Dr. Henry C. LeeChief Emeritus, Connecticut State Police

Professor, University of New HavenDirector, Forensic Research Center

New Investigative Techniques

Information Theory

Criminal Investigation

Investigative Technology

Image Enhancement & Analysis Digital Video Recording & Analysis Crime Scene Site Identification Electronic Monitoring Artificial Intelligence Biometric Identification Crime Mapping & Analysis Pattern Evidence Analysis Data Collection & Data Mining Reconstruction of Crime Scene

Scene Process

Laboratory Process

Court Process

Recognition

DocumentationReservationCollection

Identification

Comparison

Individualization

Reconstruction

Interpretation

Crime Scene Type of scene

- indoor vs outdoor- primary vs secondary- organized vs unorganized- staged vs normal- dynamic vs passive- universal vs. microscopic

Transient Evidence 蹈 臨時鏗物証Pattern Evidence 痕跡鏗物証Conditional Evidence 情况鏗物証Transfer Evidence 移轉鏗物証Associative Evidence 連鎖鏗物証

Pattern Evidence

Recognition of pattern Identification of patternDocumentation of

patternEnhancement of PatternComparison of pattern. Mechanism of transfer

Bloodstain Patterns Drop, Drip and Satellite Pattern Swipe, Wipe and Smudges Impact, Splash, and Gushing Contact and Transfer Cast off and Wave Cast off Imprint and Impression Low, Medium and High Impact

Spatter

Blood as Evidence PATTERN Location of Stain Position of stain Direction of stain Condition of stain Size & shape of stain Amount & distribution

of stain

TYPING ABO System Red cell system Serum grouping Isoenyme typing DNA Sex, Race, Age, Other

determination

Types of Pattern on Body

Mark Made By Human Mark Made By Weapons Mark Made By Tools Mark Made By Animals Mark Made By Objects Mark Made By Vehicle Mark Made By Clothing

Imprint Impression Evidence

Human – Fingerprint, Footprint, Lip print, Ear print, Body print, Handwriting.

Animal – Paw print, Body print. Vehicle – Tire Track, Impact Pattern, Damage

Pattern. Clothing- Fabric Pattern, Logo Imprint,

Accessory Imprint, Shoe Patterns Objects – Tool-marks, Bullets & Casings,

Weapon Pattern, Typewriter & Pattern, Marks & Trade Stamps.

Methods for Pattern Enhancement

1) Photographic Methods

2) Chemical Methods 3) Lighting and

Filtering 4) Casting and Lifting

Imprint Pattern Evidence at Scene

Finger / hand prints Foot / shoe prints Tire marks Bullet striations Casing imprints Handwritings Ear prints / nose prints Cutting mark of Body parts Machine marks Tool marks

Physical Pattern on Body

Footprint patterns Tool mark patterns Shoeprint patterns Tire track patterns Bloodstain patterns Semen strain patterns Wound / injury patterns Rope/Ligature Marks Weapon Marks

Types of Pattern on Body Mark Made By Human Mark Made By Weapons Mark Made By Tools Mark Made By Animals Mark Made By Objects Mark Made By Vehicle Mark Made By Clothing

Mark Made By Human

Bite Mark Fingerprint Footprint Handprint Nail Mark Wound Pattern

Mark Made by Animals & Insects Dog bite Claw Marks Insect BiteAnimal BiteScratch MarksBacteria Infection

Mark Made By Tools Mark Made By

Weapons Mark Made By Vehicle Mark Made By

Clothing

Mark Made By Object

Mark Made By Weapon

Sharp Instrument

Blunt Instrument Gunshot Wound Rope/Ligature Burn Patterns

Types of Sharp Force Injury

Stabbing WoundCutting WoundChopping WoundSlashing WoundScraping Wound

Knife SpeerSword NeedleArrow ScrewdriverAxe Ice pickMachete GlassHatchet Meat CleverAxe Scissor

Sharp Force WoundSharp edges, Clear penetration and separation

Blunt Force InjuryBlunt-impact-crushes & tearLaceration-Abraded edges, undermined

Knife SpearSword NeedleArrow ScrewdriverAxe Ice pickMachete GlassHatchet Meat CleverNeedle, Nail Scissor

LacerationsSplitBridge of soft tissueAbraded EdgeMarginal AbrasionPatterned AbrasionChipping

Special Wound Pattern

Gun Shot Wound

Contact Close Range Intermediate

range Distant range

Contact Discharge

Muzzle against the skin Single and circular wound Entrance hole approximate diameter

of bore Little or no soot on skin Little or no burn on skin Muzzle mark on skin GSR in wound track

Close Range Discharge1. Muzzle near skin (not a contact)

2. Circular Wound – right angle

3. Elliptical wound – slanted angle

4. Nibbling / cremation around wound edge

5. Blackened / soot on edge of wound

6. Annular / distant bruising

7. Singeing of hair / skin

8. GSR around wound

Mid-range Discharge

1. Smoke / soot diminished 20-40cm

2. Muzzle to target – 15cm to 2 m

3. Powder tattooing around wound 20-6- cm

4. Cremated / scalloped wound edges

5. One central entrance hole 1m

6. Satellite holes around central hole – 1m

Distance Discharge

1. Muzzle to target - 2m

2. No burning / soot on skin

3. Few GSR particles

4. Wad may be present – 5m

5. Central hole diminished 6- 10 m

6. Spread of pellets increase

Mark Made by Animals & Insects Dog bite Claw Marks Insect BiteAnimal BiteScratch MarksBacteria Infection

Examination of Pattern Evidence

Recognition of pattern Documentation of

patternIdentification of patternComparison of pattern. Mechanism of transfer

Recognition of Pattern Evidence

Imprint vs.Indentation Human vs. Animal origin Weapon vs. Artificial mark Direct vs. Secondary Bloody Imprint vs. Impression in

Blood

Documentation of Pattern Evidence

Photographs Video Taping Notes Diagrams Sketches Recording

Identification of Pattern Evidence

Pattern made by hands Pattern made by foot Pattern made by Rope Pattern made by

Weapons Pattern made by Teeth,

Nail Pattern made by Vehicle Pattern made by Objects