Geography (Mains) Previous 33 Years Question Papers [1979-2011] for UPSC IAS IPS Exam
Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography d ynamichumanworlds.wordpress
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Transcript of Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography d ynamichumanworlds.wordpress
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GE21001 Dynamic Human WorldsLecture 2
How do human geographers investigate space, economics,
power and inequality?
Dr. Susan P. Mains
Geographydynamichumanworlds.wordpress.com
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Lecture Outline
Defining Space
Society-Space & Inequality
Approaches to space, economics, power and inequality—some examples
Useful Reading:
Susan J. Smith. 2009. “Society-Space,” Chapter 2 of Introducing Human Geographies, 2nd Edition by Cloke et al., p18-33.
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Defining Space
• Space and society
• Previously: “regard spatial arrangements as a more or less straightforward reflection of social divisions” (Smith 2009, 18)
• More complex, multiple relations & processes
• Diversity of approaches in human geography
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Defining Space
• Space and society
• Moving from more “fixed” ideas about space and differences between places
• descriptionpatternsrelative space
• Towards understanding power and space– Why places were where they were?– How different individuals/institutions used and
related to spaces in varying ways
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Defining Space
1) “Space and time (or space-time) are now seen as being ‘produced’ or ‘constituted’ through action and interaction”
(Derek Gregory, 2000, p. 771, The Dictionary of Human Geography, Blackwell).
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Defining Space
2) “Space and time cannot be held fast in fixed compartments, measured intervals or regular geometries”
(Derek Gregory, 2000, p. 772, The Dictionary of Human Geography, Blackwell).
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Defining Space
3) “productions of space are inseparable from productions of NATURE”
(Derek Gregory, 2000, p. 772, The Dictionary of Human Geography, Blackwell).
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Defining Space
• Space and social practices are intertwined
• They are dynamic
• Material and social
• Rhythm and feel of the same space may vary
• Physically spaces may be in close proximity, but economically worlds apart
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Princes Street Gardens & Castle, Edinburgh
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Trafalgar Square, London
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Jakarta, Indonesia
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Space and Place
• Place giving space meaning
• Emotional attachments, experiences
• Places are dynamic and relational
• “Sense of place”
• Stories, events, identities linked to places
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Places are “Happening”!
• Place is an event in that sense too... There can be no assumption of pre-given coherence, or of community or collective identity. Rather the throwntogetherness of place demands negotiation.– Doreen Massey, For Space (2005)
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Space, Power and Inequality
• Critical: challenging positivist “objective” researcher
• Research is a product of society
• Different forms of knowledge & data
• Questioning abstraction & reduction
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Space, Power and Inequality
• World is socially constructed– Shaped by experiences– Political perspectives– Access to information
• Books, television news, government policies, social campaigns
• Challenging taken-for-granted notions of space
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Space, Power and Inequality
• Some examples of topics using a Marxian approach:
• Don Mitchell--landscapes of migrant workers in California
• David Harvey--cinema and changing economic relations
• Doreen Massey--spatial divisions of labour in landscape
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Space, Power and Inequality
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Combining Marxist & Feminist Approaches: Socialist Feminism
• Urban planning: where are the different individuals or households?
• E.g., the difficulties for a working class single mother to access paid work, while locating childcare, accessing public transportation and maintaining a suitable income without having to travel lengthy distances daily.
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Homeless Women’s Meal Program, D.C.
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“Social networks in time and space: Homeless women on Skid Row” Annals of the AAG Vol.80, No.2 (1990)
Jennifer Wolch