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Transcript of Downloaded from . HOW TO AVOID A GEAR-UP LANDING Presented By Larry Enlow Aviation Safety Inspector...
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HOW TO AVOID AGEAR-UP LANDING
Presented ByLarry Enlow
Aviation Safety InspectorFederal Aviation Administration
Orlando Flight Standards District Office
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ORLANDO FSDO-15 ORLANDO FSDO-15 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARYACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARY
1998 1999 2000 2001
TOTAL ACC. & INC. 185 176 147 141TOTAL GEAR-UP 35 26 19 11TOTAL TRAINING A & I 60 38 24 28TRAINING GEAR-UP 17 10 4 9TNG. GEAR-UP WITH CFI 11 10 4 9
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WHY DO GEAR-UPS OCCUR ?
SUPERFICIAL CAUSE:DISTRACTION OR NO CHECKLIST
REAL CAUSE:INADEQUATE FLIGHT TRAINING IN RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS
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DEFICIENCY IN FLIGHT TRAINING
CAN BE RESOLVED BY MODIFYING THE INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS USED DURING INITIAL AND RECURRENT RETRACTABLE
LANDING GEAR TRAINING OPERATIONS
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THIS PRESENTATION IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE AN
EXTRAORDINARILY VALUABLE SET OF RETRACTABLE LANDING
GEAR OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES THAT WILL
PREVENT A GEAR-UP LANDING
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RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR TRAINING CONCEPTSTRAINING CONCEPTS
PRIORITIZATIONPRIORITIZATION
AIRCRAFT OPERATIONAL TASKS AND AIRCRAFT OPERATIONAL TASKS AND ASSOCIATED CHECKLIST ITEMS DON’T ASSOCIATED CHECKLIST ITEMS DON’T
ALL HAVE THE SAME VALUEALL HAVE THE SAME VALUE
RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS HAVE RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANT PRIORITY, AND MUST BE SIGNIFICANT PRIORITY, AND MUST BE
EMPHASIZEDEMPHASIZED BY CFI BY CFI
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RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR TRAINING CONCEPTSTRAINING CONCEPTS
POSITIONAL IMPRINTINGPOSITIONAL IMPRINTING
IMPRINTING MEANS:IMPRINTING MEANS: “TO IMPLANT FIRMLY ON THE “TO IMPLANT FIRMLY ON THE MIND OR FIX IN THE MEMORY” MIND OR FIX IN THE MEMORY”
POSITIONAL IMPRINTING MEANS:POSITIONAL IMPRINTING MEANS: “TO FIX IN THE “TO FIX IN THE MEMORY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POINTS MEMORY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POINTS IN SPACE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND THE IN SPACE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND THE NEED TO EXTEND OR RECHECK THE NEED TO EXTEND OR RECHECK THE LANDING GEAR IN THE DOWN POSITION LANDING GEAR IN THE DOWN POSITION
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERNTYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN:ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN: GEAR GEAR DOWNDOWN
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ABEAM THE TOUCH-DOWN POINTABEAM THE TOUCH-DOWN POINT
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FIXED DISTANCE MARKERSFIXED DISTANCE MARKERS
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GEAR SELECTED DOWNGEAR SELECTED DOWN
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GEAR CONFIRMED DOWNGEAR CONFIRMED DOWN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERNTYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN:ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN: GEAR GEAR DOWNDOWN
BASE:BASE: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECK
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SECOND GEAR CHECK ON BASESECOND GEAR CHECK ON BASE
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERNTYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN:ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN: GEAR GEAR DOWNDOWN
BASE:BASE: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECKSHORT FINAL:SHORT FINAL: FINAL GEAR FINAL GEAR
CHECKCHECK
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FINAL GEAR CHECKFINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERNTYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN:ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN: GEAR DOWNGEAR DOWNBASE:BASE: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECKSHORT FINAL:SHORT FINAL: FINAL GEAR CHECK FINAL GEAR CHECK
““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREETHREE GEAR CHECKS”GEAR CHECKS”
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWNSLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWN
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GLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPTGLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPT
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GLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPTGLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPT
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GEAR SELECTED DOWNGEAR SELECTED DOWN
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GEAR CONFIRMED DOWNGEAR CONFIRMED DOWN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWNSLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWN500’ ABOVE DH:500’ ABOVE DH: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWNSLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWN500’ ABOVE DH:500’ ABOVE DH: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECK
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FINAL GEAR CHECKFINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWNSLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWN500’ ABOVE DH:500’ ABOVE DH: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECK
““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE THREE GEAR CHECKS”GEAR CHECKS”
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHNON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
FINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWNFINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHNON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
FINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWNFINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWN500’ ABOVE MDA:500’ ABOVE MDA: 2ND GEAR 2ND GEAR
CHECKCHECK
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHNON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
FINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWNFINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWN500’ ABOVE MDA:500’ ABOVE MDA: 2ND GEAR 2ND GEAR
CHECKCHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECK
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FINAL GEAR CHECKFINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHNON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
FINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWNFINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWN500’ ABOVE MDA:500’ ABOVE MDA: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECK
““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE THREE GEAR GEAR CHECKS”CHECKS”
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
NON-STANDARD ARRIVALSNON-STANDARD ARRIVALS
VISUAL APPROACHESVISUAL APPROACHESBASE ENTRIESBASE ENTRIES
STRAIGHT-IN ARRIVALSSTRAIGHT-IN ARRIVALS
““WHEN YOU START DOWN, PUT YOUR WHEN YOU START DOWN, PUT YOUR GEAR DOWN”GEAR DOWN”
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED
NON-STANDARD ARRIVALSNON-STANDARD ARRIVALS
““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE THREE GEAR CHECKS”GEAR CHECKS”
MOSTMOST IMPORTANT OF ALL:IMPORTANT OF ALL:
FINAL GEAR CHECKFINAL GEAR CHECK
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FINAL GEAR CHECKFINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUESSUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES
WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, TAKEOFF, CONFIRM CONFIRM THAT IT GOES UP THAT IT GOES UP
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GEAR SELECTED UPGEAR SELECTED UP
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SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUESSUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES
WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, TAKEOFF, CONFIRM CONFIRM THAT IT GOES UP THAT IT GOES UP
WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE TASK AND TASK AND CONFIRM CONFIRM GEAR IS DOWN GEAR IS DOWN
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GEAR SELECTED DOWNGEAR SELECTED DOWN
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GEAR IN TRANSITGEAR IN TRANSIT
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GEAR CONFIRMED DOWNGEAR CONFIRMED DOWN
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
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SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUESSUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES
WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, TAKEOFF, CONFIRM CONFIRM THAT IT GOES UP THAT IT GOES UP
WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE TASK AND TASK AND CONFIRM CONFIRM GEAR IS DOWN GEAR IS DOWN
AFTER LANDING, CLEAR RUNWAY, STOP AFTER LANDING, CLEAR RUNWAY, STOP AIRCRAFT, THEN AIRCRAFT, THEN IDENTIFYIDENTIFY AND AND VERIFYVERIFY
EACH ITEM BEFORE MOVING ITEACH ITEM BEFORE MOVING IT
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SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGESYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE
THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF RETRACTABLE GEAR SYSTEM IS RETRACTABLE GEAR SYSTEM IS
ESSENTIALESSENTIAL TO AVOID A GEAR-UP TO AVOID A GEAR-UP
HOW DOES SYSTEM OPERATE ?HOW DOES SYSTEM OPERATE ? HOW DOES WARNING SYSTEM WORK ?HOW DOES WARNING SYSTEM WORK ? HOW IS SYSTEM PROTECTED FROM HOW IS SYSTEM PROTECTED FROM
INADVERTENT OPERATION ON THE INADVERTENT OPERATION ON THE GROUND ? GROUND ?
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SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGESYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE
HOW TO RESOLVE SYSTEM HOW TO RESOLVE SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONSMALFUNCTIONS
HOW TO CHANGE INDICATOR BULBSHOW TO CHANGE INDICATOR BULBS HOW TO MANUALLY EXTEND GEARHOW TO MANUALLY EXTEND GEAR PUMP FAILURESPUMP FAILURES ELECTRICAL FAILURESELECTRICAL FAILURES PARTIAL EXTENSIONPARTIAL EXTENSION
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GEAR UNSAFE LANDINGSGEAR UNSAFE LANDINGS
WHEN GEAR IS NOT CONFIRMED SAFEWHEN GEAR IS NOT CONFIRMED SAFE
TOUCH DOWN SMOOTHLYTOUCH DOWN SMOOTHLY DON’T APPLY BRAKESDON’T APPLY BRAKES DON’T TURN OFF RUNWAYDON’T TURN OFF RUNWAY STOP STRAIGHT AHEADSTOP STRAIGHT AHEAD EXIT AIRCRAFT & DON’T GET UNDER EXIT AIRCRAFT & DON’T GET UNDER
IT TO SEE IF GEAR IS LOCKEDIT TO SEE IF GEAR IS LOCKED
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GEAR UNSAFE LANDINGSGEAR UNSAFE LANDINGS
WHEN GEAR IS CONFIRMED UNSAFEWHEN GEAR IS CONFIRMED UNSAFE
FOLLOW EMERGENCY CHECKLISTFOLLOW EMERGENCY CHECKLIST LAND ON PAVEMENT, NOT GRASSLAND ON PAVEMENT, NOT GRASS TURN OFF FUELTURN OFF FUEL TURN OFF MAGS & MASTER SWITCHTURN OFF MAGS & MASTER SWITCH UNLATCH CABIN DOOR UNLATCH CABIN DOOR EXIT AIRCRAFT QUICKLYEXIT AIRCRAFT QUICKLY
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ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
TOUCH & GO LANDINGS ?TOUCH & GO LANDINGS ?• IDENTIFY AND VERIFYIDENTIFY AND VERIFY
DON’T DO TOUCH & GOES WITH GEAR DON’T DO TOUCH & GOES WITH GEAR REMAINING DOWNREMAINING DOWN
• TRAIN FOR NORMAL FLIGHT OPERATIONSTRAIN FOR NORMAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS RIGHT SEAT TRANSITIONRIGHT SEAT TRANSITION
• CFI BE READYCFI BE READY ARE YOU FIT TO FLYARE YOU FIT TO FLY
• FATIGUE OR MENTAL DISTRACTIONS CAN FATIGUE OR MENTAL DISTRACTIONS CAN CAUSE FORGETFULNESS CAUSE FORGETFULNESS
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
APPLYAPPLY SIGNIFICANT PRIORITYSIGNIFICANT PRIORITY TO TO RETRACTABLE LANDING RETRACTABLE LANDING
GEAR OPERATIONSGEAR OPERATIONS
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
DEVELOP AND USE DEVELOP AND USE POSITIONAL IMPRINTINGPOSITIONAL IMPRINTING
APPLYAPPLY SUPPLEMENTAL SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
EVALUATE EVALUATE ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS
MAKE SURE YOU’RE MAKE SURE YOU’RE FIT FIT TO FLYTO FLY
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THREE GREENTHREE GREEN