Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) - A New Concept For A Nuclear Power...

DUAL FLUID REACTOR (DFR)A NEW CONCEPT FOR A NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR

AHMED H. HUSSEIN

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICSUNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

3333 UNIVERSITY WAY, PRINCE GEORGE, BC. CANADAAND

INSTITUTE FOR SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR PHYSICSLEISTIKOWSTRAßE 2, 14050 BERLIN. GERMANY

FERURAY 15/22, 2014

(TRIUMF, Saturday Lectures) Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) FERURAY 15/22, 2014 1 / 60

Collaboration

PersonnelThe Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR∗)was developed at the Institute of SolidState Nuclear Physics by:

Prof. Dr. Konrad Czerski,Dr. Armin Huke,Dr. Ahmed Hussein,Dr. Gotz Ruprecht,Dipl.-Ing. Stephan Gottlieb, andMr. Daniel Weißbach.Many consultants and supporters.

∗Patent Pending in Germany, WO2013041085 A2


A Word or Two on Energy & Power

UnitsEnergy is measured in Joules (J). It takes about 300 kJ to boil onekilogram of water.

If water boils in 10 minutes, then energy was delivered at a rate500 J/sec or 500 Watts (W).The Watt is a unit of Power, or the rate of delivering energy.



UnitsEnergy is measured in Joules (J). It takes about 300 kJ to boil onekilogram of water.If water boils in 10 minutes, then energy was delivered at a rate500 J/sec or 500 Watts (W).

The Watt is a unit of Power, or the rate of delivering energy.



UnitsEnergy is measured in Joules (J). It takes about 300 kJ to boil onekilogram of water.If water boils in 10 minutes, then energy was delivered at a rate500 J/sec or 500 Watts (W).The Watt is a unit of Power, or the rate of delivering energy.



ElectricityAn Electricity power station rated at 1000MW, delivers1000,000,000 J/sec, or 109 J/sec or 1 GJ/sec.

A Joule is a very small amount of Energy. Electric companies usea bigger one: kWh = 3.6 MJ.Total energy delivered by 1000MW in one year is 3.15× 1016J =8.76 TWh.



ElectricityAn Electricity power station rated at 1000MW, delivers1000,000,000 J/sec, or 109 J/sec or 1 GJ/sec.A Joule is a very small amount of Energy. Electric companies usea bigger one: kWh = 3.6 MJ.

Total energy delivered by 1000MW in one year is 3.15× 1016J =8.76 TWh.



ElectricityAn Electricity power station rated at 1000MW, delivers1000,000,000 J/sec, or 109 J/sec or 1 GJ/sec.A Joule is a very small amount of Energy. Electric companies usea bigger one: kWh = 3.6 MJ.Total energy delivered by 1000MW in one year is 3.15× 1016J =8.76 TWh.



Consumption of ElectricityOn the average, a Canadian household consumed 40 GJ ofelectricity in 2011, 40% of the total household consumption ofenergy.

All Canadian households consumed 547,096 TJ of Electricity in2011.All Canadian households consumed 1,425,185 TJ of Energy in2011.On the average a Canadian household requires 1.3 kW (1.3kJ/sec) of electric power.



Consumption of ElectricityOn the average, a Canadian household consumed 40 GJ ofelectricity in 2011, 40% of the total household consumption ofenergy.All Canadian households consumed 547,096 TJ of Electricity in2011.

All Canadian households consumed 1,425,185 TJ of Energy in2011.On the average a Canadian household requires 1.3 kW (1.3kJ/sec) of electric power.



Consumption of ElectricityOn the average, a Canadian household consumed 40 GJ ofelectricity in 2011, 40% of the total household consumption ofenergy.All Canadian households consumed 547,096 TJ of Electricity in2011.All Canadian households consumed 1,425,185 TJ of Energy in2011.

On the average a Canadian household requires 1.3 kW (1.3kJ/sec) of electric power.



Consumption of ElectricityOn the average, a Canadian household consumed 40 GJ ofelectricity in 2011, 40% of the total household consumption ofenergy.All Canadian households consumed 547,096 TJ of Electricity in2011.All Canadian households consumed 1,425,185 TJ of Energy in2011.On the average a Canadian household requires 1.3 kW (1.3kJ/sec) of electric power.


World Wide Use of Nuclear Power

Some General FactsAs of June 13, 2013, 31 countries worldwide are operating 440nuclear reactors for electricity generation.

69 new nuclear plants are under construction in 14 countries.Nuclear power plants provided 17.1% of the world’s electricityproduction in 2012.13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least 25% oftheir total electricity.



Some General FactsAs of June 13, 2013, 31 countries worldwide are operating 440nuclear reactors for electricity generation.69 new nuclear plants are under construction in 14 countries.

Nuclear power plants provided 17.1% of the world’s electricityproduction in 2012.13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least 25% oftheir total electricity.



Some General FactsAs of June 13, 2013, 31 countries worldwide are operating 440nuclear reactors for electricity generation.69 new nuclear plants are under construction in 14 countries.Nuclear power plants provided 17.1% of the world’s electricityproduction in 2012.

13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least 25% oftheir total electricity.



Some General FactsAs of June 13, 2013, 31 countries worldwide are operating 440nuclear reactors for electricity generation.69 new nuclear plants are under construction in 14 countries.Nuclear power plants provided 17.1% of the world’s electricityproduction in 2012.13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least 25% oftheir total electricity.



Current Reactors World Wide

Country Reactors MWe BkWh % Of TotalArgentina 2 935 5, 903 4·7Armenia 1 375 2, 124 26·6Belgium 7 5, 927 38, 464 51·0Brazil 2 1, 884 15, 170 3·1Bulgaria 2 1, 906 14, 861 31·6Canada 20 14, 135 89, 060 15·3China 17 12, 860 92, 652 2·0Czech RP 6 3, 804 28, 603 35·3Finland 4 2, 752 22, 063 32·6France 58 63, 130 407, 438 74·8Germany 9 12, 068 94, 098 16·1Hungary 4 1, 889 14, 763 45·9India 20 4, 391 29, 665 3·6Iran 1 915 1, 328 0·6Japan 50 44, 215 17, 230 2·1Korea Rep. 23 20, 739 143, 550 30·4Mexico 2 1, 530 8, 412 4·7

continued..(TRIUMF, Saturday Lectures) Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) FERURAY 15/22, 2014 7 / 60


Current Reactors World Wide

Country Reactors MWe BkWh % Of TotalNetherlands 1 482 3, 707 4·4Pakistan 3 725 5, 271 5·3Romania 2 1, 300 10, 564 19·4Russia 33 23, 643 166, 293 17·8Slovakia 4 1, 816 14, 411 53·8Slovenia 1 688 5, 244 36·0South Africa 2 1, 860 12, 398 5·1Spain 8 7, 560 58, 701 20·5Sweden 10 9, 395 61, 474 38·1Switzerland 5 3, 278 24, 445 35·9Taiwan, China 6 5, 028 38733 18·4Ukraine 15 13, 107 84, 886 46·2U.K. 18 9, 938 63, 964 18·1U.S. 104 102, 136 770, 719 19·0Total 440 374, 411 2, 346, 194 NA



Reactors Under Construction World Wide

Country Reactors Total MWeArgentina 1 692Brazil 1 1, 245China 28 27, 844China, Taiwan 2 2, 600Finland 1 1, 600France 1 1, 600India 7 4, 824Japan 2 2, 650Pakistan 2 630Russia 11 9, 297Slovak Republic 2 880S. Korea 4 4, 980Ukraine 2 1, 900United Arab Emirates 2 2, 690United States 3 3, 399Total 69 66, 831


Nuclear Power

Why Nuclear PowerCharacteristics of a good energy source:

High energy density.

High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimumdemand, constant rate).Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”through the life cycle.Long life of the resource.Safe production and operation.


Nuclear Power


High energy density.High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.

Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimumdemand, constant rate).Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”through the life cycle.Long life of the resource.Safe production and operation.


Nuclear Power


High energy density.High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimumdemand, constant rate).

Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”through the life cycle.Long life of the resource.Safe production and operation.


Nuclear Power


High energy density.High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimumdemand, constant rate).Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”through the life cycle.

Long life of the resource.Safe production and operation.


Nuclear Power


High energy density.High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimumdemand, constant rate).Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”through the life cycle.Long life of the resource.

Safe production and operation.


Nuclear Power


High energy density.High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimumdemand, constant rate).Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”through the life cycle.Long life of the resource.Safe production and operation.


Nuclear Power

Why Nuclear PowerEnergy Content of Various Sources

Source Energy DensityFirewood (dry) 16 MJ/kgBrown coal (lignite) 10 MJ/kgBlack coal (low quality) 13-23 MJ/kgBlack coal (hard) 24-30 MJ/kgNatural Gas 38 MJ/m3

Crude Oil 45-46 MJ/kgUranium - in typical reactor 500,000 MJ/kg

(of natural U)


Nuclear Power

Why Nuclear PowerEnergy Content of Various Sources

Source Energy DensityFirewood (dry) 16 MJ/kgBrown coal (lignite) 10 MJ/kgBlack coal (low quality) 13-23 MJ/kgBlack coal (hard) 24-30 MJ/kgNatural Gas 38 MJ/m3

Crude Oil 45-46 MJ/kgUranium - in typical reactor 500,000 MJ/kg

(of natural U)

Energy Content of Wind and SolarSource Natural Energy Flows Providing 1 kW of Available Power

Wind Turbine Wind speed 45 km/hr Turbine swept area 0.85 m2

Wind speed 14 km/hr Turbine swept area 31.84 m2

Solar PV

Surface perpendicular to the sun’s Surface area 1m2rays at noon with sun directly overheadFor an hourly average of 1kW Surface area 2.5 - 5 m2

taken over a day depending on location

Source: http://www.mpoweruk.com/energy resources.htm


Nuclear Power

Source:“Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity generating power plants.”D. Weibach, G. Ruprecht, A. Huke, K. Czerski , S. Gottlieb, A. HusseinEnergy 52(2013)210-221.

to a high EROI of 93. There, it was argued that the enrichment isdone by nuclear power in Tricastin (France), but this happensoutside the analyzed plant, Forsmark, so it should be treated as an(external) input. Then, the EROI lowers to 53. On the other hand, theMelbourne analysis assumes a lifetime of only 40 years. This isa typical licensing time but not the lifetime which is much longer,see explanations above. Extending the physical lifetime to 60 years,leads to an EROI of 80 which is in good agreement to the results inTable 8.

8. Comparison with other results

There are not many EROI evaluations comparing fossil, nuclearand “renewable energies, and almost all determine the EMROI,mistakenly calling it “EROI”. For comparison reasons, Fig. 2 showsthe results for the weighted economical calculation, i.e. the EMROIsfor all techniques determined in this paper with a weighting factorof 3 (see Sec. 2.5) and a threshold of 16 (see Sec. 6). The corre-sponding EROIs are presented in the Conclusion, Fig. 3.

A book by Hall, Cleveland and Kaufmann from 1986 [20] pres-ents one of the first most extensive collections. However, themathematical procedure was not quite consistent, as the weightingwas applied for the input for all power plants while the outputenergy was weighted only for fossil fuels and “renewable” energiesbut not for nuclear energy. For nuclear energy, the power plant wasincluded in the energy demand but for fossil fuels not, just miningcosts and shipment. Additionally, the nuclear enrichment processwas based on the barely used but extremely energy-intense dif-fusion process. Furthermore, all EMROIs there are merely cost-based top-down calculations which include all the human laborcosts. This moves the results further away from R and Rem towardsa pure cost ratio excluding the power plant and there is no relationto the EROI anymore.

A widespread collection of numbers called “EROI” can be foundin blog entries assigned to Hall on the website “The Oil Drum”,managed by the “Institute for the Study of Energy and Our Future”,cumulated in a so-called “balloon graph” [46] which shows the“EROI” (actually more the EMROI) versus the (U.S. domestic)

primary energy contribution. They refer to Hall’s book for fossilfuels and therefore suffer from the same flaws. For fossil fuels theprocess chain ends when the fuel is delivered to the power plant,completely disregarding the power plant itself and thereforereducing the energy demand remarkably. Again, the energy outputfor fossil fuels as well as for “renewables” has beenweighted by 2e3, but for nuclear energy no weighting was applied, strongly dis-advantaging the latter.

To give an example, Hall’s result for the EMROI for coal is prettylarge, around65, contrary to the results here for coal (Sec. 7.6) of only49. However,when only themining is included, the EMROI climbs to61 in fair agreement with Halls result, though it does not describesneither the EROI, nor the EMROI anymore (see Sec. 7.6). For naturalgas, there are no reproducible data at all, just a statement that theEROI should be 10:1. Another extreme example is hydro powerwhich is based in the blogon apublication by L. Gagnon [41], see Sec.7.5. But there, numbers are just presented with no reference at all,nor any literature, nor any calculation, nor any database. The num-bers for “EROIs” are just stated, they are incredibly high (267), andare cited by the blog author as probably not “quality corrected”which would make them even “three times as high”, i.e. 800. Suchextreme valueswith no rationale of their origin can not be accepted.

In the recently published EROI evaluation by Raugei et al. [56] itis mentioned that the EROI gives no information about the fossilfuel range which justifies “upgrading” the output to its primaryenergy equivalent (in fact they provide both, the electrical EROI andthe “primary” EROI). It is not apparent how this possibly solves the“scope of inventory” problem, if there is any. The scope of theprimary energy source must be higher than the respective plant’slifetime which is clearly fulfilled for all techniques, but it must beanalyzed separately and there is no way to include it in the EROI.The electrical EROIs for photovoltaics presented by Raugei et al.[56], however, are similar to the result presented here when takingtheir 1700 full-load hours for photovoltaics into account. TheEMROIs from his numbers for coal, which are based on the Ecoin-vent database 2011, can be calculated to an intervall of 39e77which well covers the EMROI of 49 determined here. This agree-ment might be still a random coincidence as a wrong lifetime of 30years was assumed there and the mining demands seem extremelyhigh compared with the power plant energy demands. The Ecoin-vent database is not sufficiently transparent to clarify those details.

Fig. 2. EMROIs of all energy techniques with economic “threshold” based on thecurrent production cost ratio electricity/thermal energy of w ¼ 3. The weighting factorw is expected to decrease with time, approaching 1 or even lower, which makes theEMROI identical to the EROI as shown in Fig. 3. Biomass: Maize, 55 t/ha per yearharvested (wet).Wind: Location is Northern Schleswig Holstein (2000 full-load hours).Coal: Transportation not included. Nuclear: Enrichment 83% centrifuge, 17% diffusion.PV: Roof installation. Solar CSP: Grid connection to Europe not included.

Fig. 3. EROIs of all energy techniques with economic “threshold”. Biomass: Maize, 55 t/ha per year harvested (wet). Wind: Location is Northern Schleswig Holstein (2000 full-load hours). Coal: Transportation not included. Nuclear: Enrichment 83% centrifuge,17% diffusion. PV: Roof installation. Solar CSP: Grid connection to Europe not included.

D. Weißbach et al. / Energy 52 (2013) 210e221 219


Nuclear Power

Why Nuclear PowerLifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates

for Electricity Generators

Technology Mean Low Highg CO2Eq./kWhe

Lignite 1, 054 790 1, 372Coal 888 756 1, 310Oil 733 547 935Natural Gas 499 362 891Solar PV 85 13 731Biomass 45 10 101Nuclear 29 2 130Hydroelectric 26 2 237Wind 26 6 124

Source: http://www.cameco.com/common/pdf/uranium 101/Cameco - Corporation Report on GHG Emissions nov 2010.pdf


Nuclear Power

Why Nuclear Power

“DeathPrint” of Various Energy Sources

Energy Source Mortality Rate Comments(deaths/TkWhr)Coal global average 170, 000 50% global electricityCoal China 280, 000 75% China’s electricityCoal U.S. 15, 000 44% U.S. electricityOil 36, 000 36% of energy, 8% of electricityNatural Gas 4, 000 20% global electricityBiofuel/Biomass 24, 000 21% global energySolar (rooftop) 440 < 1% global electricityWind 150 ≈ 1% global electricityHydro global average 1, 400 15% global electricityNuclear global average 90 17% global electricity w/Chern&Fukush

Source: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2012/06/10/energys-deathprint-a-price-always-paid


Nuclear Power

Why Nuclear Power

Life Expectancy of Fossil FuelsFossil Fuel Reserves Consumption Year Life Time CO2 Emissions

(years) (tonnes)

Natural Gas 1·90 × 1014 m3 3·37 × 1012 m3 2011 56 6·75 × 109

Oil 1·47 × 1012 bbl 2·87 × 1010 bbl 2011 51 1·14 × 1010

Coal 8·60 × 1011 ton 6·64 × 109 ton 2008 129 1·44 × 1010

Source: US Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.gov


Nuclear Power

Reactors Under Construction World Wide

Reactor Type Reactor Type Description Number of TotalReactors (MWe)

BWR Boiling Light-Water-Cooled and 4 5, 250Moderated Reactor.

FBR Fast Breeder Reactor. 2 1, 259HTGR High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor. 1 200LWGR Light-Water-Cooled, Graphite-Moderated 1 915

Reactor.PHWR Pressurized Heavy-Water-Moderated 5 3, 212

and Cooled Reactor (CANDU)PWR Pressurized Light-Water-Moderated 56 55, 995

and Cooled Reactor.Total 69 66, 831

Sources: International Atomic Energy Agency PRIS database http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/index.html


Brief Description of Nuclear Reactors

Nuclear FissionThe Cornerstone of a nuclear reactor is the fission nuclearreaction.

There are two types of fission:

Spontaneous fission.Neutron induced fission.

continued..



Nuclear FissionThe Cornerstone of a nuclear reactor is the fission nuclearreaction.There are two types of fission:


continued..




Spontaneous fission.

Neutron induced fission.

continued..





continued..


Nuclear Fission (Spontaneous)

92U235



92U235

(38Sr90)

(54Xe142)



92U235

(38Sr90)

(54Xe142)

Energy! 200MeV


Nuclear Fission (Neutron Induced)

92U235


Nuclear Fission (Neutron Induced)

92U235

Energy! 200MeV


Fission Reaction

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear fission product


Fission Reaction

Source: http://t2.lanl.gov/endf/intro22.html


Fission Chain Reaction

Neutron

Proton

FissionableNucleus

FissionFragment



ModeratorReflector

Fuel Rod Control Rod



Reactor Core

Fuel Rod

Control Rod

Moderator

Reflector

Cooling Fluid

Pump

Heat Exchange Water

Steam

Steam Turbine

+

-

Rotating Shaft

Electric Generator

Steam Condenser

Reactor Sheild

Tank #1

Tank #3

Tank #2

http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=160&cat=Physics(TRIUMF, Saturday Lectures) Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) FERURAY 15/22, 2014 26 / 60

Nuclear Power

Problems With Current ReactorsHigh Pressure =⇒ special materials & extensive containment.

Low Operating Temperature =⇒ low heat transfer efficiency

PWR =⇒ 160 Atm, 180− 280◦CCANDU =⇒ moderator at 1 atm, coolant at 98 atm, 265− 310◦CBWR =⇒ 75 atm, 275− 315◦C,

Thermal:

Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power

Problems With Current ReactorsHigh Pressure =⇒ special materials & extensive containment.Low Operating Temperature =⇒ low heat transfer efficiency


Thermal:



Nuclear Power


PWR =⇒ 160 Atm, 180− 280◦C

CANDU =⇒ moderator at 1 atm, coolant at 98 atm, 265− 310◦CBWR =⇒ 75 atm, 275− 315◦C,

Thermal:



Nuclear Power


PWR =⇒ 160 Atm, 180− 280◦CCANDU =⇒ moderator at 1 atm, coolant at 98 atm, 265− 310◦C

BWR =⇒ 75 atm, 275− 315◦C,

Thermal:



Nuclear Power



Thermal:



Nuclear Power



Thermal:Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).

Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power



Thermal:Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.

Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power



Thermal:Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.

Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power



Thermal:Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.

Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power



Thermal:Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.

Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power



Thermal:Low neutrons per fission (average 2.5).Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment( ≈ 3− 5%). Except CANDU.Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238Uaccumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.Uses less than 1% of natural Uranium.Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.


Nuclear Power

Problems With Current ReactorsSolid Fuel

Requires control RodsWith the exception of CANDU, requires shutdown for refueling.Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.Susceptible to Core meltdown in the event of coolant loss. Due toheat from radioactive decay of fission fragments.


Nuclear Power


Requires control Rods

With the exception of CANDU, requires shutdown for refueling.Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.Susceptible to Core meltdown in the event of coolant loss. Due toheat from radioactive decay of fission fragments.


Nuclear Power


Requires control RodsWith the exception of CANDU, requires shutdown for refueling.

Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.Susceptible to Core meltdown in the event of coolant loss. Due toheat from radioactive decay of fission fragments.


Nuclear Power


Requires control RodsWith the exception of CANDU, requires shutdown for refueling.Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.

Susceptible to Core meltdown in the event of coolant loss. Due toheat from radioactive decay of fission fragments.


Nuclear Power


Requires control RodsWith the exception of CANDU, requires shutdown for refueling.Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.Susceptible to Core meltdown in the event of coolant loss. Due toheat from radioactive decay of fission fragments.


Nuclear Power


Nuclear Reactors

Source:“A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems”U.S. DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum.

5

A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems

THE GENERATION IV TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP IN BRIEF

An International EffortTo advance nuclear energy to meet future energy needs,ten countries—Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan,the Republic of Korea, the Republic of South Africa,Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates—have agreed on a framework for internationalcooperation in research for a future generation of nuclearenergy systems, known as Generation IV. The figurebelow gives an overview of the generations of nuclearenergy systems. The first generation was advanced inthe 1950s and 60s in the early prototype reactors. Thesecond generation began in the 1970s in the largecommercial power plants that are still operating today.Generation III was developed more recently in the 1990swith a number of evolutionary designs that offer signifi-cant advances in safety and economics, and a numberhave been built, primarily in East Asia. Advances toGeneration III are underway, resulting in several (so-called Generation III+) near-term deployable plants thatare actively under development and are being consideredfor deployment in several countries. New plants builtbetween now and 2030 will likely be chosen from theseplants. Beyond 2030, the prospect for innovativeadvances through renewed R&D has stimulated interest

worldwide in a fourth generation of nuclear energysystems.

The ten countries have joined together to form theGeneration IV International Forum (GIF) to developfuture-generation nuclear energy systems that can belicensed, constructed, and operated in a manner that willprovide competitively priced and reliable energy prod-ucts while satisfactorily addressing nuclear safety, waste,proliferation, and public perception concerns. Theobjective for Generation IV nuclear energy systems is tohave them available for international deployment aboutthe year 2030, when many of the world’s currentlyoperating nuclear power plants will be at or near the endof their operating licenses.

Nuclear energy research programs around the worldhave been developing concepts that could form the basisfor Generation IV systems. Increased collaboration onR&D to be undertaken by the GIF countries will stimu-late progress toward the realization of such systems.With international commitment and resolve, the worldcan begin to realize the benefits of Generation IVnuclear energy systems within the next few decades.

Gen I Gen II

Commercial PowerReactors

Early PrototypeReactors

Generation I

- Shippingport- Dresden, Fermi I- Magnox

Generation II

- LWR-PWR, BWR- CANDU- AGR

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Generation IV

- Highly Economical

- Enhanced Safety

- Minimal Waste

- Proliferation Resistant

- ABWR- System 80+

AdvancedLWRs

Generation III

Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV

Generation III +

Evolutionary Designs Offering Improved Economics for Near-Term Deployment

Gen I Gen II

Commercial PowerReactors


Generation I



Generation I


Generation II

- LWR-PWR, BWR- CANDU- AGR

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Generation IV

- Highly Economical

- Enhanced Safety

- Minimal Waste

- Proliferation Resistant

- ABWR- System 80+

AdvancedLWRs

Generation III

AdvancedLWRs

Generation III

Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV

Generation III +


Generation III +



Nuclear Reactors

Generation IV ReactorsGeneration IV Reactor Systems

System Description AcronymGas-Cooled Fast Reactor System GFRLead-Cooled Fast Reactor System LFRMolten Salt Reactor System MSRSodium-Cooled Fast Reactor System SFRSupercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor System SCWRVery-High-Temperature Reactor System VHTR

Source:“A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems”U.S. DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum.


The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment

Some DetailsAn experimental reactor at ORNL.

Constructed 1964, went critical 1965 and was shutdown 1969.A 7.4 MWth thermal reactor with graphite moderator.The fuel, which also doubled as coolant, was LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4(65-29-5-1).Two version of the fuel/coolant were used,

One with uranium enriched to 33% 235U,In the other natural uranium was mixed wit a smaller amount 233U.The 233U was bred from thorium in another reactor.

The MSRE successfully proved:

A liquid fuel worksA frozen plug can provide passive safety (more on that later).



Some DetailsAn experimental reactor at ORNL.Constructed 1964, went critical 1965 and was shutdown 1969.

A 7.4 MWth thermal reactor with graphite moderator.The fuel, which also doubled as coolant, was LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4(65-29-5-1).Two version of the fuel/coolant were used,






Some DetailsAn experimental reactor at ORNL.Constructed 1964, went critical 1965 and was shutdown 1969.A 7.4 MWth thermal reactor with graphite moderator.

The fuel, which also doubled as coolant, was LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4(65-29-5-1).Two version of the fuel/coolant were used,






Some DetailsAn experimental reactor at ORNL.Constructed 1964, went critical 1965 and was shutdown 1969.A 7.4 MWth thermal reactor with graphite moderator.The fuel, which also doubled as coolant, was LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4(65-29-5-1).

Two version of the fuel/coolant were used,






Some DetailsAn experimental reactor at ORNL.Constructed 1964, went critical 1965 and was shutdown 1969.A 7.4 MWth thermal reactor with graphite moderator.The fuel, which also doubled as coolant, was LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4(65-29-5-1).Two version of the fuel/coolant were used,







One with uranium enriched to 33% 235U,

In the other natural uranium was mixed wit a smaller amount 233U.The 233U was bred from thorium in another reactor.







The MSRE successfully proved:A liquid fuel works

A frozen plug can provide passive safety (more on that later).





The MSRE successfully proved:A liquid fuel worksA frozen plug can provide passive safety (more on that later).


DUAL FLUID REACTOR


The Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR)

General DescriptionDFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.

All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.MSRE ran successfully for about four years.Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa classsubmarines.DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C andatmospheric pressure.DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separatefluids:

Molten salt for fuel, andLiquid lead for coolant.

continued..



General DescriptionDFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.

MSRE ran successfully for about four years.Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa classsubmarines.DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C andatmospheric pressure.DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separatefluids:


continued..



General DescriptionDFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.MSRE ran successfully for about four years.

Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa classsubmarines.DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C andatmospheric pressure.DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separatefluids:


continued..



General DescriptionDFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.MSRE ran successfully for about four years.Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa classsubmarines.

DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C andatmospheric pressure.DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separatefluids:


continued..



General DescriptionDFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.MSRE ran successfully for about four years.Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa classsubmarines.DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C andatmospheric pressure.

DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separatefluids:


continued..



General DescriptionDFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.MSRE ran successfully for about four years.Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa classsubmarines.DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C andatmospheric pressure.DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separatefluids:


continued..




Molten salt for fuel, and

Liquid lead for coolant.

continued..





continued..



Accelerator driven neutron source

Optional for su

bcritical

mode

The Dual Fluid concept

DFR core

Integral fuel cycle

PyroprocessingModule

Power plant used fuel element pellets,natural/depleted Uranium, Thorium

Short-lived wasteIsotope production

Heat cycle

Heat

Heat use@ 1000 °C

exchanger

Melting fuseplug

Subcritical fuel storage

Sonntag, 23. Juni 13



FuelThe fuel will be processed on-line using the “pyroprocessing unit”.

Speed of fluid circulation will be optimized for maximum burn out.Fuel must have melting point lower than the operatingtemperature, pumpable, low moderating power.Two options for fuel:

High mass halogens like UCl3 and PuCl3. With 37Cl to avoidneutron Capture by 35Cl and forming the long lived 36Cl, orMolten metallic fuel.

continued..



FuelThe fuel will be processed on-line using the “pyroprocessing unit”.Speed of fluid circulation will be optimized for maximum burn out.

Fuel must have melting point lower than the operatingtemperature, pumpable, low moderating power.Two options for fuel:


continued..



FuelThe fuel will be processed on-line using the “pyroprocessing unit”.Speed of fluid circulation will be optimized for maximum burn out.Fuel must have melting point lower than the operatingtemperature, pumpable, low moderating power.

Two options for fuel:


continued..



FuelThe fuel will be processed on-line using the “pyroprocessing unit”.Speed of fluid circulation will be optimized for maximum burn out.Fuel must have melting point lower than the operatingtemperature, pumpable, low moderating power.Two options for fuel:


continued..




High mass halogens like UCl3 and PuCl3. With 37Cl to avoidneutron Capture by 35Cl and forming the long lived 36Cl, or

Molten metallic fuel.

continued..





continued..



Fuel239Pu, 235U, natural U, natural Th, and produced actinides can beused in the fuel.

DFR can consume its own produced actinides or those in thewaste of other reactors.After the initial start up, depending on neutron economy and fuelmixture, DFR will produce its own fissile fuel:

239Pu from 238U or233U from 232Th.



Fuel239Pu, 235U, natural U, natural Th, and produced actinides can beused in the fuel.DFR can consume its own produced actinides or those in thewaste of other reactors.

After the initial start up, depending on neutron economy and fuelmixture, DFR will produce its own fissile fuel:




Fuel239Pu, 235U, natural U, natural Th, and produced actinides can beused in the fuel.DFR can consume its own produced actinides or those in thewaste of other reactors.After the initial start up, depending on neutron economy and fuelmixture, DFR will produce its own fissile fuel:





239Pu from 238U or

233U from 232Th.



CoolantLiquid Lead

Melting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.A good reflector for fast neutron.Good heat transfer properties.Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



CoolantLiquid LeadMelting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.

Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.A good reflector for fast neutron.Good heat transfer properties.Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



CoolantLiquid LeadMelting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.

Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.A good reflector for fast neutron.Good heat transfer properties.Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



CoolantLiquid LeadMelting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.

A good reflector for fast neutron.Good heat transfer properties.Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



CoolantLiquid LeadMelting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.A good reflector for fast neutron.

Good heat transfer properties.Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



CoolantLiquid LeadMelting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.A good reflector for fast neutron.Good heat transfer properties.

Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



CoolantLiquid LeadMelting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back tostable lead.A good reflector for fast neutron.Good heat transfer properties.Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.



SafetyUnchecked rise in core temperature due to Loss of coolant or anyother reason, is the most serious problem in a reactor.

DFR has a negative temperature coefficient.If the core temperature rises for any reason, the DFR has severalinherent passive safety features:

The fuse plug will melt and drain the liquid fuel into the subcriticaltanks.The subcritical tanks will lose the residual heat by naturalconvection.The decrease in fuel density decreases the concentration of fissilematerial in the fuel.The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reflectivity.Doppler broadening of resonances increases the neutron capturecross-section.



SafetyUnchecked rise in core temperature due to Loss of coolant or anyother reason, is the most serious problem in a reactor.DFR has a negative temperature coefficient.

If the core temperature rises for any reason, the DFR has severalinherent passive safety features:




SafetyUnchecked rise in core temperature due to Loss of coolant or anyother reason, is the most serious problem in a reactor.DFR has a negative temperature coefficient.If the core temperature rises for any reason, the DFR has severalinherent passive safety features:





The fuse plug will melt and drain the liquid fuel into the subcriticaltanks.

The subcritical tanks will lose the residual heat by naturalconvection.The decrease in fuel density decreases the concentration of fissilematerial in the fuel.The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reflectivity.Doppler broadening of resonances increases the neutron capturecross-section.




The fuse plug will melt and drain the liquid fuel into the subcriticaltanks.The subcritical tanks will lose the residual heat by naturalconvection.

The decrease in fuel density decreases the concentration of fissilematerial in the fuel.The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reflectivity.Doppler broadening of resonances increases the neutron capturecross-section.




The fuse plug will melt and drain the liquid fuel into the subcriticaltanks.The subcritical tanks will lose the residual heat by naturalconvection.The decrease in fuel density decreases the concentration of fissilematerial in the fuel.

The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reflectivity.Doppler broadening of resonances increases the neutron capturecross-section.




The fuse plug will melt and drain the liquid fuel into the subcriticaltanks.The subcritical tanks will lose the residual heat by naturalconvection.The decrease in fuel density decreases the concentration of fissilematerial in the fuel.The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reflectivity.

Doppler broadening of resonances increases the neutron capturecross-section.



Pyroprocessing

Unit (PPU)

DFR

core

Coolant pump

Heat exchanger

to conventional

part (turbine loop)

Coolant

loop

Turbine

loop

Fuel

loop

Residual heat

storage



The DFR Principle- the Core

Lead out

Lead in

Fuel in

Fuel out

Lead

refle

ctio

n zo

ne

Lead

refle

ctio

n zo

ne




Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.

Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, orBy injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.



Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.

Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, orBy injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.



Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).

The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, orBy injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.



Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.

Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, orBy injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.



Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, or

By injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.



Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, orBy injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.

Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.



Neutron EconomyIn U-Pu fuel cycle, Pu produces high neutron yield.Large neutron surplus remains after U-Pu conversion, which inturn produces more Pu.Conversion rate is more than one (breeding mode).The neutron surplus can also be used to transmute the reactor’sown fission products or those injected in from other reactorswaste.Self-burning mode can be achieved by consuming the neutronsurplus outside the reactor core, orBy injecting Th or an inert material in the fuel.Th-U fuel cycle produces much less neutron yield than U-Pu cycle.


Economics of DFR

Energy input of the DFRItem Units or Total Energy Inventory Total Inventory

(1000 kg) (TJ/1000 kg) (TJ)Concrete containment for reactor, 21000 0·0014 30fission products and turbine buildingHigh performance refractory metals 60 0·5 30and ceramics (PPU and core)High temperature isolation material 100 0·1 10for PPU and coreInitial load, isotopically purified 25 + 60 2·5/0.4 50 + 2537Cl + fuelRefractory metals and ceramics 180 0·5 90for the heat exchangerIsolation and structural materials, 300 0·1 30heat exchangerUnfabricated, low-alloyed metal 3000 0·033 100for fission product encapsulationStructural materials (steel) 1000 0·02 20for non-nuclear partLead coolant 1200 0·036 45

continued..(TRIUMF, Saturday Lectures) Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) FERURAY 15/22, 2014 44 / 60

Economics of DFR

Energy input of the DFRItem Units or Total Energy Inventory Total Inventory

(1000 kg) (TJ/1000 kg) (TJ)Turbines with generators 3 40 120Mechanical engineering parts 150Cooling tower (special concrete) 20000 0·003 60Refueling, 1200 kg/a actinides ≈ 60 0·4 ≈ 25over 50 years37Cl loss compensation 2 2·5 5Maintenance, high-performance 30 + 50 0·5/0.1 20refractories+ isolation for 1 new coreMaintenance, 50% of other reactor 90 + 175 0·5/0.1 62·5parts, refractories+ isolationMaintenance, 50% of mechanical 135engineering and turbinesMaintenance electricity, 2MW over 182·520 days/a and heating, 50*0.2 TJSum 1190Output over 50 years lifetime, 2, 250, 000≈ 1500 MW net, ≈ 8300 full-load hours


The Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR)EROI of the DFR

Item Units (or to-tal amount in1000 kg)

Energy in-ventory inTJ/(1000 kg)

Total inven-tory in TJ

Concrete containment for reactor, fissionproducts and turbine building

21000 0.0014 30

High performace refractory metals and ce-ramics (PPU and core)

60 0.5 30

High temperature isolation material for PPUand core

100 0.1 10

Initial load, isotopically purified 37Cl + fuel 25+60 2.5 / 0.4 50+25Refractory metals and ceramics for the heatexchanger

180 0.5 90

Isolation and structural materials, heat ex-changer

300 0.1 30

Unfabricated, low-alloyed metal for fissionproduct encapsulation

3000 0.033 100

Structural materials (steel) for non-nuclearpart

1000 0.02 20

Lead coolant 1200 0.036 45Turbines with generators 3 40 120Mechanical engineering parts 150Cooling tower (special concrete) 20000 0.003 60Refueling, 1200 kg/a actinides over 50 years ⇠60 0.4 ⇠2537Cl loss compensation 2 2.5 5Maintenance, high-performance refractories+ isolation for 1 new core

30+50 0.5 / 0.1 20

Maintenance, 50% of other reactor parts, re-fractories + isolation

90+175 0.5 / 0.1 62.5

Maintenance, 50% of mechanical engineeringand turbines

135

Maintenance electricity, 2 MW over 20 days/aand heating, 50⇤0.2 TJ

182.5

Sum 1190Output over 50 years lifetime, ⇠1500 MWnet, ⇠8300 full-load hours

2,250,000

Table 1: Input energy amounts of the DFR

13

Energy input of the DFR

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

ERO

I

Pho

tovo

ltaics

Bio

mass

Win

dN

atural gasC

oal

Hyd

ro p

ow

erN

uclear to

day

1.3 3.5 3.9 28 30 35 75

sieh

e ht

tp://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.10

16/j.

ener

gy.2

013.

01.0

29



Economics of DFR

Estimated Construction Costs (Million US$)

Item 500 MWe DFR 1500 MWe DFRConcrete containment for reactor,earthquake-proof 100 130Reactor with primary circuit, featuresincluding a facility for pyrochemistry 250 300Secondary gas loop 200 600Gas turbine 500 MWe (3x),generator, transformer 200 500Tertiary cooling system withcooling tower 140 250Additional bunkers 140 200Planning and building authority,contingency 140 200Sum 1200 2200Costs per installed power 2.4 US$/W 1.5 US$/W

continued..


Economics of DFR

Construction CostsThe above costs are well below the 3.3 US$/We for a modernnuclear power station like the third generation of the EuropeanPressurized Water Reactor.

The above estimates use a more expensive external coolingsystem. A different choice could reduce the costs by 10%.


Economics of DFR

Construction CostsThe above costs are well below the 3.3 US$/We for a modernnuclear power station like the third generation of the EuropeanPressurized Water Reactor.The above estimates use a more expensive external coolingsystem. A different choice could reduce the costs by 10%.


Economics of DFR

Operational Costs

Estimated Annual DFR Operating Costs (million US$)Item 500 MWe 1500 MWeOperating personnel: 30 man-years 4 5(3 shifts 10/12 man-years each 130,000 US$)Operating supplies 1.5 2.5Nuclear fuel: 500 kg 0.5 0.5(330 US$ mining, 330 US$ transport,650 US$ per kg waste management)Maintenance, conventional section 9 25(2.5% building costs per annum)Maintenance, nuclear and pyrochemical section 5.5 7(2% building costs per annum)Reserve for dismantling 5 9(25% of the building cost of 1000/1900 million US$)Administration, safety 2.5 4Sum 26 53


Economics of DFR

Electricity CostsEstimated Total Costs OF Electricity Produced With DFR In US¢/kWh

Item 500 MWe 1500 MWeCapital costs 0.60 0.35Operating costs 0.65 0.45Sum 1.25 0.80DFR/PWR or Coal 0.30 0.20

Note1: PWR ≡ Pressurized Water Reactor, most commonly used reactor.Note2: Cost of electricity produced by Coal fired power stations are close to

those produced by PWRs.

continued..


What Is “DFR?”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Is immune from core melt down,

Does not accumulate weapons fissile fuels (like 239Pu),Produces considerably less radioactive waste,Is compact and operates under atmospheric pressure,Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator isused to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,

In case of emergency (e.g. power failure), the accelerator turns offinstantly, and the reactor becomes subcritical,

continued..


What Is “DFR?”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Is immune from core melt down,Does not accumulate weapons fissile fuels (like 239Pu),

Produces considerably less radioactive waste,Is compact and operates under atmospheric pressure,Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator isused to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,


continued..


What Is “DFR?”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Is immune from core melt down,Does not accumulate weapons fissile fuels (like 239Pu),Produces considerably less radioactive waste,

Is compact and operates under atmospheric pressure,Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator isused to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,


continued..


What Is “DFR?”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Is immune from core melt down,Does not accumulate weapons fissile fuels (like 239Pu),Produces considerably less radioactive waste,Is compact and operates under atmospheric pressure,

Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator isused to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,


continued..


What Is “DFR?”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Is immune from core melt down,Does not accumulate weapons fissile fuels (like 239Pu),Produces considerably less radioactive waste,Is compact and operates under atmospheric pressure,Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator isused to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,


continued..


What Is “DFR?”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Operates at high temperature ≈1000◦C, and atmosphericpressure:

very efficient heat transfer, andsimplify choice of materials

Uses no water, so it can be build anywhere, includingunderground. continued..


What Is “DFR?”


very efficient heat transfer, and

simplify choice of materials



What Is “DFR?”


very efficient heat transfer, andsimplify choice of materials



What Is “DFR”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Is a Fast Reactor, uses fast neutrons and not thermal neutronslike most current power reactors,

Fast neutron fission produces more neutrons per fission thanthermal fission.As a fast reactor it uses natural Uranium/Thorium/Plutonium,eliminating the need for uranium enrichment facilities,Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifyingthe design and reducing radioactive waste.The excess neutrons can be used to convert “long life” waste fromcurrent reactors to “short life wast”.

continued..


What Is “DFR”


Fast neutron fission produces more neutrons per fission thanthermal fission.

As a fast reactor it uses natural Uranium/Thorium/Plutonium,eliminating the need for uranium enrichment facilities,Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifyingthe design and reducing radioactive waste.The excess neutrons can be used to convert “long life” waste fromcurrent reactors to “short life wast”.

continued..


What Is “DFR”


Fast neutron fission produces more neutrons per fission thanthermal fission.As a fast reactor it uses natural Uranium/Thorium/Plutonium,eliminating the need for uranium enrichment facilities,

Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifyingthe design and reducing radioactive waste.The excess neutrons can be used to convert “long life” waste fromcurrent reactors to “short life wast”.

continued..


What Is “DFR”


Fast neutron fission produces more neutrons per fission thanthermal fission.As a fast reactor it uses natural Uranium/Thorium/Plutonium,eliminating the need for uranium enrichment facilities,Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifyingthe design and reducing radioactive waste.

The excess neutrons can be used to convert “long life” waste fromcurrent reactors to “short life wast”.

continued..


What Is “DFR”


Fast neutron fission produces more neutrons per fission thanthermal fission.As a fast reactor it uses natural Uranium/Thorium/Plutonium,eliminating the need for uranium enrichment facilities,Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifyingthe design and reducing radioactive waste.The excess neutrons can be used to convert “long life” waste fromcurrent reactors to “short life wast”.

continued..


What Is “DFR”

DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:Has the highest Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROEI)among all sources including all fossil fuels, all renewables, andcurrent nuclear reactors.

ERoEI For Different Electricity Generating TechnologiesPower plant technology ERoEIRun-of-the-river hydroelectricity 36Black-coal fired power 29Gas-steam power 28Solar thermal (desert) 9Wind power (german coast) 4Photovoltaics (desert) 2.3Pressurized water reactor 75DFR (500 MWe)∗ 1000DFR (1500 MWe)∗ 1800∗EROEI for DFR may increase by 25% if cyclone

separator heat exchanger works.


Applications of DFR

Application of DFRProduction of Electricity,

Water desalination,Production of Synthetic Automotive Fuels for transportation,Production of medical & industrial isotopes.Many others. continued..


Applications of DFR

Application of DFRProduction of Electricity,Water desalination,

Production of Synthetic Automotive Fuels for transportation,Production of medical & industrial isotopes.Many others. continued..


Applications of DFR

Application of DFRProduction of Electricity,Water desalination,Production of Synthetic Automotive Fuels for transportation,

Production of medical & industrial isotopes.Many others. continued..


Applications of DFR

Application of DFRProduction of Electricity,Water desalination,Production of Synthetic Automotive Fuels for transportation,Production of medical & industrial isotopes.

Many others. continued..


Applications of DFR

Application of DFRProduction of Electricity,Water desalination,Production of Synthetic Automotive Fuels for transportation,Production of medical & industrial isotopes.Many others. continued..


DFR ApplicationsDual Fluid Reactor

V.588 9 Mar 12, 2012

DFR Applications

DFR

GasTurbine

Desali-nation

Petro-chemicalPlant10

00 °

C

400

°C

1000

°C

1000

°C

400

°C

Cold air Cold sea water

Electricity

Desalinatedwater

Hydrazinefuel

Petroproducts

Steelproduction

Water or methane

Nitrogen

Oil

1000

°C Hydrogen

Plant

HydrazinePlant

Investment<1.5 € /We

0.6 ¢/kWh

26 $/barrele

Figure 3. Applications of the Dual Fluid Reactor

The heat can be used to provide electricity with an efficiency of 50% or higher. The gas turbineoutlet temperature is still high enough to drive processes like water desalination on a large scaleas it is desired in many desert countries. Alternatively, the high temperature can be used for theproduction of petrochemical products, an essential part of the modern chemical industry, more cost-effective.

Most interesting is the production of hydrogen, the base material for many chemical procedures.Current steam reforming and similar processes are CO2 intense and consume fossil fuels. At thehigh temperature of the DFR, hydrogen can be produced from water by high-temperature catalyticthermolysis with high efficiency. Ammonia and synthetic fuels like hydrazine can therefore beproduced completely CO2 neutral. Energy density and chemical toxicity of hydrazine are similar togasoline 1, though with the DFR it can be produced for 1/3 of the current pre-tax gasoline marketprice.

Low hydrogen costs make also the hydrogen reduction of iron for steel production very attractive.Replacing the coke reduction reduces the CO2 footprint of the steel industry remarkably.

Automotive fuel production

With respect to the high and conceivably rising costs of natural gas and petroleum the nuclearsynthesis of fuel is a worthwhile business, especially since it can end the dependency on producercountries in a timely manner.

Those synthesis processes are well-tested in chemical engineering. However, they are not very en-ergy efficient. Thus, for the past several years more sophisticated processes have been being devel-

1 Pure hydrazine has half of the energy density of gasoline. However, contrary to gasoline it mixes well with water whichboosts the efficiency in combustion engines while reducing the toxicity and flammability.


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsDFR operates at a very high temperature of 1000◦C, whichprovides a very efficient use of heat.

This combined with low construction and operational costsreduces the cost per unit heat.DFR can then be used as a very low cost source of Hydrogen gasfrom water through combined electrolysis and thermaldecompositionThis cheap Hydrogen makes the production of Nitrogen andSilicon based synthetic automotive fuels economically viable.

continued..


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsDFR operates at a very high temperature of 1000◦C, whichprovides a very efficient use of heat.This combined with low construction and operational costsreduces the cost per unit heat.

DFR can then be used as a very low cost source of Hydrogen gasfrom water through combined electrolysis and thermaldecompositionThis cheap Hydrogen makes the production of Nitrogen andSilicon based synthetic automotive fuels economically viable.

continued..


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsDFR operates at a very high temperature of 1000◦C, whichprovides a very efficient use of heat.This combined with low construction and operational costsreduces the cost per unit heat.DFR can then be used as a very low cost source of Hydrogen gasfrom water through combined electrolysis and thermaldecomposition

This cheap Hydrogen makes the production of Nitrogen andSilicon based synthetic automotive fuels economically viable.

continued..


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsDFR operates at a very high temperature of 1000◦C, whichprovides a very efficient use of heat.This combined with low construction and operational costsreduces the cost per unit heat.DFR can then be used as a very low cost source of Hydrogen gasfrom water through combined electrolysis and thermaldecompositionThis cheap Hydrogen makes the production of Nitrogen andSilicon based synthetic automotive fuels economically viable.

continued..


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThe most commonly used automotive fuels are Gasoline, Diesel,Natural Gas and Liquified Petroleum Gas. All these fuels (exceptNatural Gas) are extracts from crude oil.

In addition some automotive fuels can be synthesized from othersources like biomass, corn, natural gas, etc.All these fuels are “organic fuels”, based on carbon and hydrogen.As a result, they all produce Carbon Dioxide as they burn.

continued..


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThe most commonly used automotive fuels are Gasoline, Diesel,Natural Gas and Liquified Petroleum Gas. All these fuels (exceptNatural Gas) are extracts from crude oil.In addition some automotive fuels can be synthesized from othersources like biomass, corn, natural gas, etc.

All these fuels are “organic fuels”, based on carbon and hydrogen.As a result, they all produce Carbon Dioxide as they burn.

continued..


Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThe most commonly used automotive fuels are Gasoline, Diesel,Natural Gas and Liquified Petroleum Gas. All these fuels (exceptNatural Gas) are extracts from crude oil.In addition some automotive fuels can be synthesized from othersources like biomass, corn, natural gas, etc.All these fuels are “organic fuels”, based on carbon and hydrogen.As a result, they all produce Carbon Dioxide as they burn.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThere are other synthesized fuels that are not based on Carbon.Examples are Hydrazine and Silane

Hydrazine is made of Nitrogen and Hydrogen while Silane ismade of Silicon and HydrogenHydrazine has been used as rocket fuel in NASA’s space program.It can be used in automotive combustion engines with properadditives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.Similarly, Silane burns to Water Vapour and Silicon Nitride, aninert compound.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThere are other synthesized fuels that are not based on Carbon.Examples are Hydrazine and SilaneHydrazine is made of Nitrogen and Hydrogen while Silane ismade of Silicon and Hydrogen

Hydrazine has been used as rocket fuel in NASA’s space program.It can be used in automotive combustion engines with properadditives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.Similarly, Silane burns to Water Vapour and Silicon Nitride, aninert compound.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThere are other synthesized fuels that are not based on Carbon.Examples are Hydrazine and SilaneHydrazine is made of Nitrogen and Hydrogen while Silane ismade of Silicon and HydrogenHydrazine has been used as rocket fuel in NASA’s space program.

It can be used in automotive combustion engines with properadditives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.Similarly, Silane burns to Water Vapour and Silicon Nitride, aninert compound.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThere are other synthesized fuels that are not based on Carbon.Examples are Hydrazine and SilaneHydrazine is made of Nitrogen and Hydrogen while Silane ismade of Silicon and HydrogenHydrazine has been used as rocket fuel in NASA’s space program.It can be used in automotive combustion engines with properadditives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.

Similarly, Silane burns to Water Vapour and Silicon Nitride, aninert compound.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsThere are other synthesized fuels that are not based on Carbon.Examples are Hydrazine and SilaneHydrazine is made of Nitrogen and Hydrogen while Silane ismade of Silicon and HydrogenHydrazine has been used as rocket fuel in NASA’s space program.It can be used in automotive combustion engines with properadditives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.Similarly, Silane burns to Water Vapour and Silicon Nitride, aninert compound.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsIn addition, Hydrazine and Silane have a wide range of industrialapplications.

The hazardous properties and toxicity of these fuels are similar toGasoline.

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Economics

Synthetic Automotive FuelsIn addition, Hydrazine and Silane have a wide range of industrialapplications.The hazardous properties and toxicity of these fuels are similar toGasoline.

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Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) - A New Concept For A Nuclear Power...

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