Evolution toward Intelligence ASTR 1420 Lecture 6 Sections 6.5 & 12.2.
Drake’s Equation ASTR 1420 Lecture 19 Sections 12.1.
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Transcript of Drake’s Equation ASTR 1420 Lecture 19 Sections 12.1.
Drake’s Equation
ASTR 1420Lecture 19
Sections 12.1
Average score = 75.7
Drake Equation• Frank Drakeo currently at the SETI institute Berkeleyo In 1961, at a meeting of about a dozen scholars
at Green Bank, WV. o about the number of radio(?) transmitting
civilizations
Drake Equation o estimating the
probability of communicable ET
o at the moment, we only focus on our Galaxy
Drake Equation (textbook version)
N number of transmitting civilizations
NHP number of habitable planets in our Galaxy
flife fraction of planets with life
fciv fraction of intelligent worlds capable of interstellar communication
fnow fraction of such civilizations right now
N = NHP × flife × fciv × fnow
Drake Equation (Carl Sagan’s version)
N number of transmitting civilizations
N* number of stars in our Galaxy
fplanet fraction of stars with planets
nE number of habitable planets per star
flife fraction of planets with life
fintell fraction of worlds with intelligent life
fciv fraction of intelligent worlds capable of interstellar communication
fL the fraction of a planetary lifetime with a technological civilization
N = N* × fplanet × nE × flife × fintell × fciv × fL
Drake Equation (Carl Sagan’s version)
N number of transmitting civilizations
N = N* × fplanet × fE × flife × fintell × fciv × fL
× × × ×
× × =
N
N* fplanet fEarth flife
fintell fciv flong
Drake Equation (original version)
R* : average star formation rate
There are ~200 billion stars in our Galaxy.Our Galaxy is about 10 billion years old.
about 20 stars are born per year
R* ≈ 20
N = R* × fplanet × nE × flife × fintell × fciv × L
Drake Equation (original version)
fplanet : average fraction of stars with planets
• Planet formation process is universal (angular momentum conservation)• Exo-planets are being discovered nowadays Doppler result indicates that at
least ~20% of stars have planets.• Microlensing study suggests fplanet ≥ 1
fplanet ≈ 1
N = 20 × fplanet × nE × flife × fintell × fciv × L
Drake Equation (original version)
nE : average number of Earth-like planets per star system
• Planet formation process is universal (angular momentum conservation)• Rocky planets are formed closer to the central star.• Close to a unity??
nE ≈ 0.5?
N = 20 × 1 × nE × flife × fintell × fciv × L
Drake Equation (original version)
flife : average fraction of Earth-like planets with life
• Uncertain. One of the main goals of astrobiology.• Life on Earth arose very early on implying that this fraction not so small?
flife ≈ 50%
N = 20 × 1 × 0.5 × flife × fintell × fciv × L
Drake Equation (original version)
fintell : average fraction of life-bearing planets with intelligent species
• Uncertain. One of the main goals of astrobiology.• Intelligence is an advantageous evolutionary niche (E.Q. evolution)
fintell ≈ 50%
N = 20 × 1 × 0.5 × 0.5 × fintell × fciv × L
Drake Equation (original version)
fciv : average fraction of civilizations capable of interstellar communication
• have to use some sort of symbolic languages. • Will intelligent life want to communicate to others?• Inputs from anthropologists, psychologists, philosophers, and theologians• Quite uncertain.
fciv ≈ 50%
N = 20 × 1 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × fciv × L
Drake Equation (original version)
N = 20 × 1 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × L~1
N ≈ L
Frank Drake’s California license plate
Drake Equation (original version)
N ≈ L
L average lifetime (in years) that a civilization remains technologically active
• How long will the civilization use radio communication? • Will they be around long enough to send messages and get a reply?
• We leaked radio communications from our TV/Radio broadcastso nowadays, mostly via cableo but, telephone communications through a cable now became wireless…
• At least for us, L~50 yrs
Average Distance between Civilization
T (1000 Ly)
R (50,000 Ly)
Our galaxy can be approximated as a thin disk
Average Distance between Civilization
T R
Volume of our Galaxy = πR2 × TTotal number of Radio civilizations now = N
Volume occupied by each civilization = πR2 × T / N = d3
Average distance b/w civilizations = d
d
d
d
€
d =πR2 ×T
N
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
1/ 3
Average Distance between Civilizations
T R
If N=10,000 and with R= 50,000 light-years, T= 1,000 light-years…
First Radio broadcasting December 24, 1906 from Brant Rock, Massachusetts.First major TV broadcasting : 1963. barely reached ~100 Light-years from Earth…
d
€
d =π 50,0002 ×1,000
10,000
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
1/ 3
= π × 25 ×10,000,000( )1/ 3
= 922Ly
Most Optimistic Estimate
N 40,000,000 civilizations
d 58 Light-years …
5 nearest stars to EarthProxima Centauri 4.24 Lyα Centauri A 4.35 Lyα Centauri B 4.35 LyBanard’s Star 5.98 LyWolf 359 7.78 Ly
If true, we should have already detected or been contacted or visited by them…
R* 20 stars/yr
fplanet 1
nE 2
flife 1
fintell 1
fciv 1
L 1 million yrs
Pessimistic Estimate N 1 or 2 civilizations
average distance ?R* 20 stars/yr
fplanet 0.5
nE 0.5
flife 0.5
fintell 0.5
fciv 0.01??
L 100 yrs
T R
bad approximation!!
Pessimistic Estimate N 1 or 2 civilizations
If true, we may be effectively the only one. Should we set out a bold journey to the infinity
and beyond?
R* 20 stars/yr
fplanet 0.5
nE 0.5
flife 0.5
fintell 0.5
fciv 0.01??
L 100 yrs
d
€
d ≈ R / N ≈ 25,000Ly
In summary…
Important Concepts• Drake Equation = calculating the
number of communicable alien civilizations in our Galaxy
• Understand each term• Logics behind all Equation Terms!
• N ≈ L
Important Terms• Drake Equation
Chapter/sections covered in this lecture : 12.1SETI: next class