Dr. habil. Radu State Radu.state@uni · Presentation of the tensors •A tensor is a...
Transcript of Dr. habil. Radu State Radu.state@uni · Presentation of the tensors •A tensor is a...
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• MasterofScience,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,USA(ComputationalBiology),1998
• Ph.D,INRIA,France(NetworkSecurityandManagement),2001
• Habilitation,Université deLorraine,France,2008• SeniorResearcheratINRIA,France• ProfessorofComputerScience,TelecomNancy,
France• SeniorScientistatSnT,UniversityofLuxembourg
RaduState,SeniorResearchScientist
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Overview
• Smartcontractsandblockchain 101• Programmingframeworksanddeployment• Differentviewpointsforlookingatsmartcontracts
• Graphmodeling• Tensormodeling• Holographicvisualizations
• Security• Conclusions
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NickSzabo’sdefinitionfrom1994
• “A smart contract is a computerized transaction protocol thatexecutes the terms of a contract.
• The general objectives are to satisfy common contractual conditions(such as payment terms, liens, confidentiality, and even enforcement),minimize exceptions both malicious and accidental, and minimize theneed for trusted intermediaries.
• Related economic goals include lowering fraud loss, arbitrations andenforcement costs, and other transaction costs”
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Whatisconsensusandwhydoweneedblockchain(s)?
• StateMachineandtransactions
• Trustbydistributedanddecentralizedcomputing
• Consensusshoulddealwith• Failures• Censorship
PermissionedNonPermissionedDL
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Encodingstateontheblockchain
• thestatelessUTXOmodel,accountbalancesareencodedintopasttransactionrecords
• accountmodel,whereaccountbalancesarekeptinstatestoragespaceontheledger.
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Whatdoyouneedtowriteasmartcontract?
• Aprogramminglanguage inwhichtowriteyourcode• Acompilerwhichtranslatesasmartcontractintobytecode• Avirtualmachinethatexecutesthesmartcontract• Atrustedinfrastructurewhichexecutesthevirtualmachine
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WritingasmartcontractinGolang (HyperLedger)
• Asimpleprogramthatreceivesthreeinputnumbersa,b,xandupdateswitha=a-xandb=b+x
• Example:Ifa=10,b=7,x=4thenaftertheexecutionweget:a=6,b=11• InPythonthislookslike:
1. a=input('Enterfirstnumber:')2. b =input('Entersecondnumber:')3. x=input('Enterthirdnumber:')4. new_a=a-x5. new_b=b+x6. print('Thestatusof{0}and{1}is{4}and{5}'.format(a,b,new_a,new_b))
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Initializingthechain…..
1. a=input('Enterfirstnumber:')2. b=input('Entersecondnumber:')
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Initializingthechain…..
Writingdatatotheblockchain
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Doingtwoarithmeticoperations…
Readingdatafromtheblockchain
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Doingtwoarithmeticoperations…
new_a=a-xnew_b=b+x
print('Thestatusof{0}and{1}is{4}and{5}'.format(a,b,new_a,new_b))
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Callingafunction….
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Andstartingthechain….
Additionalcodenotshownbutcompleteexamplecanbefoundathttps://github.com/IBM-Blockchain/example02/blob/v2.0/chaincode/chaincode_example02.go
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WhatisDocker?
git clonehttps://github.com/yeasy/docker-compose-filescddocker-compose-files/hyperledgerdocker-composeup
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Cloudreadyservices(IBMBluemix)
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ResearchatSEDAN@SnT onSmartContracts
• Canwemodelcomplexfinancialprocesseswithsmartcontracts?
• Howcanweanalyzedeployedsmartcontracts?• AMLusage• Eco-environmentinsights?
• Canwepredictactivitiesforsmartcontracts?
• Canwesecuredeployedsmartcontracts• Withoutchangingtheconsensusalgorithm
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Sender ReceiverBlockchain
Database
SmartContract
Zakaah App
DistributeZakaah
Register
BuyZakaahCoins
RegisterManual
Automatic
SupportforEthereum andHyperledger
EthicalFinanceandfulltraceability
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Canwelabelasmartcontractjustbylookingatitbytecode?
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Canwelabelasmartcontractjustbylookingatitopcode?PUSH10x60PUSH10x40MSTORECALLDATASIZEISZEROPUSH20x003dJUMPIPUSH10x00CALLDATALOAD……DDMSTOREPUSH10x40MLOADDUP2PUSH290x0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000MULDUP2MSTOREPUSH10x04ADDDUP1SWAP1
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Canwelabelasmartcontractjustbycommentsforums?
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Usingcodesimilarityandsomelabelstolabelunknown1470609smartcontracts
Extracted998verifiedcontractsfrometherscan.io
Work/TokenextractionBytecodehashingusing
contexttriggeredpiecewisehash
ClusteringusingK-medoids andaffinity
propagation
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Whatlabelsdoweget?
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ManualinspectionoftheclustersContract ClusterCenter
label1 label2 label3
Presale presale tokenContest contest votingWithdrawDAO dao withdrawfairandeasy dice pyramid simpleProtectTheCastle dice tokenDouble dice
andadvancedvisualization
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Aloveforgraphs….
WemapEthereum accountstonodes
Transactionaremappedtoedges
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Metricsongraphs
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Long,mediumandshorthistorygraphs
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Centrality
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Address Comments Additional Information
0x32be343b94f860124dc4fee278fdcbd38c102d88 Poloniex HotWallet Poloniex isapurecryptotocryptoexchangebasedintheUnitedStatesandthelargesttraderofEther.
0x9e6316f44baeeee5d41a1070516cc5fa47baf227 shapeshift.io, platformthatallowsuserstoexchangedigitalcurrencieswithoutanyregistration.
0xaa1a6e3e6ef20068f7f8d8c835d2d22fd5116444 ReplaySafeSpolit transitiontothehardfork. Currency dividedbetweenETH(chainfollowedbytheFoundation)andtheETC(thecommunityefforttocontinuetheno-forkchain). Itisthe4thintermsofnumberoftransactionswithatotalof184743edges.
0x120a270bbc009644e35f0bb6ab13f95b8199c4ad: shapeshift.io, shapeshiftexchangeasanintermediateaddressfortradingBitcoinswithEther.
0xbfc39b6f805a9e40e77291aff27aee3c96915bdd Poloniex syncanyaccountsthatwouldhavelostETHduringthehardfork.
0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413 TheDAO Initiallyraisingahugecapital and victimofanattackleading tothehardforkintheEthereumBlockchain.
0x18a672E11D637fffADccc99B152F4895Da06960 Rouleth Classicalcasinoroulette.
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FindingCommunitiesontheEthereum ledger
Communitiesaregroupsofnodesthatareheavilyconnectedamongthemselves.
Sparselyconnectedtotherestofthenetwork.
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PuttingAlgebratowork:tensormodeling
• RepresentingSmartContractsasTensors
• UseTensordecompositiontoidentifystructure
• Predictinteractionsamongcontracts
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Presentationofthetensors• Atensorisamultidimensionalarray
• Canbeathreedimensionalcube• Orevena“cube”inhigherdimensionsuchas5,6,7,…
• Extensionofmulti-dimensionalarrayusinglinearalgebra• Differenttheoremsandmathematicaloperationsaredefinedfortensormanipulation
• Sumandmultiplicationbetweensamesizetensorcanbeachieved
• Matricization:transformationofatensorinamatrix(2dimensionstable)
• Multiplicationbetweenmatrixandtensors
• Allowsthemodelingofinteractionsbetweendifferentinputswithoutanysizelimitation
• Abilitytoperformlinearalgebraonlargescaledatatodiscoverlatentvariables
𝒳 ∈ ℝ$×&×' is athree-way tensor
Possibleslicesofathree-way tensor
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CANDECOMP/PARAFAC(CP)Decomposition• Introducedin1970byHarshman andCarrollandChang• Factorizationoftheinitialtensorasasumofcomponentofrank-onetensors
• Arankofathree-waytensorisdefinedastheouterproductofthreedifferentvectors
• ResolutionusingAlternatingLeastSquaresmethod• Notoocomplextoimplement• Goodcompromisebetweenspeedandresultsaccuracy
• Eachrank-onetensorisassociatedtoacommunitywithinthedataset
• Eachdimensionoftherank-onetensorscanbetreatedseparately
• Visualizationtool• Seriessimulation
• Onetensordimensionisveryoftenrelatedtotimedimensiontoobserveevolutionovertime
Three-waytensordecomposedinRcomponentsUsingCPdecomposition
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SmartContractsActivitiesModeling• DatasetextractedfromEthereum,• Identificationcodeforsenderandreceiversmartcontracts
• AmountofEtherexchanged• Blockheight convertedtotimeperiods
• Objective:estimateaprobabilityofEtherexchangebetweentwospecifiedsmartcontractsfordifferenttimehorizon
• Factorizationoftheinitialtensorasasumofcomponentofrank-onetensorsusingCPdecomposition
• ResolutionusingAlternatingLeastSquaresmethod• Notoocomplextoimplement• Goodcompromisebetweenspeedandresultsaccuracy• Scalabilityforhighertensordimensions
• Eachrank-onetensorisassociatedtoacommunitywithinthedataset• Eachrank-onetensorisusedasinputofalog-normal-mean-reverting
stochasticprocessforactivitiesmodelingandprobabilitiesestimation Descriptionofthedimensionsrelatedtotensordecomposition.Theresultsofthetensordecompositionaretheinputsofthe
stochasticmodel.
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ResultsofSmartContractsActivitiesPrediction• Objective:estimateaprobabilityofEtherexchangebetweentwosmartcontractsfora
timehorizon• Betterunderstandingoftheactivitiesbetweenthesmartcontracts• Abilitytoestimateprobabilityoffutureexchangeswhichcouldbeusedforsmartcontractspricingor
forinvestmentstrategy
• Threedifferenttimehorizonhavebeendefinedfortheexperiments• 5timesteps• 10timesteps• 26timesteps
• Forthestochasticsimulation,randomselectionon1%mostactivecontracts• Processforprobabilitiescalculation
• Parameterscalibration• Historicalcalibrationofthelog-normalparameters• HistoricalcalibrationofthemeanrevertingprocessusingEonia ratesduetoshorttimehorizonofthesimulation• EWMAhistoricalcorrelation
• 1,000,000Monte-Carlosimulation• Estimationoftheprobabilitiesusingadigitalfunction
• 𝑆) isthesimulatedprocess• 𝐾 istheamplitudeoftheEtherexchange
• Resultsdiscussion• Digitalvalue(exchangeprobability)offersappropriateguidanceforfutureEtherexchangesevenfor
longertimestephorizons
• Outcomes• AccurateprobabilitiespredictionofEtherexchangeforsmartcontracts• Openthepossibilitytoconsidersmartcontractforinvestmentstrategy• Innovativeapproach usingtensordecompositionandstochasticprocesses
AmplitudeofExchangeamountforonesendertoallreceiversamongtime
DigitalvalueinrelationwiththeseriesevolutionandEtheramplitudeexchangelevelK
RelationbetweentimepaymentmagnitudeandEtherexchangeprobability
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Protecting Smart Contracts – BlockchainDefender
• Protectthenetworkandserviceplatform
• FlexibleSoftwareDefinedNetworkcomponentforthe
InfraChain project
• OpenSource Codedevelopment
• Supportformultiplepermissionedblockchains
– Multichain,Hyperledger
• Nomodificationofblockchain nodes andnocensoring
– Useblockchain nodesastheyare
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SDNnetworkandcomponents
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Controllercomponents
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Controllercomponents
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Lists
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Demo- SystemSetup
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Demo- AuthorizedUser
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Demo- AuthorizedUser
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Demo- UnauthorizedUser
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Demo- UnauthorizedUser
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Acknowledgments
• JeremyCharlier,PhDstudentinpartnershipprojectwiththeBCEEandco-supervided byDr.JeanHilger
• MathisSteichen,BeltranPontiveros andthepartnershipprojectwithTelindus
• NidaKhan,PhDcandidateinSnT partnershipwithEEthiq
• RobertNorvill,UniversityofBrandford.• Sofiane Lagraa,INRIAFrance