Mechanization in agriculture
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Mechanization in Agriculture
By: Asmat Babarwww.asmatbabar.blogspot.com
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Mechanization Every machine is constructed for the
purpose of performing certain mechanical operations, each of which supposes the existence of two other things besides the machine in question, namely, a moving power, and an object subject to the operation, which may be termed the work to be done. Machines, in fact, are interposed between the power and the work, for the purpose of adapting the one to the other.
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HistoryAGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION
Agricultural Mechanization is machinery used in the operation of an agricultural area or farm.
Many advancements in farming techniques and tools have been manifested since agriculture's beginnings thousands of years ago. The greatest strides have occurred in the last three hundred years.
A substantial contribution to agriculture has been the escalation from manual and stock-animal labor to steam-and then gas-powered implements.
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In 1900 farmers represented 38 percent of the U.S. labor force. By the end of the century that number had plunged to 3 percent—dramatic evidence of the revolution in agriculture brought about by mechanization.
1902 First U.S. factory for tractors driven by an internal combustion engine
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Advantages of MechanizationSubstitute for labourLabour is too expensive to do everything
(in developed countries)Compensate for labour peaks (i.e. harvest)Labour skills and strengths often
inadequate for large scale production and materials handling
Amenity reasons (often repetitive dirty tasks)
Attract or retain farm staffIncrease productivity of farm staff.
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Disadvantages of Mechanization
Redundancy - machinery for labour substitution
Cost - finance, fuel etc.Often needs highly skilled
operator, increased wagesOften doesn't live up to
expectationsHealth and safetyEnvironmental costs
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Agriculture Mechanization
Agriculture machinery can be divided into following groups
A) Farm machineryB) Irrigation EngineeringC) Drain Engineering
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Tractor A tractor is an engineering
vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a traileror machinery used in agriculture or construction.
The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere "to pull".
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Tractor configurationsTractors can be generally
classified as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors (with either two or four powered rubber tracks).
A modern 4-wheel drive farm tractor
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Farm tractor applications
The farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing agricultural machinery or trailers, for plowing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, and similar tasks.
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Tillage implementTillage is the agricultural
preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.
Classification of tillage implements
Primary Tillage implements Secondary Tillage Implements
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Primary Tillage implements
Mould board PloughDisc PloughReversible or One-way Plough
SPECIAL PLOUGHSSubsoil PloughChisel PloughRotary Plough Basin Lister
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Secondary Tillage ImplementsTractor Drawn CultivatorSweep CultivatorHarrowsDisc HarrowBlade HarrowIndigenous Blade HarrowsPlank and Roller
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Planting MethodsDrillingBroadcastingAerial SeedingNo-tillage Planting
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Spraying EquipmentHand-operated hydraulic sprayers
(knapsack sprayers)Power-operated hydraulic sprayers
(tractor-mounted sprayers)Air carrier sprayers (mist blowers)Electrodyne sprayers (electrostatic
sprayers)Birky sprayers (Birky knapsack sprayers)Controlled-droplet application sprayersDusters
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Harvesting machineCombine HarvestingThe combine harvester, or simply
combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate operations comprising harvesting—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley,corn (maize), soybeans and flax (linseed).
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Irrigation systemIrrigation is the artificial application of
water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance oflandscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in preventing soil consolidation.
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Types of Irrigation system
SurfaceLocalizedDripSprinklerRotator style pivot applicator
sprinkler Lateral move (side roll, wheel
line) Sub-irrigation
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(C) Drainage systemAn agricultural drainage system
is a system by which the water level on or in the soil is controlled to enhance agricultural crop production.
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Classification
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Surface drainage systemsSubsurface drainage systemsMain drainage systemsMain drainage outlet
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