Indra ManiHEAD

Division of Agricultural EngineeringICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

Technological Innovations in Farm Mechanization suitable for Bihar

MECHANIZATION- a multi-sector activity

FARMERS MANUFACTURERSR&D Institutes CORPORATE SECTOR

MECHANIZATION

Farm mechanization– great achievements but large variations

Farm mechanization has become key to agricultural production system in

India • Quality assurance, standardization and better research efforts have helped to achieve

the present level of mechanization • India is the largest manufacturer of the tractor in the world with > 0.7 M tractors, >7 M

diesel pumps and 17 M electric pumps units per year and large number of different farm machines.

• An annual transaction of more than Rs. 850 billion through sale of farm machinery.

Mechanization increased land productivity by improved timeliness of operations,

reduced crop losses and improved quality of agro-produce, increased efficiency of

inputs used through their efficient measurement and placement, increased labour

productivity by using labour saving and drudgery reducing devices, reduced cost

of cultivation

• Mechanization contributed to the food and agricultural production in India by savings in Seeds (15-20%) Fertilizers (15-20%) Time (20-30%) Labour (20-30%)

And also by increasing Cropping intensity (5-20%) Productivity (10-15%)

• Major Factors of change ……..• The ICAR institutes and SAUs have designed and developed a

number of precision and energy saving farm machines• Implement manufacturing has been largely in unorganized small-

scale sector but growing with the tractor population.• With liberalization policy, implement manufacturing was freed from

clutches of small scale sector• Very affirmative and proactive Government policies led to a boost in

mechanization which has given a status to farmers and farming – by removal of drudgery and labour productivity

• Bihar has been putting great efforts to introduce mechanization through training and positive govt policies….

PM in his recent address on ICAR foundation day emphasized on more production per unit time per

unit area – will be realized through mechanization . Shift from Crop production – crop management .

Union Minister for Agriculture, called for scaling up farm power availability to 2 kW/ha by 2017, to

meet the projected demand of 280 million tonnes of food grains by 2020

Addressing scarcity of agricultural labour (MNREGA),Climate Change Mitigation,

low Level of mechanization in certain regions (Eastern, North Eastern, Central)

GOI, proposed a dedicated Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization for the 12th Plan which

includes Skill development scheme, Custom Hiring centre Scheme, Credit Guarantee Scheme along

with testing and demonstration of agricultural machinery and subsidy on purchase

29 new testing centres in SAUs, ICAR institutes, IITKGP, state government institutions

Four FMTTI Budhani like institutions have been planned one each in UP, Bihar, Maharastra and

Gujrat

Enhanced emphasis on mechanization- India

Power-irrigation and yield nexus – poor level in eastern states

StateFarm Power

(kW/ha)

Grain Yield (kg/ha)

IrrigatedArea (%)

State Farm Power

(kW/ha)

Grain Yield (kg/ha)

Irrigated Area (%)

Punjab 3.5 4032 84.47 Bihar 0.8 1662 48.74

Haryana 2.25 3088 83.9 Gujarat 0.8 1169 31.55

Uttar Pradesh 1.75 2105 72.76 Madhya Pradesh

0.8 907 28.2

Andhra Pradesh

1.6 1995 40.73 Himachal Pradesh

0.7 1500 22.7

Uttarakhand 1.6 1712 - Maharashtra 0.7 757 16.78

West Bengal 1.25 2217 43.45 Rajasthan 0.65 884 31

Tamil Nadu 0.9 2262 54.5 Jharkhand 0.6 1095 -

Karnataka 0.9 1406 25.4 Jammu& Kashmir

0.6 1050 41.58

Kerala 0.8 2162 17.27 Orissa 0.6 799 33.16

Assam 0.8 1443 6.22 Chhattisgarh 0.6 799 20.66

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India

Challenges Ahead - specific reference to Bihar

To abridge the gaps in mechanization between the regions

To popularized agro-machines for different operations- only for operations are mechanized

To make available suitable machines for Precision farming, Conservation Agriculture

Mechanization of small farms

Strategies- for Bihar • Custom Hiring in a well planned manner – Role of individuals,

SHGs and Corporate sectors.

• Joint efforts from R & D Institutions, Manufacturers, Corporate

sector and Farmer group

• Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme

• Strong Industry -institution - interaction

Mono-crop basedmodel

Corporate basedmodel

Operation Specificmodel

Different approaches--- model

Customhiring models for cropping system based profitable enterprises

Location : Khurja Bulandsahar (UP)Total area : 600 haCrop: Carrot

Mono-crop Model

Free inputs from MU (60 %)

Seed, planting free, purchase price Rs/kg : 2.56

Most preferred

Purchase of inputs and services (20 %)

• Purchase price of carrot, Rs/kg : 1.70

• Seed price, planting charges

Medium preferred

Leasing Land (20 %) Leasing rate of Land, Rs/season : 37500-50000

Least preferred

Approaches to augment Mechanization :1. Owned (Tractor +Planter + Sprayers + Harvester)2. Hired tractor + Owned (Planter + Sprayers + Harvester) 3. Offering loan for tractor purchase : Repayment in terms

of service4. Resale of one year old planter at 75 % of original cost

2. Corporate model : TATA Kisan Sansar

Entrepr- eneur• Investment on machines & operational

arrangements• Providing infrastructure for training

centres for Farm technician • Management of Financial affairs

Tata Chemical Ltd• Field supervision, identification of clients,

overseeing of maintenance and operations of machines

M/s John Deer •Maintenance of Machines

Farmer •To undergo one year intensive training

Skilled Youths • Making indent for acquiring services• Make timely payment

Responsibilities Gains

Business & Profit

Sale of their products And Popularity

Sale of their machine

Job with salary upto Rs. 7000/-Per months

Timely mechanization services

Overall, mechanization gets boost

Haryana Gujarat M.P. U.P.

20th Feb

3. Operation Specific Model

Example : Combine Harvesting

Shyamgarh village of Karnal district with 500 farmers and 500 acres arable land, there are 135 combines.

A team of four persons (Foreman, driver and two skilled helper)

10th April • The average business per trip earned by entrepreneur is about Rs.

4 lakh • Crew charges 15-25% of the custom hiring cost• Repair and maintenance(annual):Rs. 50,000 -75,000/ per combine• The average annual use of combine is between 500-600 hours

Shree Kshetra, Dharmastala Rural Development Project- Karnataka

Under one NGO –there are 161 custom-hiring centres with 50% subsidy from state Government

of KarnatakaCentres are running in loss due to

government imposed custom hiring rates …….

Mechanization of small farms- small powered equipment -

One engine many applications

Sl. No. Equipment Name Price in Rupees

1 Honda engine 19,000

2 Mini tiller Frame 25,000

3 Seed drill 9,000

4 Ridger 6,000

5 Five tyne cultivator 4,500

6 Cage wheel 7,000

8 Spraying unit with gun 15,000

9 Water pump 5,000

A= Total cost including engine is Rs.90500Additional equipments to be attached with the engine1 Motocart trolley 70,000

2 Portable chaff cutter 18,000

3 Flour mill 17,500

4 Alternator (2.5 KVA) 19,000

B= Total cost of additional equipments Rs. 1,24,000Total cost= A+B= 2,14,000

• The tool named as “Scythe/Cradle” is a manually operated agricultural tool for forage cutting and crop harvesting.

• The cradle consists a set of fingers to collect and windrow the crop during operation.

Manual harvesting tools -SCYTHE OR CRADLE

Presently Marketed by: A. J. Imports and Exports, Swaroop Nagar Kanpur-208002Mobile: 9935592380

Toe

Chine

Beard

Heel

Ring

Tang

Snath

Grips

SCYTHE PARTS

Peening toolSharpening tool

Cradle

SPECIFICATIONS OF SCYTHE TOOLSerial No.

Particular Details

1 Snath length 1500mm

2 Snath weight 1.0 kg

3 Grip length 190mm

4 Grip weight 0.1 kg

5 Scythe blade width 620mm

6 Scythe blade weight 0.5kg

7 Cradle size (four fingers) 425mmx450mm

8 Cradle weight 0.9 kg

9 Total weight of the machine 3.0 kg

RESULTS

• The tool has been tested for field performance including ergonomic study

• Average working heart rate: 152 BPM• Average peak heart rate: 177 BPM• Average cutting stoke frequency: 11 strokes/ min• Field capacity: 30 min per are (100 sq. m)• Resting time between two swath: 1 min• Sharpening is must after coverage of one swath

Not very difficult to operate

1. Manual seed drill2. Power weeder 3. Rotary mower 4. Rotary tiller5. Single row Vegetable trans-planter

Single row Vegetable trans-planter

Rotary mower Rotary Tiller Reaper

Other Small farm equipment commercially available

Technologies which can be made available by IARI

Animal Feed Block Formation Machine

Capacity of machine : 250 kg/h Power source: 25 hp electric motor.Inputs: Crop residues and essential nutrient. Utility: Animal feed blocks by mixing crop

residues with essential nutritional elementsAdvantages:

The shelf life of the feed blocks is one year. Saving in transport cost.and storage space Very useful for making available animal feed

in challenged areas and also during natural

calamities----- Two plants have been established in Bihar- one

each in Samastipur and Nalanda

Pusa Mobile Feed Block Machine

The machine useful for easy transportation to any suitable place for preparation of feed block

Capacity of the machine, kg/h: 1-1.25

Power source: 6.5 hp diesel engine (air cooled)

Advantages:

• The minimum bulk density of feed block is 400 kg / m3.

• A mobile unit of animal feed block formation machine is mounted on a four-wheel trolley of 3 m X 1.5 m size can be transport at the place of the availability of fodder.

Urea Molasses Mineral Block Machine

Capacity of machine, Kg/h : 40 kg/hr Size of the Block, cm: 2.54.5 Power source: 1 hp electric motor Inputs: Urea, molasses, minerals and grains Utility: Animal feed blocks of urea, molasses,

minerals and Grains can be made. Advantages:

Animal feed blocks of balanced nutrients and

minerals for balanced ration Feeding milking animals with 200-300 grams of

this feed increases their milking production.

Powered Animal Feed Mixer

It is used for uniform mixing of cattle feed ingredients

•Capacity of the machine, kg/h:1000

•Power source: 3hp electric motor.•Utility: Roughages, concentrates, minerals ,

vitamins and other ingredients are mixed before making blocks

Animal Feed Crusher

Capacity of the machine, kg/h:1000Power source: 3hp electric motor. Utility: For remove of high moisture from crops

residue and crushing the plant materialsAdvantage :

• Enhance the rate of drying

• Useful for pre-treatment, preservation and

storage of Crops residues.

Machines for accelerated Compost making

Pusa Compost Turner- cum- Mixer

• Utility : For thorough mixing of cow dung, farm residues and biomass for Farm Yard Manure (FYM)

• Power source : 75 hp tractor• Capacity: 1000 tonnes per hour• Annual utility : 0.3 lakh tonnes per annum • Advantages :

– Saving of Rs 2700 per tonne in comparison to pit method

– Annual income of Rs. 10-15 lakh rupees per annum

– Saving in time 75 days in comparison to traditional methods of compost preparation

Pusa Compost Sieving Machine

• Utility : Sieving of compost for separating the

finer grade from coarse grade

• Power source: Three Electric motors (2 hp, 3 hp

and 3 hp)

• Capacity : 3 - 5 tonnes per hour

• Advantages: Separation in different sizes for

value addition (Smaller grades are used in pots)

• Payback period (estimated): 30 months

Pusa Compost Loader

Capacity : 12 tonnes per hour Power source : 55 hp Utility : Lifting and carrying compost material

up to a height of 3 m and loading the FYM in

trucks and tractors Advantages: The loader takes only 0.5 machine

hour for loading a truck where as 5 man-hr is

required for manual operation

Machineries for Rainfed Agriculture

Pusa Aqua-ferti Seed drill

Utility : Application of aqueous fertilizer along side the seed which helps in better germination and initial development of crop.

Power source : 45 hp tractor

Weight : 225 kg

Field capacity : 0.25 ha / h

Advantages : It makes possible sowing of Rabi crops in dry land areas. A 53% increase in germination and 35% increase in yield in wheat crop Suitable for pulses also.

Pusa Hydrogel Applicator

• Utility : Precise and Mechanical application

of hydrogel along with aqueous fertilizer in

rain fed areas

• Power source: 45 hp tractor

• Capacity : 0.25 ha per hour

• Advantages:

Absorbed water by hydrogel is slowly made

available to plants roots during stress

condition. The applicator is an attachment to

the seed –cum ferti seed drill or aqua ferti.

seed drill

Other useful Machines

PUSA Basmati Paddy Thresher It is axial flow type threshing system. It could be operated

through tractor PTO so that threshing could be completed at field.

Capacity : 1600-1800 kg/h

Power operated Okra ThresherThis equipment is meant for threshing okra pod, separate husk and other impurities from seed, powered by 2hp electric motor,

Capacity 70 kg/h

Pusa Power Operated Winnower

• Utility :Useful machine for

cleaning/separation of chaff, dust

from food grains, powered by 1 hp

Single-phase motor,

• Capacity : 300-600 kg/h.

• Advantage: It is useful handy

machine for on farm value addition,

very economical and handy.

Safety gadgets for Chaff-cutter

• Utility : Suitable for protecting injuries

caused by chaff cutter. Simple cost effective

interventions (Blade Guard Flywheel,

Lock Warning Roller) which can be

retrofitted on old as well as new machines.

Blade guard

Flywheel lockWarning roller

Solar Powered 3-Head Sprayer Reduction in drudgery to farmer (16 s/min )

Uniformity of droplet size

Higher Chemical Efficacy

Field Capacity: 0.16 ha.h-1 (one nozzle head)

0.50 ha.h-1 (three nozzle head)

Droplet Size: 210-250 µ (40 psi)Adjustable Spacing to suit different crops

If agriculture succeeds, what else can fail? If agriculture fails, what else can succeed in the country including Bihar -------