Drie june 2011
-
Upload
jfranzlien -
Category
Business
-
view
208 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Drie june 2011
Planning for Resilience
Disaster Recovery Information
Exchange, June 23rd 2011
� The Evolving Nature of Disaster
� Planning and Crisis: a Problematic Relationship
� A New Narrative: From Sustainability to ResilienceResilience
� A “New Urban Operating System”
� Planning for Resilience
Sascha Grant, flickr
RaeA, flickr
Extreme weather / Climate change
Technological failures / Limits of technology
Inhabitat.com
Americablog
Pt. 1: The Evolving Nature of DisasterPt. 1: The Evolving Nature of Disaster
Japan Prepared for Disaster – but not to Respond?“Japan’s Full — and Perplexing — Recovery Needs” by Edward J. Blakeley
� Reputation for disaster preparedness
� Unable to respond effectively
� Strongly hierarchical, insular and conformist society
� …Decentralized, spontaneous response
� Lack of flexibility and adaptability
Nature of disaster risk must be continually be
redefined with changes to urbanization and socio-
economic conditions(Mitchell 1999)
Creativity+Timothy Hamilton [flickr]
Bekbek 75, flickr
The Evolving Nature of Disaster
� Increasingly urban: uncontrolled, inappropriate and conventional
� Governance: Incommensurate with � Governance: Incommensurate with growing demands
� Political Economy: Economic crisis, decline of the State
Seven Attributes of Crisis Situations (Alterman 2002)
� High degree of uncertainty and dependence on exogenous variables
� High degree of change � High degree of change
� High magnitude of risks and perceived threats
� System wide and complex anticipated impacts
Seven Attributes of Crisis Situations (Alterman 2002)
� Low degree of knowledge and understanding; existing solutions inadequateinadequate
� Challenge to the “symbolic” level [goals, norms and values]; low degree of goal consensus
� Urgency; high cost to delay
Pt 2: Urban planning and crisis:
A problematic relationshipA problematic relationship
Urban Planning
(Hayden & Warr)
Rational Process Planning
� Assess Alternative Plan Scenarios
� Select the Preferred Alternative
� Implement the Plan� Implement the Plan
� Monitor, Evaluate and Revise the Implementation
� Identify New Problems and Begin the Process again
Five questions of urban planning
� What is the justification of planning?
� What values are incorporated within planning?
� What ethical dilemmas do planners face?� What ethical dilemmas do planners face?
� How can planning be effective within a mixed economy?
� Style of planning: what do planners do?
Who Does Planning?� City and County Planners
� City Council members
� Board of Supervisors
Redevelopment Agencies� Redevelopment Agencies
� Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development
� Local Non-profit Organizations
� International Organizations
� Community Activists
� Community Business Leaders
Where does Planning Occur in the Development Process?
� Home & Community Development
� Neighborhood Revitalization Planning
� Economic Development Planning� Economic Development Planning
� Response to Economic, Political and External Activities.
� Land Use Decision Making
� General Overall Change in Local and World Activities.
Assumptions of Rational Planning
Only Facts Exist
� No values (subjective belief systems)
� All variables exist within an interconnected and closed system (no unforeseeable variables)
A Rational-Deductive sequence of events
� If ‘A’ happens, then ‘B’ will follow
� No need for political strategies
� Not suited for crisis or unforeseen events
What is the Justification of Planning?
� It is possible to rationally plan for the future by analyzing and integrating as many variables as possiblemany variables as possible
� Planning is primarily technical, professional and apolitical
� There is a unitary public interest; The goals of planning are universally shared
What is the Justification of Planning?
To Serve the “Public Interest” (or “Public Good”) -- this is the Legal justification for PlanningPlanning
Social Equity = Fair access and distribution of public goods -- this is the Principal moral justification guiding public/governmental actions
Ethical Dilemmas in Planning
� Planning is inherently distributional
� Planning is inherently political
� Planning as a profession cannot adopt a cohesive political philosophy, but planners as individuals do
Dominant Paradigm
� Comprehensive / Rational model of problem solving
� Sense of scientific “detachment” and unaffected Sense of scientific “detachment” and unaffected objectivity
� Non-political
� Efficiency: e.g., circulation of people and commodities
� Normative middle-class aspirations
Rational Process Planning
Basic Steps:
� Identify a Problem
� Identify a Goal
� Collect Background Data� Collect Background Data
� Identify a Means of Assessing Alternative Plan Scenarios
� Identify Alternative Plan Scenarios
Pruitt-Igoe
“Wicked Problems” (Rittel & Webber 1973)
Goals and objectives, as well as means to achieve them, are often uncertain
� “wicked problems”� “wicked problems”
� concerned primarily with public issues
� broadly defined groups/clients
� diverse interests
“Wicked Problems” (Rittel & Webber 1973)
� There is no definitive problem formulation
� Every problem is unique
� Every problem a symptom of another � Every problem a symptom of another problem
� Problems can be explained in numerous ways; each explanation leads to different approaches
“Wicked Problems” (Rittel & Webber 1973)
� No stopping rule
� Solutions not right or wrong, but better or worseworse
� No ultimate test of solutions
� Every attempt counts
� Planner has no right to be wrong
Source: parmo [flickr.com]
Postmodern response:
• Discontinuity
• Complexity
• Contingency
• Diversity
Pt. 3: A new narrative: From “Sustainability” to “Resilience”“Sustainability” to “Resilience”
Resilience(Summarized in Dudley 2010)
� self-organization
� flexibility and adaptation through redundancyredundancy
� distribution of resources
� the development of learning capacity
� loosening of interconnections
Resilience vs. SustainabilityAndrew McMurray, “The Rhetoric of Resilience” Alternatives 36: 2 1010, p. 22.
“Resilience implies action: to be resilient. Resilience implies an inner toughness: the strength, as its etymology tells us, to jump back to a previous state. Sustainability, by contrast, suggests a state. Sustainability, by contrast, suggests a defensive posture, a desire to stay the same, to resist change without the…ability to push back against change and win out. Resilience also connotes a measure of risk, while sustainability suggests that systems are set: they simply need to be cared for and so carried forward...”
Coast guard News [flickr]Coast guard News [flickr]
Adrian DP [flickr]
ChrisGoldNY [flickr]
Renewable Energy
BoyReale [flickr]
Belfinger berger [flickr]
ThinkGeoEnergy [flickr]
Dispersed Utilities
Gadjo Sevilla [flickr]
Local Agriculture
Edibleoffice [flickr]
Local/Regional Economies
Leo Reynolds [flickr]
Hierarchy of Sustainable Transportation
Payton Chung [flickr]
ACTransit [flickr]
Ecolabs [flickr]
“A Paradise Built in Hell”Solnit, 2009
� Spirit of cooperation under crisis and disaster situations
� “Disaster utopias”� “Disaster utopias”
� Over-reaction by panicked authorities
� Contrast: “Slow-motion disaster” of everyday life
Ron Sombilon [flickr]
William Hutton Jr. [flickr]
Charlie Essars [flickr]
Building with Natural ProcessesHough, “Cities and Natural Process” 2004
� Process-oriented: dynamism, change over time, rather than frozen
� Economy of meansEconomy of means� Connectedness – regional – watershed,
bioregion� Awareness of natural processes� Diversity� Development as environmental
enhancement� Make life-sustaining processes visible
Resurgence 241 March April 2007 p. 6
Pt. 4: A New “Urban Operating System”
(Chris Turner, author of The Geography of Hope)
Faceless b [flickr]
Faceless b [flickr]
Faceless b [flickr]
Faceless b [flickr]
Planning for Resilience� Anticipate discontinuity � Self-organization� Increased learning capacity� Adaptive strategies: Improvization and invention� Adaptive strategies: Improvization and invention� Loosening of interconnections� Contingency: Procedures must always be open to
change� Renewed narrative of community, cooperation
and common purpose� Anticipate generosity and mutuality
Faceless b [flickr]
Michael Dudley
SourcesAllmendinger, Philip (2002). Planning theory. New York : Palgrave, 2002.
Allmendinger, Philip (2001). Planning in postmodern times. New York : Routledge,.
Alterman, R. (2002). Planning in the Face of Crisis: Land and Housing Policies in Israel. London: Routledge.
Boyer, M. Christine. (1986, c1983). Dreaming the rational city : the myth of American city planning. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press,
Campbell, Scott & Fainstein, Susan (Eds). (2003). Readings in planning theory 2nd ed. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub.
Dudley, M. (2010). “Resilience.” In N. Cohen, (Ed). Green Society: Green Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Hayden, D. & Warr, J. (2004). A Field Guide to Sprawl. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Hayden, D. & Warr, J. (2004). A Field Guide to Sprawl. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Jepson, Edward J., Jr. (2001). Sustainability and Planning: Diverse Concepts and Close Associations. Journal of Planning Literature 15 (4). pp. 499-510.
Mandelbaum, Seymour J. Mazza, Luigi & Burchell, Robert W. (Eds) (1996). Explorations in planning. New Brunswick, N.J. : Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
McDonald, Geoffrey. (1996). Planning as sustainable development. Journal of Planning Education & Research 15. Pp. 225-236.
Mitchell, J.K. (1999). Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-Cities and Disaster in Transition. Tokyo: UNU Press.
Ritel, H. & M. Webber. (1973) “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning.” Policy Sciences 4, p. 155-169.
Sandercock, Leonie. (1998). Towards cosmopolis : planning for multicultural cities. Toronto : J. Wiley.
Stein Jay M. (Ed) (2004). Classic readings in urban planning, 2nd ed.Chicago, Ill. : American Planning Association.