Donald Dabdub MAE-164 Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

Coupling the Hydrogen Infrastructure and Coupling the Hydrogen Infrastructure and Transportation Futures to the Air Quality of Transportation Futures to the Air Quality of

the Urban Environment the Urban Environment

Donald DabdubDonald Dabdub

MAE-164MAE-164

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringEngineering

Henry Samueli School of EngineeringHenry Samueli School of Engineering

MotivationMotivation

Southern California Air QualitySouthern California Air Quality

Southern California Air Quality TrendsSouthern California Air Quality Trends

Source: Southern California Air Quality Management District (AQMD)

California Energy ResourcesCalifornia Energy Resources

Most oil resources used for transportation

Natural gas used for electricity and heating

In-state electricity production: Natural Gas 41.5% Nuclear

12.9% Large Hydro 19.0% Coal 15.7% Renewable 10.9%

Southern California Power Demand Southern California Power Demand

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

GW

History Projected

Source: California Energy Commission

Problem StatementProblem Statement

Studies widely agree that widespread deployment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and the associated infrastructure would reduce air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector.

To what extent will air quality in an urban airshed be affected

by these reductions?

To what extent will air quality in an urban airshed be affected

by these reductions?

Central GenerationCentral Generation

ResidentialIndustrial

Commercial

Office Space

Distributed GenerationDistributed GenerationSolar

Fuel CellGas Turbine

Microturbine

Example of DG Installations Example of DG Installations

Franchise Tax Board – Sacramento 470 kW Rooftop PV System 3132 solar panels 50,000 square feet Capacity Factor ~ 14%

Pasadena City College Two C60 Capstone Micro-Turbines Electrical output: 120 kW Heat Recovery: 700,000 Btu/hr Electricity savings: $100,000/year



Yosemite Nat’l Park Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fuel: Propane Power: 5 kW Not enough sunlight for photovoltaic

Sierra Nevada Brewing Company Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Fuel: Natural gas or digester gas Power: 4 x 250 kW



California State University, Northridge Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell:

18% of campus base-load power needs

Power: 4 x 250 kW Fuel: Natural Gas Waste heat used to heat buildings,

a pool and domestic hot water CO2 routed to greenhouse for

plant enrichment studies

Photovoltaic Panels: Power 692 kW

Info and pics kindly provided by Jim Maclay, MAE PhD student

CAPABILTIESA systematic and highly resolved land-use based methodology to establish and evaluate fuel (e.g., hydrogen, natural gas, biofuel, electricity) infrastructure scenarios for California

SUPPORT•Air Resources Board•South Coast Air Quality Management District•San Joaquin Air Pollution Control District

• U.S. Department of Energy• California Energy Commission• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Preferred Combination Assessment (PCA model)

Air QualityModel

(UCI-CIT model)

AdjustContribution

HydrogenGeneration

HydrogenDistribution

HydrogenUtilization

Input:

Input:Adjust

Contribution

Input:Adjust

Contribution

Input:

• GHG emissions• Criteria pollutant emissions

• Energy consumption• Water consumption

Output:

TotalHydrogen

SMR

Electrolysis –

Grid

SMR

Coal Gasification

Electrolysis –

Renewable

Distributed:

Centralized:

NaturalGas

Electricity –Grid

Electricity –Renewable

Water

Coal

Compression

Liquid Tanker

Compression

Tube Trailer

Pipeline

Compression

Compression

Compression

Liquefaction

Compression

Liquefaction

Vehicle Dispensing

Vehicle Dispensing

Vehicle Dispensing

Vehicle Dispensing

Vehicle Dispensing

Vehicle Dispensing

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

Demonstration of a Novel Assessment Methodology for Hydrogen Infrastructure Deployment,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34 (2009), pp. 56-69.

Preferred Combination Assessment

GHG emissions associated with passenger vehicles in southern

California

GH

G e

mis

sion

s C

O2

eq

uiv

ale

nts

(metr

ic t

on

s p

er

day)

H2 from more fossil fuel sources

H2 from more renewable sources

Advanced gasoline vehicles*

2030

12.5% adoption of hydrogen

vehicles

2060

75% adoption of hydrogen

vehicles


• Energy consumption• Water consumption

Output:

Example Output:Greenhouse Gas Emissions

* Future projects for conventional vehicles are based on CARB EMFAC2007

Aerosol ProcessesAerosol Processes

coagulation

resuspension

nucleation

sub-cloudscavenging

wateruptake

primary emissions

aqueouschemistrysurface

chemistry

drydeposition

activation

diffusion

precursor emissions

condensation /evaporation

oxidation

Primary Organic ParticulateEmissions (OC, EC)

SO2 Emissions

Gas-PhasePhotochemistry

Primary H2SO4

Emissions

NH3 Emissions

NOx Emissions



Primary InorganicParticulate Emissions

(dust, fly ash, etc.)

Primary GaseousOrganics

Condensible OrganicVapors

H2SO4

H2O

HNO3

Sea Salt

Atmospheric AerosolAtmospheric Aerosol

SO2 Emissions

PrimaryH2SO4


NH3

Emissions

NH3

NOx Emissions


Combustion Process Emissionsprimary OC - EC

H2SO4

H+, SO42-,

HSO4-,H2SO4

NH4+,OH-

HNO3

NO3-,H+

primary OC - EC

Gaseous Organics Emissions


CondensibleOrganics

Secondary OC

Dust, Fly Ash Emissions

Dust, fly ashmetals

Sea-SaltEmission

HClemissions

Cl-,

Na+

HCl

H2O

Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe3+, etc.

S(IV)

General Dynamic EquationGeneral Dynamic Equation

Processes to Model Advection-diffusion Thermodynamics Dynamics (mass transport) Primary emissions Dry deposition Nucleation of new particles Aerosol-phase chemistry

Q

tuQ K Q

Q

t

Q

t

Q

t

Q

tmk

mk

mk m

k

condevap

mk

sources

mk

nucl

mk

chemistry

/ /sinks

Air Pollution Modeling on Parallel SupercomputersAir Pollution Modeling on Parallel Supercomputers

1100 m

38 m

154 m

0 m

308 m

671 m

80 Cells

30Cells

123 Gas Species296 Aerosols: 37 species, 8 sizes361 Reactions

123 Gas Species296 Aerosols: 37 species, 8 sizes361 Reactions

Each Cell: 5 x 5 km2

Mare NostrumBarcelona, SpainMare Nostrum

Barcelona, Spain

10,240 dual-core IBM 64-bit PowerPC 970MP processorsPeak performance: 94.21 Teraflop Memory: 20 TB of RAM and 280 TB of external storage

10,240 dual-core IBM 64-bit PowerPC 970MP processorsPeak performance: 94.21 Teraflop Memory: 20 TB of RAM and 280 TB of external storage

Measured OMeasured O33 Concentration Concentration

Good

Moderate

Unhealthy forSensitive Groups

Unhealthy

Very Unhealthy(Alert)

http://www.airnow.gov

South Coast Air Basin of CaliforniaSouth Coast Air Basin of CaliforniaSouth Coast Air Basin of CaliforniaSouth Coast Air Basin of California

http://www.visibleearth.nasa.gov/http://www.visibleearth.nasa.gov/

Los Angeles

NV

AZCA


• Energy Consumption• Water consumption

Spatial DistributionTemporal Distribution

Central Generation

Southern CaliforniaYear: 2060

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Emissions

H2 Fueling Stations

Regional SMR

Regional Petroleum Coke

Central Coal/Biomass

Central Renewable/Nuclear

Local High-Temp Fuel Cells

Distributed SMR

Interstates & Freeways

H2 Pipelines

H2 Truck Deliver Routes

H2 Fueling Stations

Regional SMR



Central Renewable/Nuclear


Distributed SMR


H2 Pipelines


Los Angeles

NV

AZCALand Use

Industrial

Vacant

Oil & Gas InfrastructureDistributed GenerationTruck Delivery Routes



Year: 2060 Scenario-R: Scenario-F:

H2 generated from more renewable sources H2 generated from more fossil fuel sourcesPopulation of HFCV 10,162,500 10,162,500Hydrogen demand (kg/day) 5,943,730 5,943,730VMT/day by HFCV 356,623,800 356,623,800

Hydrogen GenerationNumber of

facilitiesH2 output (kg/day)

Percent contribution

Location relativeto the SoCAB

Number of facilities

H2 output (kg/day)


Location relativeto the SoCAB

Centralized Steam Methane Reforming 15 2,022,285 34.0% Inside 16 2,157,104 36.3% InsideCoal IGCC (Carbon Capture) 5 641,560 10.8% Outside 12 1,539,744 25.9% OutsidePetroleum Coke IGCC 0 0 0.0% Inside 2 247,466 4.2% Inside

Electrolysis 7 1,905,133 32.1% Outside 7 429,196 7.2% OutsideDistributed Steam Methane Reforming 155 135,700 2.3% Inside 155 135,700 2.3% Inside

Stationary Fuel Cell 2,023 736,372 12.4% Inside 2,560 931,840 15.7% Inside

Electrolysis 950 305,942 5.1% Inside 950 305,942 5.1% Inside

Home or Office Fueling 39,348 196,738 3.3% Inside 39,348 196,738 3.3% Inside

Hydrogen DistributionDistance

(km/kg H2)H2 throughput

(kg/day) Distance


(kg/day) Remote pipelines 50 2,546,693 50 1,968,940Urban pipelines 15 3,064,615 15 3,064,615Liquid tanker 30 1,504,363 30 1,308,895

Hydrogen Refueling H2 delivered

(kg/day)Percent

contribution H2 delivered

(kg/day)Percent

contribution 140 bar gaseous fueling 4,108,125 70% 4,108,125 70%350 bar gaseous fueling 1,760,625 30% 1,760,625 30%



• Energy Consumption• Water consumption

Output from emissions model

Spatial DistributionTemporal Distribution

Air Quality Simulation

Δ Particulate Matter

Δ Ozone: 8-hour average

Air Quality

Determining Air Quality Impacts of Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell Vehicles,Environmental Science and Technology

In Press (Stephens-Romero, Carreras-Sospedra, Brouwer, Dabdub, Samuelsen)

Ozone: 8-hour average[Advanced gasoline vehicles]


Baseline concentrations

Air Quality Impacts

Ozone: 8-hour average[Δ Ozone]


Scenario-F (More Fossil Fuel)Scenario-R (More Renewable)

Air Quality Impacts

Δ Ozone (ppb) Δ Ozone (ppb)

Year: 2060 Scenario-R: Scenario-F:

H2 generated from more renewable sources H2 generated from more fossil fuel sourcesPopulation of HFCV 10,162,500 10,162,500Hydrogen demand (kg/day) 5,943,730 5,943,730VMT/day by HFCV 356,623,800 356,623,800

Hydrogen GenerationNumber of

facilitiesH2 output (kg/day)


Location relative to the SoCAB

Number of facilities

H2 output (kg/day)


Location relative to the SoCAB

Centralized Steam Methane Reforming 15 2,022,285 34.0% Inside 16 2,157,104 36.3% InsideCoal IGCC (Carbon Capture) 5 641,560 10.8% Outside 12 1,539,744 25.9% OutsidePetroleum Coke IGCC 0 0 0.0% Inside 2 247,466 4.2% Inside

Electrolysis 7 1,905,133 32.1% Outside 7 429,196 7.2% OutsideDistributed Steam Methane Reforming 155 135,700 2.3% Inside 155 135,700 2.3% Inside

Stationary Fuel Cell 2,023 736,372 12.4% Inside 2,560 931,840 15.7% Inside

Electrolysis 950 305,942 5.1% Inside 950 305,942 5.1% Inside

Home or Office Fueling 39,348 196,738 3.3% Inside 39,348 196,738 3.3% Inside

Hydrogen DistributionDistance


(kg/day) Distance


(kg/day) Remote pipelines 50 2,546,693 50 1,968,940Urban pipelines 15 3,064,615 15 3,064,615Liquid tanker 30 1,504,363 30 1,308,895

Hydrogen Refueling H2 delivered

(kg/day)Percent

contribution H2 delivered

(kg/day)Percent

contribution 140 bar gaseous fueling 4,108,125 70% 4,108,125 70%350 bar gaseous fueling 1,760,625 30% 1,760,625 30%

Air Quality Impacts

Air Quality Impacts

H2 Fueling Stations

Regional SMR



Central Renewable /Nuclear


Distributed SMR


H2 Pipelines


Los Angeles

NV

AZCA


Petroleum Coke IGCC

Air Quality Impacts

PM2.5: 24-hour average[Advanced gasoline vehicles]


Baseline concentrations

PM2.5: 24-hour average[Δ PM2.5]


Scenario-F (More Fossil Fuels)Scenario-R (More Renewable)

Air Quality Impacts

ConclusionsConclusions

A new modeling framework STREET has been developed. It A new modeling framework STREET has been developed. It provides an understanding of how fuel cell vehicles can provides an understanding of how fuel cell vehicles can affect localized pollution within an urban air basin as well as affect localized pollution within an urban air basin as well as how these effects can change depending upon spatial how these effects can change depending upon spatial allocation of hydrogen infrastructure and temporal allocation of hydrogen infrastructure and temporal distribution of emissions from the infrastructure.distribution of emissions from the infrastructure.

Compared to projections of remarkably improved gasoline Compared to projections of remarkably improved gasoline vehicles, hydrogen infrastructure deployment will vehicles, hydrogen infrastructure deployment will substantially improve air quality in an urban airshed, even substantially improve air quality in an urban airshed, even when fossil fuels are a significant source of hydrogen.when fossil fuels are a significant source of hydrogen. But But the location of petroleum coke hydrogen production facilities the location of petroleum coke hydrogen production facilities in the basin can lead to local increases in pollution formation in the basin can lead to local increases in pollution formation compared to gasoline vehicles.compared to gasoline vehicles.

Thanks!

Donald Dabdub MAE-164 Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

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