Drive Reinforcement Incentivepersonal.tcu.edu/papini/motivation/MOT2b Reinforcement course.pdf ·...
Transcript of Drive Reinforcement Incentivepersonal.tcu.edu/papini/motivation/MOT2b Reinforcement course.pdf ·...
Drive
Reinforcement
Incentive
Basic concepts
Classical conditioning in “TV experiment” [Video]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnL4fjMzsSU
Thorndike’s classic experiment [Video]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fanm--WyQJo
Duration: 2:22 min
Types of reinforcement
Appetitive Aversive
Hedonic value
Response
contingency
Positive
Negative
Lever → Food
Lever
Positive reinforcement Punishment
Negative reinforcementOmission training
Lever → Shock
Lever
Lever Shuttling
Lever → No food Shuttle → No shock
Complexity of instrumental behavior [Video]
Shaping instrumental behavior
Lever
Signals to us
that food has
been delivered
Food pelletsSkinner box
Rat pressing a lever
[Video]
Resistance to change [Video]
Intrinsic motivation
•Latent learning: reinforcement brings knowledge about the situation to the
behavioral level.
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Trials
Avera
ge E
rrors
No Food
Delayed Food
Regular Food
Start
Goal
Doors
Curtains
Reinforcing drawing in children
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Group Pretest Training Posttest
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Verbal “That picture is very nice”
Money “You have just earned 5 cents”
Award Time drawing “I’ll give you a good player award” Time drawing
Control I E present, but ignoring child
Control II E paid attention, but did not approve
Control III No treatment
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Anderson et al., J Pers Soc Psychol, 1976, 34, 915-922.
•Rewarding a difficult task produces classical conditioning involving the pairing
of effort (the CS) with the reward (the US).
•Such pairings reduce the effort's aversiveness (counterconditioning).
•When a difficult task is followed by reward, the effort becomes less aversive,
increasing the amount of effort the individual subsequently chooses to spend
performing this and other difficult tasks.
•Eisenberger & Rhoades (2001) showed that rewarding an activity defined as
creative with verbal praise and 5 cents generates greater levels of creativity
than just verbal praise and a no reward condition in preadolescent children.
•Furthermore, rewarding creativity in one task (describe a way in which a regular
object can be used in a nonconventional way; e.g., use a book to hold a door
open) generalizes to a second creative activity (find up to 16 titles for this story).
Learned industriousness
Reinforcers as commodities: behavior economics
• In lab experiments, animals obtain reinforcers in a
small enclosure.
• An animal receives payment (food) for a given
amount of work (lever pressing).
• Does behavior adjusts to an increased price
(increased response requirement)?
• As the ratio of responses/reinforcers increases, the
price of the reinforcer also increases.
• The relationship between price and work is
described by a demand curve.
• Elastic demand: when work decreases as the price
increases (luxury items).
• Inelastic demand: when work remains constant as
price increases (milk, bread).
Inelastic demand:
Milk, bread
Elastic demand:
TV set, watch
Reinforcers as commodities: behavior economics
• Lab procedures to study reinforcement: closed economies.
• Real live: open economies.
• Are the principles of reinforcement the same in closed vs. open economies?
• Experiments: two responses, two rewards, changing requirements for one reward may or not affect
responding for that reward.
• Understanding drug addiction in economic terms.
Bentzley et al., PNAS, 2014, 111, 11822-11827.
Demand function for cocaine
A: Oxytocin
reduces cocaine
demand
B: Oxytocin
increases demand
elasticity
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/laurie_santos.html
Duration: 19:24 min
Behavior economics
• Monkeys learn to use tokens (a type of currency) in exchange for goods.
• This allows researchers to create an “economic market.”
• Monkeys are sensitive to the amount of food they can “buy” with their tokens.
• No evidence of savings, but monkeys spontaneous stole tokens from others.
• Risky vs. safe choices under the same conditions.
• Safety is preferred when gains are likely.
• Risky decisions are preferred when losses are likely.
• Two biases:
• Relativity (difficulty of thinking in absolute terms).
• Loss aversion (we really hate it when we have to lose money).
• Monkeys and humans display similar mental biases.
Behavior economics: video summary