Dr. Tom Fangman - Comparison Of Nursery Pig Behavior Assessed Using Human Observation And...

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20.09.2015 1 Comparison of nursery pig behavior assess using human observation and digitalimage evaluation methodologies T. J. Fangman 1* , S. L. Weimer 2 , L. A. Karriker 3 , H. D. Tyler 2 , K. J. Stalder 2 , and A. K. Johnson 2 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St Joseph, MO, USA 2 Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, IA, USA 3 SMEC, VDPAM, Iowa State University, IA, USA Objectives Background to the human – pig relationship Ways to measure the human – pig relationship Comparisons of live vs digital JSHAP Weimer et al., 2014 May and June Pages 116 124 Future work to come!

Transcript of Dr. Tom Fangman - Comparison Of Nursery Pig Behavior Assessed Using Human Observation And...

Page 1: Dr. Tom Fangman - Comparison Of Nursery Pig Behavior Assessed Using Human Observation And Digital-Image Evaluation Methodologies

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Comparison of nursery pig behavior assess usinghuman observation and digital‐image 

evaluation methodologies 

T. J. Fangman1*, S. L. Weimer2, L. A. Karriker3, H. D. Tyler2, K. J. Stalder2, and A. K. Johnson2

1Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St Joseph, MO, USA

2Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, IA, USA

3SMEC, VDPAM, Iowa State University, IA, USA

Objectives

Background to the human – pig relationship 

Ways to measure the human – pig relationship 

Comparisons of live vs digital – JSHAP Weimer et al., 2014 May and June Pages 116 ‐ 124

Future work to come! 

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Background to the human – pig relationship 

US background 

Swine welfare assurance program® (SWAP™)

PQA Plus moved the pig‐human assessment 

into bench marking (NPB, 2007)

However, welfare involves behavior

BUT a behavior measure within an on‐farm

welfare assessment must be objective, 

repeatable, reliable and fast 

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Customers still want animal based measures!

Resource 

Resource‐based measures ‐ input, management or design‐based measures

Examples;

– Space allowance, stocking density

– Feed and water quantity and quality 

– Frequency of inspections 

– Stockperson training

Animal

Called output‐ or outcome‐based measuresExamples;

– Mortality – Morbidity – Culling rates – Lameness – Injuries – Body condition– Behavior 

Stress and behavior 

Stress 

– Ignites the “fight or flight” or “freeze” autonomic response

– Internal response results in external behavior changes

Motivation

– Behavior

• Attractive stimulus – approach

• Aversive stimulus ‐ avoid

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Ways to measure the human – pig relationship 

Tests assessing behavioral changesAnimal‐human interaction tests

– First, immediate animal response to a novel or unfamiliar object is most accurate (Forkman, 2007) 

– Humans in home pen can elicit these changes (Hemsworth et al., 1996; Rushen et al., 1999)

– Many tests reported but it is unclear as to the most robust methodologies

Novel approach: social isolation

Human approach: social isolation

WTA: social group

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So, what is WTA?

Fangman et al., (2010) coined the term “willingness to  approach” or WTA  

– Fangman TJ, Johnson AK, Okones JA, Edler R. Willingness to approach behavior of weaned pigs after injection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines. Journal of Swine Health and Production Feb 2011; 19(1):19‐24.

Considered a more positive alternative describing approach behaviorrather than negative terms such as fear and avoidance

Demonstrated that the WTA methodology is a tool that serves as a sensitive parameter for practically assessing vaccine reactivity innursery pigs

Factors that can affect WTA 

Age of animal (Hemsworth et al., 1992) 

Sex of animal (Hemsworth et al., 1986) 

Size of animal (Moore et al., 1994) 

Group size (Samarakone et al., 2009) 

Previous caretaker interactions (Hemsworth et al., 1987) 

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Comparison of nursery pig behavior assessed using human observation and digital‐image 

evaluation methodologies

Shawna L. Weimer, MS; Anna K. Johnson, PhD; Thomas J. Fangman, DVM, MS, Diplomate ABVP; Locke A. Karriker, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVPM; Howard D. Tyler, PhD; Kenneth J. Stalder, PhD

– JSHAP. 2014. May and June. Pages 116 – 124.

Objectives

Were to design and implement a digital photograph system to document the pig response to a human observer in the home pen, and then compare the results of the digital photograph system to human observation in an approach‐

assessment paradigm.

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March 2011

Commercial nursery

2 rooms

40 pens/room

22 pigs/pen

0.3 m2/ pig space allowance

Materials and methods

Experimental design

Experimental unit was the nursery pen (n = 79)

Complete randomized design

Two treatments for method:1. Live human observation 2. Digital image evaluation

Two treatments for anatomical location (digital image only):1. Snout2. Tail Base

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Pig‐human interaction test

Enter the room

Start at farthest pen

Climbed over pen gate

Crouching position (Hemsworth et al. 1986)

Extend arm

Head down 15‐s (Fangman et al., 2010)

Look up, take image and count behaviors

Digital‐image recording device

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“TOUCH”

Any part of the pigs’ body touching the human observer

“ORIENTATE”

Eye contact (both eyes) with the observer

Behaviors

“NOT” EthogramMeasure Definition

Postures

Stand

Pile

Sit

Lie

•Upright position with all four feet on the floor

•Two or more feet off of the floor with its body atop 

a pen mate

•All legs relaxed with underside in contact with the 

floor

•Back legs relaxed with body resting on the floor 

with buttocks or thighs

Behaviors

Head in feeder

Mouth around drinker

•Head down in feeder 

•Mouth on nipple of drinker

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Anatomical location 

Snout and Tail Base: Facing towards the observer

Snout and Tail Base: Facing awayfrom the observer

Methodology

Live Digital P‐value

No. pens 79 79 .

Measure, No. (%)

Touch 1.8 ± 0.6 (8.4 ± 3.1) 2.1 ± 0.7 (10.0 ± 3.1) .11 (0.15)

Orientate  6.3 ± 0.3 (27.9 ± 1.5) 8.3 ± 0.4 (36.5 ± 1.5) < .001 (0.0001)

Not 14.5 ± 0.9 (63.4 ± 2.6) 12.1 ± 0.8 (53.5 ± 2.6) < .001 (0.0001)

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Stand Sit Lie Pile Head infeeder

Moutharounddrinker

Percent Pigs/Pen

Postures and Behaviors

“Not” Pig Postures and Behaviors

2.2%

Classification

Touch Orientate Not P-value

No. pens 79 79 79 .

Anatomical location

Snout 13.6 ± 2.1a 61.0 ± 1.1b 96.3 ± 1.2c <0.001

Tail base 71.4 ± 1.8a 95.9 ± 1.0b 103.4 ± 0.9c <0.001

abcMeans within a row with no common superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05)

Anatomical location: Using digital image

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Unobservable anatomical locations

05

101520253035404550

Not Touch Look 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Not Look Touch

%

Behaviors Behaviors

Snout Tail

Total unobservable snout = 59% Total unobservable tail base = 35%

NOT Touch Orientate Not Orientate Touch

Take home message from this work 

The digital image allows for more animal‐human interaction measures to be collected (i.e., behaviors and postures and proximity) but is more time‐consuming than human‐observation methodology

With use of live human‐observation methodology, less time is required to collect and analyze data, classify nursery‐pig behavior, and provide a welfare assessment

Postures and behaviors of pigs classified as not oriented should be further described to avoid concluding that pigs not classified in the touch or oriented categories are fearful or experiencing a compromised state of welfare.

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Nursery pig behavior assessed using a live human observer and a digital‐image 

evaluation method pre‐ and post‐vaccine injection. 

Weimer, Fangman; Tyler, Karriker, Stalder, and Johnson. 2015. In preparation for submission to JSHAP 

Materials and Methods

2 days in November 2011

Commercial nursery

4 nursery rooms (2 barns with 2 rooms)

40 pens/room

19 pigs/pen

0.3 m2/ pig space allowance

*Observer blinded to treatments

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Materials and Methods‐ Vaccination

Treatment No.pens

Vaccination upon arrival

Dose Vaccination 2 wk post arrival

Dose

Saline 50 CircoFLEX/MycoFLEX

2 mL / IM

Saline(SALINE)

2 mL / IM

CircoFLEX/MycoFLEX 

48 Saline 2 mL/ IM

CircoFLEX/MycoFLEX (MCFLEX)

2 mL/ IM

Circumvent PCV‐M

51 Circumvent PCV‐M

2 mL/ IM

Circumvent PCV‐M

(Circumvent)

2 mL/ IM

1. Pre-vaccinationBaseline

4:00 pm (6 h post vaccination,

24 h from baseline)

Vaccination

4:00 pm

2. Post-vaccination

10:00 AM

DAY ONE DAY TWO

3. Difference = Pre‐vaccination – Post‐vaccination

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Pig‐human interaction test

Enter the room

Start at farthest pen

Climbed over pen gate

Crouching position (Hemsworth et al. 1986)

Extend arm

Head down 15‐s (Fangman et al., 2010)

DIFFERENCE – second person sat outside of the alley and took the 

picture! 

Methodology

Live Digital P-values

No. pens 149 149

Pre-vaccination, %

Touch 10.6 ± 0.9 10.6 ± 0.9 0.86

Orientate 34.6 ± 1.0 33.5 ± 1.0 0.12

Not 54.9 ± 1.0 55.9 ± 1.0 0.13

Post-vaccination, %

Touch 9.4 ± 0.9 9.4 ± 0.9 0.78

Orientate 27.7 ± 0.9 28.8 ± 0.9 0.10

Not 62.8 ± 1.2 61.9 ± 1.2 0.12

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Take home message from this work 

There was no difference between the live human‐ and the digital image between pigs in the Touch, Orientate and Not categories

This may have been due to the change in the way the data was collected during the human‐pig interaction test 

Future work to come!

Nursery pig behavior assessed using a digital‐image evaluation method pre‐ and post‐vaccine injection. Weimer, Fangman; Tyler, Karriker, Stalder, and Johnson.  2016. 

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Thank you for your attention!!