Drug Classification and Pharmacologic Actions

Learning Outcomes

• For major classes of drugs:

– Identify common drug names for each classification

– Describe actions- therapeutic uses

– Describe most common or most serious adverse effects

– List special precautions

Key Terms

• Agranulocytosis • Antiproliferative • Arthralgia • Cross-sensitivity • Expectorate • Myalgia • Myelosuppression • Peripheral neuropathy • Rhinitis

Section 1:

Body Systems

Drugs for Nervous System

• Antiepileptic Agents

• Parkinsonian Agents

• Alzheimer’s Disease Agents

• Multiple Sclerosis Agents

• Drugs to Treat Headaches/Migraines

• Drugs to Treat Neuropathic Pain

• Drugs to Treat Mood Disorders

• Antidepressants

Drugs for Nervous System

• Tricyclic Antidepressants

• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO-I)

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

• Miscellaneous Agents

• Drugs for Bipolar Disorder

• Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics)

• Antipsychotic Agents

Drugs for Nervous System

• Sedatives & Hypnotics

• Drugs to Treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Cardiovascular System Drugs

• Cholesterol-lowering Agents

• HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

• Bile Acid Sequestrants

• Fibrates

• Other Lipid-lowering Agents

• High Blood Pressure Agents (Antihypertensives)

• Diuretics

• Beta-blockers

Cardiovascular System Drugs

• ACE Inhibitors (ACEs)

• Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

• Calcium Channel Blockers

• Vasodilators

• Nitrates

• Digoxin

• Antiarrhythmics

Respiratory System Drugs

• Bronchodilators

• Corticosteroids

• Other Agents for Treating Asthma

• Cough and Cold Products

Musculoskeletal System Drugs

• Osteoporosis Agents

• Anti-Inflammatory Agents

• Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

• Analgesics

Endocrine System Drugs

• Insulin

• Oral Antidiabetic Agents

• Thyroid Agents

Immune System Drugs

• Antihistamines

• Nasal Corticosteroids

• Vaccines

Gastrointestinal System Drugs

• Antacids

• Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists

• Proton Pump Inhibitors

• Anti-Nausea (Antiemetic) Agents

• Agents to Treat Inflammatory Bowel

Disease (IBD)

• Antidiarrheals

• Laxatives

Urinary System Drugs

• Overactive Bladder Agents

Other Body Systems Drugs

• Ophthalmics

• Medications for Treating Conjunctivitis

• Medications for Treating Glaucoma

• Medications for Treating Dry Eyes

• Otics

• Topical Agents

Section 2:

Women’s and Men’s Health

Women’s Health Drugs

• Contraceptives

• Fertility Agents

• Hormone Replacement Therapy

Men’s Health Drugs

• Medications to Treat Benign Prostatic

Hypertrophy (BPH)

• Medications to Treat Erectile Dysfunction

(ED)

Section 3:

Anti-Infectives

Antibiotics

• Beta-lactam Antibiotics

• Penicillins

• Cephalosporins

• Carbapenems & Monobactams

Antibiotics

• Macrolides

• Sulfonamides

• Tetracyclines

• Aminoglycosides

• Fluoroquinolones

• Clindamycin

• Metronidazole

• Vancomycin

• Antitubercular Drugs

Antiviral Agents

• Herpes viruses

– acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), valaciclovir (Valtrex)

• Influenza A & B

– oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

– zanamivir (Relenza)

• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

– ribavirin (Virazole)

– Palivizumab (Synagis)

Antiviral Agents for HIV

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

– zidovudine (Retrovir), emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine

• Protease inhibitors

– Indinavir (Crixivan)

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• (NNRTI)

– nevirapine (Viramune)

Antiviral Agents for CMV

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

– ganciclovir (Cytovene)

– foscarnet (Foscavir)

Antifungal Agents • Amphotericin available in multiple

formulations: • conventional

• liposomal (AmBisome)

• lipid complex (Abelcet)

• colloidal lipid dispersion (Amphotec)

• Azole antifungals – ketoconazole (Nizoral)

– fluconazole (Diflcan)

– itraconazole (Sporanox)

– posaconazole (Noxafil)

– voriconazole Vfend)

Antifungal Agents

• Echinocandins

– caspofungin (Cancidas)

– micafungin (Mycamine)

– anidulafungin (Eraxis)

Section 4:

Hematologic and Oncologic Agents

Hematologic System Drugs

• Blood Products

• Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics

• Thrombolytics

Chemo Classifications

• Alkylating Agents

• Antibiotics

• Antimetabolites

• Aromatase Inhibitors

• Biologic Response Modifiers

• Heavy Metal Compounds (Platinums)

• Hormones

• Immunomodulators

Chemo Classifications

• Microtubule-targeting agents

• Mitotic Inhibitors

• Monoclonal Antibodies

• Retinoids

• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

• Topoisomerase Inhibitors

• Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

• Misc Agents

Section 5:

Nutritional and Dietary Supplements

Vitamins

• Involved in cellular chemical reactions & essential to

– normal tissue growth

– maintenance & function

• Vitamin D-synthesized by body with sunlight

– all other essential vitamins from diet

• Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

• Fat-soluble or water- soluble

– fat-soluble vitamins : A,D,E, K

Vitamin Synonyms

• Vitamin A = Retinol

• Vitamin E = Tocopherol

• Vitamin B 1 = Thiamine

• Vitamin B 2 = Riboflavin

• Vitamin B 5 = Pantothenic Acid

• Vitamin B 6 = Pyridoxine

• Vitamin B 12 = Cyanocobalamin

• Vitamin B 3 = Niacin = Nicotinic Acid

Minerals

• Constituents of enzymes, hormones, vitamins

• Essential to

– muscle contraction

– nerve conduction

– water and acid balance

• Present in body in larger amounts

– calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur

• Trace elements

– iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, selenium, fluoride, copper, manganese

Minerals

• 4 minerals administered as single entities

– calcium

– iron

– potassium

– magnesium

Other Dietary Supplements

• Complementary alternative medicine (CAM)

• Incorrect belief that natural=safe

• 36% of the population uses CAM

• Immune system modulators (Echinacea)

• Energy vitality CAM (ginseng, caffeine)

• Weight loss CAM (caffeine, ginseng, bitter orange)

• Women’s health CAM (calcium, soy)

• Depression CAM (St. John’s Wort)

• Bone/joint CAM (glucosamine/chondroitin)