Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention...

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Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 1 Promoting Effective Spill Response Dr Ann S. Zhang Technical Adviser Session 2: HNS Incidents Risks and Claims HNS Convention Workshop, 26 27 April, 2018, IMO, London notforprofit organisation established 50 years ago. Funded by shipping industry (via P&I) membership: 429.2 million GT (tanker tonnage), and 779.3 million GT (nontanker tonnage) Main role: promote effective response to oil and HNS spills Brief Introduction to ITOPF

Transcript of Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention...

Page 1: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 1

Promoting Effective Spill Response

Dr Ann S. ZhangTechnical Adviser

Session 2: HNS Incidents Risks and Claims

HNS  Conven t i o n  Work s hop ,  26 ‐27  Ap r i l ,  2018 ,   IMO,   L ondon  

• not‐for‐profit organisation established 50 years ago.

• Funded by shipping industry (via P&I)

membership: 429.2 million GT (tanker tonnage), and 779.3 million GT (non‐tanker tonnage)  

• Main role: promote effective response to oil and HNS spills

Brief Introduction to ITOPF

Page 2: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 2

• Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions• 33 HNS incidents since 2002, 22 site attendance

Brief Introduction to ITOPF

• Risks associated with shipping HNS

‐ Regulatory framework to manage the risks

‐ Assessing the risks

‐ Hazardous, impacts, and losses & damages

• Risk assessment in practice

Example 1 – Palm Stearin

Example 2 – MTBE & IBAL

Example 3 – LPG 

Contents

Page 3: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 3

Photo credit: Irane‐ma.com 

ITOPF Im

age

Risks of HNS

Risks posed by shipping HNS

• Oils carried in bulkMARPOL 73/78 

Annex I

• Noxious liquid carried in bulkMARPOL 73/78 

Annex II

• Dangerous liquid substances carried in bulkIBC Code

• Dangerous, hazardous, harmful substances, materials and articles in packaged formIMDG Code

• Liquefied gasesIGC Code

• Solid bulk cargoes with chemical hazards (if subject to IMDG code in packaged form)IMSBC Code

To manage the risks of shipping HNS

• all these substances are covered under the 2010 HNS Convention 

• In additional: 

‐ liquid cargo with FP ≤ 60°C 

‐ residues from previous carriage in bulk  

Regulatory framework to manage the risk

Page 4: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 4

Intrinsic Properties

• Density;• Solubility;• melting point;• vapour 

pressure;• etc.

Behaviour

• sinker/ floater• dissolver• evaporator• gas • combinations of above

Risks and Impacts

• immediate physical hazards

• Impacts to health

• impacts to environment

• Socio‐economic impact

Assessing the risks of HNS

Hazards of HNS

explosive    flammable    oxidising hazardouscompressed   corrosive toxic  irritation hazardous to env.

• Fire, explosion, smoke• Personal injury / impacts on health & life• Damage to property and amenities• Adverse impacts to environment

Risks

UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification

Page 5: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 5

Risk assessment in practice – example 1. palm stearin spill

© ITOPFIm

ages

Risk assessment in practice – example 1. properties of palm stearin

• Melting point ~ 44 ‐ 56°C  exists as solid after release 

• Specific gravity 0.88 kg/m3                    floater

• Main components: triglycerides of fatty acids          not soluble in water

• Low plasticity (partial crystallised)          does not aggregate together

Palm stearin transported in heated tank (about 60°C)

solidifies at 30°C ambient temperature

15 min  • GESAMP Hazard profile 

‐ no acute or chronic aquatic toxicity

‐ no bio‐concentration effect 

‐ no acute oral / dermal / inhalation toxicity to mammal 

‐ not irritating to skin or eye 

‐ no specific health concern

‐may interference with wildlife 

• readily biodegradable, however may increase BOD in confined area

Refined, bleached, deodorised palm stearin

Page 6: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 6

Risk assessment in practice – example 1. behaviour at sea

Day 2 ‐morningplates / lumps up to 60cm in relatively 

concentrated area

Day 2 – afternoongradually broke into small pieces, formed belt / small slick under the influence of dominant current & wind 

Day 3 – morningFurther scattered across wide area (200 – 300 km2), broke into tiny pieces (pea / rice), 

increasingly difficult to recover at sea 

Before clean‐up After clean‐up

• Palm stearin reached the shoreline; 

• Shoreline clean‐up is relatively simple (compared to oil spill); 

• 211 MT palm stearin collected from the coast

• Some 100 MT of waste collected was turned into 50 MT of biodiesel

Risk assessment in practice – example 1. palm stearin ‐ Response strategy

Page 7: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 7

Risk assessment in practice – example 2. MTBE and Isobutanol

MTBE (C5H12O)

Evaporator / dissolver

Main hazard: fire / explosion / irritant 

GESAMP profile: low aquatic toxicity0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00:00

Surface Vol (m³)

Evaporated Vol (m³)

Dissolved Vol (m³)

0

10

20

30

40

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00:00

Surface Vol (m³)Evaporated Vol (m³)Dissolved Vol (m³)

Isobutanol (C4H10O)

Evaporator / dissolver / self‐condensation

Main hazard: fire / explosion  / irritant

GESAMP profile: no profile

Risk assessment in practice – Example 2. fate and behaviour

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Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 8

Risk assessment in practice – Example 2. Response strategy

Image source: web

2

3 5

4

20Mar

1 Apr

29 Apr

30 July

15 M

ar

1

Explosion & Fire

•24 crew rescued, 1 missing;•Fire fighting;•Boundary cooling of hot spots;

Fire under control

• Assess the damage• plan further operation

Permission to anchor

• Difficult to obtain place of refuge; • Saudi Arabic grant permission to anchor offshore (MEMAC assistance)

Cargo removal

All remaining cargo safely transferred

Ready to be scrapped

• All hazardous substances removed; 

• Towed to a shipyard in Bahrain for scrapping

Losses and damages ?

II Risk assessment in practice – 3. LPG

Page 9: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 9

Risk assessment in practice – Example 3. butane

• Situation Specific Risks

• Cooling system was not functioning properly

• Temperature of the tank  = ‐5°C, 

but increases 0.5 °C per day;

• Cargo tanks were very full, very little headspace for expansion;

• Close to local village with dense population;

• Initial attempt to refloat was affected by monsoon rough sea state;

Properties of butane

• Butane C4H10

• Boiling point: ≈ ‐1 °C;

• Highly flammable

• Increased pressure in tank, Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE)

• Vapour Density: 2.0 (relative to air)

Risk assessment in practice – Example 3. response strategy

1st stage strategy

• Install secondary cooling system

• Modelling of temperature & pressure within tanks >> no uncontrolled release of gas from valves until Butane reached 15˚C (≈ 30 days) 

• Implementation of a safety zone 

• 146 MT of bunkers removed 

2nd stage strategy

• Modelling showed removing ≈ 2000 tonnes of LPG would give enough headspace within tanks to allow gas to remain safe even if temperature reached ambient temp (35˚C)

• Lightering operation: 2000 MT of butane removed by second LPG tanker

• Refloated during spring tide

Losses and damages ?

Page 10: Dr Ann Zhang ITOPF 26 27 April 2018 · Dr Ann Zhang ‐ITOPF 26 ‐27 April 2018 HNS Convention Workshop 2 • Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions •

Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018

HNS Convention Workshop 10

• Risks associated with shipping HNS

‐ Regulatory framework to manage the risks

‐ Assessing the risks

‐ Hazardous, impacts, and losses & damages

• Risk assessment in practice

Example 1 – Palm Stearin

Example 2 – MTBE & IBAL

Example 3 – LPG 

Contents

H N S C o n ve n t i o n Wo r k s h o p , 2 6 - 2 7 A p r i l , 2 0 1 8 , I M O , L o n d o n

www.itopf.com

[email protected]

Thank you !