Drugs and Alcohol. Cocaine Obtained from the leaves of the coca plant Ancient use in S. America...
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Transcript of Drugs and Alcohol. Cocaine Obtained from the leaves of the coca plant Ancient use in S. America...
Drugs and Drugs and AlcoholAlcohol
CocaineCocaine
Obtained from the leaves of the coca plant Ancient use in S. America Religious, Social, Euphoriant, and Medicinal Active alkaloid 1st purified from the leaves in
1860 – What we commonly know as Cocaine.
Cocaine extracted in the form of coca paste Paste approx 50-60% purity Stimulant of the Central Nervous System
Early YearsEarly Years
Proven to be one of the 1st local anesthetics for surgery
Incorporated into numerous medicines and beverages including Coca-Cola
Harrison Narcotic Act banned its use in 1914
Recreational use increased dramatically in the late 1960’s
Inexpensive “crack” cocaine use spread in the late 1970’s
Cocaine HydrochlorideCocaine Hydrochloride
Paste is treated with numerous chemicals to oxidize and purify the paste to form the water soluble cocaine hydrochloride powder
Can be close to 100% pure Can be injected, inhaled as powder,
or ingested orally Cannot be smoked
Freebase CocaineFreebase Cocaine
A.k.a. Crack Cocaine Similar to the unpurified insoluble coca
paste Cannot be inhaled (as powder) or
injected because it is not water soluble Cocaine is absorbed immediately into Cocaine is absorbed immediately into
blood via the lungs, reaching the brain blood via the lungs, reaching the brain in about 5 seconds in about 5 seconds
High typically lasts 5-10 minutesHigh typically lasts 5-10 minutes
Effects of Short Term Effects of Short Term UseUse
Moderate euphoria lasts for 60-90 min
State of anxiety lasts for hours Thoughts race, rapid speech Sleep delayed Appetite suppressed Depressive state follows Serious negative effects on the CNSSerious negative effects on the CNS
Long-Term UseLong-Term Use
Anxiety and sleep deprivation increase Suspiciousness, paranoia, and
persecutory fears Heart Attack Irregular heart rhythm Seizures Alcohol/Cocaine is the largest two
drug combination resulting in death
Amphetamines Amphetamines
Used for over 60 years therapeutically for numerous disorders
Used in WW II to fight fatigue and enhance performance
Widespread abuse began in 1940’s with students and truck drivers to stay awake and increase alertness
Were used as appetite suppressants Also a stimulant
Physiological EffectsPhysiological Effects
Increased BP Decreased HR Increased
alertness Psychomotor
stimulant Loss of appetite Feeling of powerFeeling of power
Euphoria Excitement Mood elevation Increased
motor/speech activity
EffectsEffects
Moderate UseModerate Use Respiratory
stimulation Slight tremors Restlessness Greater increase in
motor activity Insomnia Agitation
High DoseHigh Dose Repetitive
purposeless acts Sudden outbursts
of aggression/violence
Paranoid delusions Severe anorexia Amphetamine
Psychosis: paranoid ideation
Dependence and Dependence and ToleranceTolerance
Use becomes compulsive Tolerance develops rapidly Necessitates the need for markedly
higher doses Tolerance to the euphoriant effects
develops which causes prolonged binging
ICEICE
Freebase form of methamphetamine Effects similar to those of cocaine Extremely potent High is intense and long lasting Chronic use can result in serious
psychiatric, cardiovascular, metabolic and neuromuscular changes
Other behavioral stimulants include ephedrine and methylphenidate (Ritalin)
CaffeineCaffeine
Most commonly consumed psychoactive drug in the world
Average intake per person per day is between 80 to 400 milligrams
Consumption of caffeine is not considered drug abuse
EffectsEffects
Increased energy A sense of well-being Faster and clearer flow of thought Reduced fatigue Need for sleep is delayed Caffeine causes a slight stimulant action on
the heart Increases the workload cardiac contractility
Dilates coronary arteries More oxygen to the heart
EffectsEffects
Chronic use associated with habituation and tolerance
Quitting may cause withdrawal: Headaches Drowsiness Fatigue Negative mood
NicotineNicotine
Primary active ingredient in tobacco One of the three most widely used
psychoactive drugs Caffeine Alcohol
Few or no therapeutic applications Important because of widespread
use and toxicity
StatisticsStatistics
Responsible for the deaths of 1100 Americans every day
Each day 6000 American teenagers try their first cigarette
3000 children become regular smokers 1000 of these will die from smoking related
disease 9 in 10 smokers become addicted before age
21 Smoking identified as the major preventable
cause death and disability
Smoking DiseasesSmoking Diseases
Lung CancerLung Cancer Cancer of the mouth and throatCancer of the mouth and throat
Chewing tobaccoChewing tobacco Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Carbon monoxide decreases amount of oxygen delivered to the heart while nicotine increases the workload
Carbon monoxide and nicotine increase narrowing (atherosclerosis) and clotting (thrombosis) in the coronary arteries
Increased risk of coronary heart disease
Smoking DiseasesSmoking Diseases
About 4,000 Americans per year die from lung cancer caused by second-hand smoke
37,000 deaths per year from heart disease caused by second hand smoke
MarijuanaMarijuana
Marijuana is the dried mix of flowers and leaves form the female Cannabis Sativa plant
The major biologically active chemical compound in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Has psychoactive and physiological effects The most common method of absorption is
smoking Either in a loosely rolled cigarette or through a
pipe or water pipe
EffectsEffects
Effects on the respiratory system are the same as smoking cigarettes.
Chronic use of marijuana can reduce testosterone levels in men as well as reducing the production of sperm.
Smoking Marijuana during pregnancy has many of the
same effect as smoking cigarettes, mild fetal growth retardation. There have been cases of infants born with THC dependence and withdrawal.
Physical EffectsPhysical Effects
Senses may be enhanced Perception of time is usually altered Mild euphoria, relaxation, and relief
from anxiety Contrary to popular belief, illusions
and hallucinations occur infrequently
Medicinal MarijuanaMedicinal Marijuana
The use of marijuana for medicinal proposes dates back more then 5ooo years. However, the debate over medicinal marijuana rages today in the United States.
Therapeutic Benefits of Therapeutic Benefits of MarijuanaMarijuana
Reduction of intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma.
Use as a bronchodilator in asthmatics. Relief of muscle spasms in such disorders
as multiple sclerosis. Preventing seizures associated with
epilepsy. Treatment of depression. Treatment of chronic pain, and migraines.
Alcohol Alcohol
Alcohol is a Alcohol is a depressantdepressant, which means it , which means it slows the function of the central nervous slows the function of the central nervous system.system.
Alcohol actually blocks some of the Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain. messages trying to get to the brain.
This alters a person's perceptions, This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.
Binge drinking- For a man, 5 or more Binge drinking- For a man, 5 or more drinks in one evening, for a woman, 4 drinks in one evening, for a woman, 4 drinks.drinks.
Blood Alcohol ContentBlood Alcohol Content
Dependent on:Dependent on: Presence of foodPresence of food Rate of Rate of
consumptionconsumption Concentration of Concentration of
alcoholalcohol Drinkers body Drinkers body
composition composition
Effects of Alcohol Effects of Alcohol Affected judgmentAffected judgment Muscle coordination is depressedMuscle coordination is depressed Staggered walk and slurred speechStaggered walk and slurred speech Emotions erraticEmotions erratic Memory impairedMemory impaired VomitingVomiting ConfusionConfusion ComaComa DeathDeath
Chronic Effects of Chronic Effects of AlcoholAlcohol
Irritation, Bleeding, and MalabsorptionIrritation, Bleeding, and Malabsorption Alcohol irritates stomach liningAlcohol irritates stomach lining Irritates esophagus resulting in mild chest painIrritates esophagus resulting in mild chest pain Causes ulcers and stomach bleedingCauses ulcers and stomach bleeding
Liver DiseaseLiver Disease Fatty liver Fatty liver Alcoholic hepatitis (jaundice)Alcoholic hepatitis (jaundice) Cirrhosis of the liver (non reversible)Cirrhosis of the liver (non reversible)
Chronic Effects of Chronic Effects of AlcoholAlcohol
Hematological SystemHematological System AnemiaAnemia Effects white blood cells (increases Effects white blood cells (increases
susceptibility to infection)susceptibility to infection) Bruising easily & clotting problemsBruising easily & clotting problems
Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System AHMD (alcoholic heart muscle disease)AHMD (alcoholic heart muscle disease) Shortness of breath & dramatic enlargement of Shortness of breath & dramatic enlargement of
heartheart ArrhythmiasArrhythmias Increase risk of strokeIncrease risk of stroke
Why Do Teens Drink???Why Do Teens Drink???
Curiosity Curiosity To feel good, reduce stress, and To feel good, reduce stress, and
relax relax To fit in To fit in To feel older To feel older
Why you shouldn’t drinkWhy you shouldn’t drink
Puts your HEALTH at RISKPuts your HEALTH at RISK
Punishment is severePunishment is severe
Bad decisionsBad decisions
Review??Review?? Name two drugs that are considered Name two drugs that are considered
stimulants.stimulants.
What is the primary ingredient in tobacco?What is the primary ingredient in tobacco?
What are some long term effects of using What are some long term effects of using tobacco?tobacco?
What is considered binge drinking?What is considered binge drinking?
How will you avoid being pressured into How will you avoid being pressured into using drugs or alcohol? using drugs or alcohol?