– England 1642– France 1789

Development of Proletariat

• As the Bourgeoisie develops there is a corresponding development in the proletariat.

• According to Marx the Bourg. Is defined as those who own capital

• Proletariat does not own capital• Under competitive conditions the Bourg. Devour

themselves• The Proletariat then overthrows the Bourg. In a

revolution.

Results of Proletariat revolution

• Abolish private property/private ownership of capital

• Classless society results• State withers• Religion disappears

Marxist ideas

• Labor theory of value– Value of any man-made object depended on the amount

of labor put into it. Capital is the stored up labor of past times.

• Surplus value theory– The worker is paid less than the value of his labor (e.g.

product sells for $10 and the total worker wage is $3, according to Marx the worker has had $7 stolen from him)

– Capital therefore is accumulated surplus value that the prevailing system (gov’t, religion, law, education, etc.) has allowed the owner to steal from the worker.

Marxist ideas, cont.

• Workers must remain angry.• Union gains of higher wages were just more crumbs

from the owners table. Even if the worker is paid $5 (referring to the previous example) he is still being robbed of $5.– No Unions, No gov’t legislation (could the worker make

real gains through a gov’t committed to protecting the ruling classes interests?)

Ideas from Communist Manifesto

• The worker is deprived of the wealth he himself has created

• The state is a committee of the bourgeoisie for the exploitation of the worker

• Religion is a drug to keep the workingman quietly dreaming of his heavenly reward. “Opiate of the Masses”

• The working family has been prostituted and brutalized by the bourgeoisie

• The proletariat have no country

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review

• Who painted Liberty Leading the people?• Delacroix


• Liberty Leading the people was painted Liberty Leading the people was painted after which revolution?after which revolution?

• French Revolution of 1830

In which of the following situations did the normally flexible English government behave in a most reactionary

manner?• a. the Reform Bill of 1832• b. the “battle of Peterloo” 1819• c. the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846• d. All of the above were decisions by the

British government that shifted the country to the political right.

• b


• With whom did the Greeks fight against to win their independence in the Greek Revolution?

• Ottoman Turks


• At What battle did England, France, and Russia defeat a Turco-Egyptian navy?

• Navarino Bay (1829)• What treaty ended the

Greek Revolution?• Treaty of Adrianople


• Why did many Europeans support the Greeks?

• Saw it as home of democracy, were in love with classical Greek culture, birthplace of democracy, Russians – stirred by piety of their Orthodox brethren


• What Romantic poet fought and died in the Greek Revolution?

• Lord Byron


• What six points did the Chartists demand from parliament?

1. Annual elections held for the House of Commons2. Universal male suffrage3. Equal electoral districts4. Secret ballots5. Abolition of property qualifications for membership

to the House of Commons6. Pay members of the House of Commons a salary so

poor people can serve


• Was the Chartist movement successful?• No.


• What was the right of legitimacy?

• Restoration of pre-revolutionary absolutist monarchies

louis XVIII


• Who crushed the June Days Revolt?

• Cavaignac

• What was his nickname?

• The Butcher


• Which countries made up the holy alliance?

• Russia, Austria, Prussia


• After 1815, what happened to Poland?• It was annexed by Russia.


• Who was an influential French Utopian Socialist?

• Count de Saint Simon


• Which movement emphasized emotion, spontaneity, and braking from classical ideas?

• Romanticism

Raft of Medusa Georges Clairin, The

Guard


• What were Charles X’s 4 ordinances?1. Chamber of Deputies was disbanded2. Press was censored3. The amount of people who could vote was

reduced4. An election was to be held for the new

Chamber of Deputies


• Who was Louis Blanc, what did he want and was he successful?

• He was an utopian socialist that wanted social workshops in the new French government. He failed.


• Who headed the “Second Republic in France”?

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte


• In which 3 countries were the major revolutions of 1848?• Austria, France, Prussia

Austrian Revolution

French Revolution

Riots in Berlin


• Who led the Revolution in Austria?

• Louis Kossuth


• Who was Lamartine?

• A political republican in France who opposed Louis Blanc


• Name 3 Romantic composers?• Franz List, Chopin, Beethoven

Chopin


• Which romantic composer is also considered by some to be classical?

• Beethoven


• Who was the “Greatest Pianist” of the Romantic Era?

• Franz Liszt

Revolutions of 1830 Review

• Who replaced Charles X?

• Louis Phillippe

Right:

Charles X

Left: Louis Phillippe

Revolutions of 1848

• Who was overthrown in France in 1848?• Louis Phillippe


• Who painted “The raft of the Who painted “The raft of the Medusa”?Medusa”?

• Gericault


• Which revolution of 1830 was not Which revolution of 1830 was not successful? successful?

• Poland • Who crushed it?• Nicholas I of Russia


• Guizot was the foreign minister of Guizot was the foreign minister of which French Kingwhich French King

• Louis Phillipe


• He wrote “beauty is truth, truth is He wrote “beauty is truth, truth is beauty, that is all ye know on earth beauty, that is all ye know on earth and all ye need to know.and all ye need to know.

• John Keats


• What was the title of the previous What was the title of the previous poem?poem?

• Ode on a Grecian Urn


• The Provisional French government The Provisional French government of 1848 was made up of these two of 1848 was made up of these two types of Republicanstypes of Republicans

• Political, Social


• This Event was to take place in Paris This Event was to take place in Paris on February 22, 1848.on February 22, 1848.

• Banquet • What also happened that day?• Barricades went up• Why did this happen?• The government refused to consider electoral

reform.


• Karl Marx co-authored Communist Karl Marx co-authored Communist Manifesto with him: Manifesto with him:

• Engels


• The word to describe what Marx The word to describe what Marx called the working classcalled the working class

• Proletariat • Whose ideas were Marx’s theory of historical

evolution based on?• Georg Hegel


• The meeting of German liberals to The meeting of German liberals to discuss a future United German Statediscuss a future United German State

• Frankfurt Assembly


• Who repealed the Corn Laws in Who repealed the Corn Laws in 1846?1846?

• Robert Peel• What party did he belong to?• Tory


• He became the Emperor of Austria in He became the Emperor of Austria in 1848 at the age of 18.1848 at the age of 18.

• Franz Joseph


• Who did Franz Joseph replace?Who did Franz Joseph replace?• Emperor Ferdinand I


• Who was in the conspiracy to Who was in the conspiracy to overthrow Emperor Ferdinand I?overthrow Emperor Ferdinand I?

• Archduchess Sophia, the church, Archduchess Sophia, the church, powerful noblespowerful nobles


• Who wrote a poem about Daffodils?Who wrote a poem about Daffodils?• Wordsworth


• They insisted on the value of feelings They insisted on the value of feelings and love for the unclassifiable.and love for the unclassifiable.

• Romanticism


• He was the most famous French He was the most famous French romantic Writerromantic Writer

• Victor Hugo


• What countries formed the What countries formed the Quadruple Alliance?Quadruple Alliance?

• Austria, Russia, Prussia, England• What was the Quadruple Alliance’s new spirit

of cooperation and consultation called?• The Concert of Europe


• The Final outcome of the Congress of The Final outcome of the Congress of Vienna is known as the:Vienna is known as the:

• Metternich SystemMetternich System

MetternicMetternichh


• The Participants of the Congress The Participants of the Congress of Vienna almost came to war as of Vienna almost came to war as a result of this “question”a result of this “question”

• Polish-Saxon QuestionPolish-Saxon Question


• What territory What territory created by the created by the Congress of Congress of Vienna replaced Vienna replaced the the Confederation of Confederation of the Rhinethe Rhine

• Germanic Germanic ConfederationConfederation


• What newly created Kingdom What newly created Kingdom was created as a buffer against was created as a buffer against France?France?

• Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the Netherlands


• They insisted on the value of feelings They insisted on the value of feelings and love for the unclassifiable.and love for the unclassifiable.

• Romanticism


• This country stopped the revolution This country stopped the revolution in Poland in 1831.in Poland in 1831.

• Russia


• This law reallocated electorate seats This law reallocated electorate seats to the urban north of England, It also to the urban north of England, It also increased the number of people who increased the number of people who could vote.could vote.

• Reform Bill of 1832


• Which prime minister was in office Which prime minister was in office when The Reform Bill of 1832 was when The Reform Bill of 1832 was passed?passed?

• Lord Earl Grey• What king was in power?• William IV


• How did Earl Grey get the House of How did Earl Grey get the House of Lords to vote for the Reform Bill of Lords to vote for the Reform Bill of 1832?1832?

• He threatened to introduce a large number of Whigs into the House of Lords.


• These laws placed a high tariff These laws placed a high tariff on the imports of grain into on the imports of grain into England.England.

• Corn Laws 1815 • What groups supported these laws?• Large agricultural producers (Tories)• What groups opposed them?• Workers, Industrialists


• The July revolution in France The July revolution in France (1830) followed the issuance of (1830) followed the issuance of this.this.

• The four Ordinances • Who issued these?• Charles X


• This event in This event in England in England in 1819 1819 demonstratedemonstrated the division d the division between the between the government government and the and the working working class.class.

• Peterloo Peterloo massacremassacre


• What acts were issued in response What acts were issued in response to the Peterloo Massacre?to the Peterloo Massacre?

• Six Acts of ParliamentSix Acts of Parliament• What did they attempt to?What did they attempt to?• Repressive measures that Repressive measures that

attempted to remove the attempted to remove the instruments of agitation from the instruments of agitation from the hands of radical leaders and to hands of radical leaders and to provide authorities with new provide authorities with new powerspowers


• Which came first, the great Which came first, the great English reform bill or the repeal English reform bill or the repeal of the corn laws.of the corn laws.

• Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832


• He refused the “crown from the He refused the “crown from the gutter”gutter”

• Frederick William IVFrederick William IV


• He called for a Holy Alliance of He called for a Holy Alliance of European nationsEuropean nations

• Czar Alexander ICzar Alexander I


• List the rulers of France in order from List the rulers of France in order from Napoleon I to Napoleon III.Napoleon I to Napoleon III.

• Louis XVIIILouis XVIII• Charles XCharles X

• Louis PhillipeLouis Phillipe• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Louis Napoleon Bonaparte


• He wrote “On this day I complete my He wrote “On this day I complete my 36th year”36th year”

• Lord ByronLord Byron


• He painted “landscape with a distant He painted “landscape with a distant river and bay” river and bay”

• Joseph M.W. TurnerJoseph M.W. Turner


• Who wrote “The Chimney Who wrote “The Chimney Sweeper?”Sweeper?”

• William Blake


• After what revolution did After what revolution did Metternich flee Austria?Metternich flee Austria?

• Revolution of 1848 in Austria• What groups led that revolution?• Students and workers


• What happened in 1846, 1848, What happened in 1846, 1848, and 1851 that brought much and 1851 that brought much trouble to Ireland?trouble to Ireland?

• Potato crops failed – “The Great Famine”

Dual Revolution The Industrial Revolution which began in England around 1780. The French Revolution...

Documents

Transcript of Dual Revolution The Industrial Revolution which began in England around 1780. The French Revolution...